Brazil The Continental Strategy
TWO, THREE, MANY VIETNAMS "My ultimate wish is that our entire Party and people, closely joining their efforts, will build a peaceful, reunified, independent, democratic and prosperous Vietnam,...
...The precariousness of the economic situation can be readily grasped from the speech given by the Uruguayan Minister of Commerce, Jose Echeverry, to the Conference of Delegates of the European Common Market...
...As not every political organization is a party, it could itself find a way of structuring a political organization of a non-party nature...
...it is enough to manage a relative and circumstantial superiority, given the right time and place...
...the opening of "free ports" for Brazil in Lorenzo Marques, Angola, Mozambique and Lisbon...
...Four days later, 38 Tupamaros escaped from prison through the sewer system, while at the same time another member of the MNL and a police officer were assassinated by the death squad...
...prisoners under acrest by Uruguayan Pol i,i( in Montev.ideo, . It is prisoners like these who are "turned over to be tortured in the jails., deans of the University of Montevideo were removed after having been jailed for months on charges of subversion and condoning Marxist penetration of the institution...
...The contradictions between the two countries broke out when Brasilia didn't consult Buenos Aires before initiating the construction of a hydroelectric complex on the upper Parana River...
...The formation of a block which could rival Brazil's influence was only a short step away...
...2. The information on internal developments was obtained from the Brazilian In- formation Bulletin.BRAZIL 5 THE OFFENSIVE Gustavo V. Dans "(Ourgoal is) to launch a manifest destiny, as long as it does not clash with that of our brothers to the North...
...Both countries would avoid polluting lakes and rivers and would preserve the shared ecological resources under their respective jurisdictions...
...The new by the expose of an explosive financial scandal, commonly centers of opposition were referred to as the "tendency...
...B. To continue the process of denationalization of our mines and petroleum, a process which began with the granting of extensive petroleum concessions to Brazilian public and U.S...
...From this position, Brazil plans to remove potential Argentine competition along the South American coast and to extend its area of influence to the Antarctic region...
...On the left none of the parties believes that the generals can be pushed into leading a socialist revolution and as a result none gives them full support...
...Carlos Quijano, idem...
...The energy resources which Brazil hopes to obtain in both these o erations, along with the beginning of the f; Itaipu dam.2 will allow a speedy development of the industrial triangle, Rio-Sao Paulo-Belo Horiwnte, the central pivot oY the national integration policy around which Brazil plans to influence the area...
...The Brazilian interest in obtaining a friendly or neutral corridor to the Pacific which explains their support for Bolivian movements in this direction is part of the so called "Capricorn Project," a railroad to connect the Atlantic port of Santos with the Pacific port of Arica on the Chilean coast...
...Strikes and/or demonstrations by pensioners, sanitation workers, stevedores, construction workers and taxi drivers followed in 1973...
...Raul Ruiz Gonzales, Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist...
...On March 23, 1975 the Partido Revoluclonario de Is Trabajadores de Bolivia (PRT-B, Revolutionary Party of the Bolivian Workers)was founded by the ELN, which remains as the military sector of that party...
...Today, the developments in working class militancy in one country have always been followed closely by bourgeoiesies through the area...
...In 1879, Chile declared war and invaded Peru and Bolivia after refusing a proposal of arbitration formulated by the Peruvian President, Mar lane Ignaclo Prado...
...As long as Brasilia maintains its own tactical autonomy, it plays its own game, draws up its own plans and establishes its own objectives...
...the Brazilian government promises to finance, at the request of the government of Bolivia, the local costs and services of the programs arid pioiects conceived in the basic agreement, with the amounts, rates, interest and install ments to be established...
...Trade Act...
...Brazil ia the South Atlantic and in Africa Brazilian hegemony in the South Atlantic-an old design widely disseminated in the manuals of the War College-is one of the key elements in Goulbery's 10 geopolitics...
...It has managed to broaden the market but only to the advantage of multinational enterprises...
...We are bandaged at birth by Johnson & Johnson...
...foreign policy: bipolarity, "Cold War," detente, etc...
...middle of the 19th century, primacy over political factors ought " AN OVERVIEW Miltary Potential The major Latin American nations have been involved in a type of "arms race" which has become especially sharp in the last few years...
...The example of Chile most clearly demonstrates these trends...
...Meanwhile, the 1966 growth rate of 5 per cent rose to 9 per cent in 1971, creating appropriate conditions for "take-off...
...killing more than 100 and leaving many more wounded...
...Thus, while 90 percent of Paraguayan exports leave from Argentine ports and 27 percent of them are consumed by the Argentine market, Paraguay has an unfavorable balance of trade with Brazil...
...9 5 It is important to remember that during the Christian Democratic administration of Rafael Caldera, realations between Venezuela and Brazil assumed a "cold-war" nature...
...It instituted a Neighborhood Registry, police control mechanisms similar to those developed and used in South Vietnam...
...The success of this higher, more sophisticated level of struggle will be determined by the left's ability to carefully consolidate a broad social and political bloc directed by the armed working class plus its allies to confront the might of its enemies...
...5 The text of the bilateral agreement establishes thecreationot an industrial development "pole" in the Bolivian Southea't which will take advantage of natural gas as well as various raw mater ials in the reqon "the sale of natural gas to Brazil, for its industrial energy needs Both lover n ments will carry out studies on works to be built in the Bol ivian ter ritory the Bolivian government will present Brazil with 240 million cubic feet a day lor the next twenty years...
...The opposition leaders accuse Banzer of in'creasing the misery of the people by reducing the pur-15 chasing power of their wages...
...and the signing of an agreement for the exploitation of Angolese oil by Petrobras...
...The first Brazilian measures taken against Bolivia and Paraguay also date back to that year...
...In La Paz, March 16...
...By 1971, the relative success of the program carried out by Finance Minister Antonio Delfim Neto-decrease in the budget deficit and official expenditures, halt of inflation, etc.-had allowed Itamarity to appropriate funds to test out new ventures...
...The diplomatic offensive launched by the then Foreign Minister Gibson Barboza, and supported by some sectors of Itamarity during the months of November and December 1972, allowed Brasilia to define several still vague situations...
...1 5 The Argentine desire for a speedy initiation of this project reflects the new development and demographic policy encouraged by the government of Peron, 1 6 in which energy projects are among the top priorities...
...These mini-devaluations (an imitation of the model, used by the Uruguayan dictatorship) were imposed despite the objections at that time of the International Monetary Fund...
...Their positions range from presenting critical support, mostly to counter-balance right-wing forces both in and outside the government, to active opposition...
...Most 2 light cruisers of the armaments pur- chased are of an offen- sive nature, thus the suspicion that Chile's objective lies beyond its national borders...
...the Montevideo-Porto Alegre (southern Brazil) route, etc...
...For some Brazilian economists, the increase in prices constitutes a revealing symptom of the exhaustion of the system and the impossibility of maintaining the present level of growth...
...The 1970's have seen both the increased mobilization of popular and revolutionary forces and the heightened and more meaningful mobilization and collaboration on the part of the ruling classes...
...M Moreira Alves, op...
...He was over- thrown by Colonel Hugo Banzer on August 21...
...Critics of the government have charged that rather than reduce U.S...
...In recruiting members and forming base organizations the government repeatedly imposed its own chosen leaders and policies...
...Theotonio Don Santos, "Crisis en la Teoria del Desarrollo y las Relaciones de Dependencia en America Latina," Boletin de CESO, Oct...
...NACLA-East FOOTNOTES 1. Excelsior, Mexico, April 14, 1974 2. Brazil occupied by "peaceful" means a vast Paraguayan territory alonil the Parana river, a large sector of the Bolivian northeast and the Uruguayan north The means used are very simple: Brazilian capitalists purchase land and bi nin in Brazilian workers, creating within a short time small "islands" where e Portuquese is spoken, payment is made in cruceiros and Brazilian law prevails...
...Furthermore, it expands the function of the State in the resolution of these conflicts and places the role of bourgeois nationalism in a new light...
...The countries of the Phcific have committed themselves to an authentic program of liberation...
...The results of this offensive can be seen in the text of the Bilateral Agreement signed in Cochabamba (Bolivia) by Banzer and Geisel...
...Given the latest peasant rebellions, it can be affirmed that a new period in Bolivian history has been initiated...
...To demarcate the role of military strategy, the clear establishment of the political realm is necessary...
...the Minister of the Interior, Benito Llambi, upon creating the National Commission of Demographic Policy, said that Argentina hopes to each the year 2000 with a population of 50 million people (double of what it has now) thanks to the new policy of demographic expansion put into effect by Peron's government...
...On the other hand Argentina's continental strategy did improve its relations with Paraguay and Uruguay...
...Brazil's rapid integration into the world capitalist system caused the swift monopolization of sources of capital and markets within Brazil itself...
...It will not be able to maintain the present government nor the economic structure which uses this government as an escape valve for unemployment, nor the false and demagogic pension system, nor a one-product economy subject to the whim of international prices, which produces depopulation and underutilization of the land and which cannot be substituted by another system where the expropriation of a few only benefits a few more...
...The right of assembly was restricted and opposition leaders (among them General Liber Seregni) were arrested...
...His government reached its high point with the convocation of a Popular Assembly, a measure demanded by the workers and peasants who supported the general's bid for power...
...3 1 Mario Gibson Barboza's tour, which took place after the Lisbon agreements, was not limited only to commercial negotiations...
...The magnitude of the crisis in Brazil (a preview of the extent of the world economic crisis) becomes especially significant considering that Brazil, through a series of agreements (eight in all), is taking almost complete control of an important part of the existing energy reserves in Latin America...
...His anger was even greater when he learned of the terms of the Act of Salta...
...The proposal submitted by Horacio Flores de la Pena, Secretary of the Mexican Patrimonfo Nacional, laid out a series of programs for large-scale joint investments, technological cooperation and collaboration between the universities of both countries in the training of technicians...
...Similarly, six other Brazilian routes link up with a number of Uruguayan routes, particularly with routes 5 and 6 which cross Uruguayan territory from South to North and from East to West...
...petroleum, banana and bauxite cartels) is often cited as posing a threat to the interests of U.S...
...capital...
...88 The shifts to the left that began in 1970 with the Popular Unity government in Chile and the growth of the Broad Front in Uruguay further isolated Brazil and favored Lanusse's foreign policy...
...While it is true that these are two of the reasons for Brazil's constant interference in the internal affairs of Uruguay, they are not the only ones...
...In her book Geopolitics and Imperialism, Vivian Tries estimated that the DOPS had approximately 400 agents in Montevideo in 1968...
...The National Workers Convention (CNT) responded by initiating a general strike and factory take-overs...
...known as the "betrayal...
...This reality sets off a complicated set of contradictions from which two conclusions can easily be drawn: 1) once the model preferred by U.S...
...flag to prevent the anticipated Argentine reaction...
...Although Brazil accepted the principle of the Asuncion Declaration (1971) which established that those nations with continuous course could use the waters according to their needs (without harm to their neighbors 9 ), in practice, Brazil has acted in accordance with its own interests...
...VIII, No...
...533 of the Informatlvo ALALC (Santiago de Chile), Apr it 24...
...orth an- 4 torpedo boats other $300 million...
...Edil Sandoval Moron, Revolutionary Nationalist Movement of the Left...
...Jose Morales Guillen, Revolutionary Party of the National Left...
...This lack of unity was reflected in the imprecise nature of the charges leveled by Banzer and his closest collaborators against the rebellious * For further information, see "Bolivia: Brazil's Geopolitical Prisoner...
...Now we must use new capital resources to cover the deficit caused by this price rise...
...This debate raises an important political question...
...These are based on its far-reaching geopolitical interests and on strategic considerations...
...CELPA will do the work...
...The CNS dissolved the labor organization, forced workers out of the factories and jailed trade union leaders...
...trawlers...
...Banzer's "liberating crusade" in Bolivia and the activity of fascist groups in Chile and Uruguay were financed with such funds...
...6. For this reason, Brazil must ensure its own access to the Pacific (through Arica in Chile, or Guayaquil, Ecuador) and develop a war fleet capable of protecting the Southern Atlantic and the Antarctic region...
...Garrastazu Medici was visibly irritated by the prescedent set by this agreement...
...1670 - Beldm...
...What are the effects of these commercial agreements...
...These banks through which the largest share of private investment capital was channelled, enjoyed an average growth rate of So per cent in 1970, while the 616 largest firms in Brazil grew by 11.5 per cent and the economy as a whole by 9 per cent...
...the working class and middle sectors of the population...
...As examples, 1879 war with Chile and the 28...
...Finally, a few months after the presidential elections, it prepared to eliminate what little was left of the judiciary branch's autonomy...
...Of late even the bourgeois press has commented on repression, torture, the decaying social conditions of the Brazilian people and the end of the Brazilian "miracle...
...Referring to the need for an organization like NATO for the South Atlantic, the officer indicated that "the West is unaware of the dangers which the South Atlantic is undergoing, because it is only concerned with the defense of the North Atlantic...
...editorials of the weekly Marcha...
...3 8 Another factor adverse to the growth of the Brazilian economy-and also originating in external events-is the substantial rise in food prices on the world market...
...25 per yearr for profit-making and government organization (548 or two years...
...The process of Brazilian intervention in Latin America has increased since 1967-68, considered the "take-off" year for the Brazilian economy...
...A guerrilla movement emerged near the Araguaria River, deep in the Amazon...
...Within this framework Brazil has disputed Argentina's influence in Uruguay, given the fact that Uruguay remains the critical border area of Brazil...
...Our General Electric TV sets are connected to ITT satellites...
...The above mentioned declaration is contained in an article given to the press by the Army General Staff through its Public Relations Department in La Paz, March IS, 1974...
...NY3 Introduction Since the 1964 military coup in Brazil, which established one of the most brutal regimes in Latin American history, much emphasis has been put on the contradictions betweeen the so-called Brazilian "economic miracle" and the abhorent conditions under which the vast majority of the Brazilian people live...
...jectives form part of a plan to destroy the centers of opposition to the Brazilian model-a prospect which pleases Pinochet and Co.-and to thereby guarantee an Atlantic-Pacific union...
...Argentina $730 million 140,000 men 90,000 men 30,000 men Not available Argentina has the best (projected, (One out of AMX-13 tanks 1 aircraft carrier 400 patrol & train repared air force in every 178 (French) 3 cruisers (Brook- ing planes (Budget costs Argentines) M-113 tanks (US lyn class) 140 helicopters each citizen Mountain ter- 8 destroyers (Fle- 150 combat planes $20 per year) rain artillery tcher class) including: (including Otto-2 light carriers Melara Italian 2 submarines (act- 9 Mirages howitzers) ive) 2 Canberras 2 submarines (abou 2 Aeromacchis to be put into service) Skyhawks Aeromacchis T-28 jets Peru Not available Not avail...
...imperialism were weakened...
...De Torre a Banzer (Buenos Aires: Periferia), 1972...
...The Standard Fruit Company denied the accusation made by a deputy of the Costa Rican Legislative Assembly concerning preparations by the banana companies to overthrow the Honduran Chief of State...
...We can rely on Bayer aspirin for our colds, or, if trouble develops, on Squibb for anti-biotics...
...While certain statistical measurements of economic growth have soared over the last 10 years, the economic and social conditions of 80 percent of the population have worsened...
...foreign policy...
...He says he wants peace but states that in Mozambique, Angola and Guinea 'the subversive movements do not represent the spirit of African emancipation.' Liberation fighters in Mozambique He refers to a wide and democratic plebiscite, but makes it clear that in case the response does not coincide with his personal opinions, it would become the mission of the Army to'insure that the national will is carried out against the extremists.' 3 3 The colonialist General conceives of a geopolitical order which fits in with the plans and aspirations of Brazil, South Africa and France...
...p. 42...
...It can even take a "critical position" vis-a-vis the United States...
...Associated Press (Buenos Aires), March 15, 1974...
...32 Spinola's intentionally confusing formula for salvation implied granting formal independence to be overseen by the so-called "overseas provinces...
...Brazil is carrying out these plans not only for its own purposes but as a regional representative of U.S...
...Between 1968 of workers and employees of the State Electrical and and 1969 the hard-headed, authoritarian and Telephone company (UTE...
...The third is the control over Bolivian minerals (particularly iron) and natural gas...
...Aside from these comments, the truth is that the studies made by the Argentine Sub-Secretariat of Hydraulic Resources allows one to conclude that if Itaipu is built with a depth of less than 125 to 128 meters, it will virtually block the Argentine-Paraguayan projects down river from the Canon del Guaira, affecting the ecology "not only in that particular region, but along the 3,000 kilometer course of the Parana River and its tributaries,"10 and will have a definite impact on the Argentine economy...
...This led to a cooling of relations with the Peruvian people...
...Such control allows multi-national corporations to expand their trade under the protection of the accords and treaties of LAFTA...
...From this point of view, the Bulhoes-Campos plan was a dramatic success...
...These "external factors" also serve to explain social problems under the regime...
...In other words, to what extent does a vertical collapse of the Brazilian economy imply a failure of its economic model, and by extension, call for a reestablishment of prior economic and political forms...
...to replace other countries in supplying industrial products to the bourgeoisie in Portuguese and South African colonies...
...A new type of popular-based organization with less pretense of a democratic structure has recently arisen with support from the more conservative generals in the government...
...7 To this unfavorable balance of trade (which barely changed in 1973) one must add Brazil's peaceful penetration into the region including the Upper Parana, from the Iguazu Falls to the foothills of the Mbaracayu Cordillera, or a radius greater than 100 kilometers...
...The certainty that a bilateral solution to the problem would cause imbalances within the region has pushed one sector to champion the kind of tri-partite agreement that would unite Itaipu Corpus and Yacireta Apipe, considering the wishes of the three nations involved in these projects: Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil...
...In 1972, a national conference of trade union leaders demanded an end to government control of unions and attacked the government's wage policy...
...57 Press conference by Juan Jose Torres and Hernan Siles Suazo, Buenos Aires, April 18, )974...
...In only the first two months of 1974, Paraguay exported $10,514,000 worth of goods, of which $2,199,000 worth went to Argentina...
...l I This project is the only one, after Salto Grandel 2 capable of going into operation in 1980, producing half a million kilowatts...
...Another example is Brazil's policy of economic rapprochement with France and the Soviet Union to finance the Itaipu dam...
...The ELN was formed from the ranks of Che Guevara's guerrilla column and has carried out the majority of military attacks directed at the reac- tionary governments of Bolivia since that of General Ren6 Barrientos (1964-1969...
...The use of the term subimperialism, in this case, would imply that a new stage of capital accumulation has developed in such countries as Brazil and Iran...
...The emergence of a Peruvian tendency in the Army of this country would have provoked the North American companies EFE (Tegucigalpa...
...d) and the first step is to reverse the situation in Uruguay...
...75 Jorge Pacheco Areco succeeded President Oscar Gestido upon the latter's death 76 The consumPr price index rose 102 1 percent between 1967 and 1968...
...WE CALL ON: All the democratic and popular organizations, workers and peasant unions, students, professionals, artisans, teachers, progressive church people, patriotic military forces not tied to the dictatorship, small industrialists and merchants, and all our men and women, to struggle in unity and despite all sacrifice: 1) To prevent the institutionalization of the dictatorship...
...The workers movement has begun to recover from the brutal repression of the 1968 strikes...
...23 While these events were occurring in Argentina, the Brazilian oil fleet, due to an agreement signed between PETROBRAS (the Brazilian state oil company) and the Venezuelan Petroleum Corporation, assumed respon- sibility for transporting Venezuelan oil to the United States...
...Brazil on the Offensive Both the political and theoretical questions still need considerable study and require a much more systematic documentation of Brazil's continental expansion over the last 10 years...
...In this case, however, it is not seen as a conflict over demands for wealth or territory, but rather as a political dispute between a nationalistic Peru and a fascist axis formed by Chile and Brazil.26 Outside of hypotheses and conjecture, the only certainty is that in March 1974 the mutual accusations of stockpiling arms between the Chileans and the Peruvians appeared to create an extremely delicate situation...
...It also sparked the development of key industrial sectors without a sufficient expansion of the domestic market for these goods...
...This possibility makes them fear that in the future the Peruvian revolution may not be so attractive an alternative to the Brazilian regime as is now hoped...
...If the calculations of specialized international organizations and economic experts are not mistaken, this will arrive sooner than expected...
...A network of infrastructural works of this magnitude serves Brazil's desire for national integration and places the Amazon nation close to iron and gas deposits,and the dams over the Parana River, and only eight hours from Montevideo's port...
...The OPEC and Andean Group, on the other hand, sent their respective Secretary Generals and the revolutionary government of Peru sent two Cabinet members...
...Juan Lechin Oquendo, former Vice-President of the Nation...
...56...
...was founded in 1949 by General Cordeira de Farias...
...The Nationalist Liberation Movement (Tupamaros) was founded in 1964by the socialist leader Raul Sendic...
...The inflationary spiral declined from 140 per cent to 86 per cent in 1964, 45 per cent in 1965 and 26 per cent in 1967...
...They have criticized the non-democratic nature of the first organizations which the generals established in order to create political participation...
...More tban ten years ago...
...the capture of weapons from a Navy training center on May 29, 1910...
...Instead, most of the opposition has come from the petit-bourgeoisie, the small businessmen and landowners who see their hard-earned middle class status threatened by the reforms...
...Among these were its relations with African countries (including South Africa) and the statute upon which the Atlantic policy of Brazil and Portugal was based...
...They then met in Santa Cruz de la Sierra t Bolivia) in 1968, Brasilia in 1970, Asuncion in 1972 and Punta del Este (Uruiiuay, in 1972 Ths last meeting created a Financial Group with a capital base of 100 million dollar 5 to be integrated in eight years 4. Military intelligenceand policeofficers from Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguali y look adn active role in the coup which overthrew the constitutional government of Allenrce and in the assassination of dozens of political refugees from those countries alter September 11th...
...Arms Sales to Latin America," NACLA's Lathi America and Empre Report,Vol...
...Brazil now imports 70-100 per cent of its fuel needs...
...One approach differed with dependency theorists in the analysis made of capitalist development in Latin America following World War II...
...37 Miguel Urbane Rodrigues, Excelsior, Mexico, March 31, 1974...
...The Socialist Party and the Anarchist Federation were among the outlawed.groups...
...The Minister's major innovation was periodic minor devaluations of the currency...
...According to the declaration, Banzer's maneuvers will result in reliquishing control over the iron deposits and exhausting the natural gas reserves, both of which would benefit Brazilian expansionism, and "would again threaten Bolivia with the loss of parts of its territory...
...The world-wide situation clearly13 indicates that the rise in exports is one of the crucial points if not the most important, for Latin American growth...
...7 1 Uruguay Although Uruguay is radically different from Bolivia, it shares Bolivia's position as a strategic enclave (as an outlet to the River Plate...
...It is easy to see why Banzer proposed the establishment of a government of "national unity...
...In effect, the economy continues to depend on external factors for its development...
...The Confederation of Bolivian Professionals, the Lawyers Association and the Miners' Federation expressed, in successive declarations, their opposition to the sale of natural gas to Brazil and the expected loss of control over the Mutun iron deposits...
...Unable so far to maintain order within the framework of a corporativistic democracy, the generals suspended constitutional guarantees throughout the country last February...
...7 9 While these measures were lifted on March the traditional ones...
...3. The world situation that emerged after World War II and the gradual extinction of the conditions created by the "Cold War," have displaced the centers of in- ternational tension from the Atlantic to the Pacific arena...
...Yet they already show signs of disenchantment...
...29 per cent earn between 20 40 US dollars...
...It is something more than a highway and I can assure you that its results will be ob- vious within a very short time.29 The importance which the Brazilian military regime at- taches to this work is explained by the fact that this high- way is linked to several joint highway projects of Paraguay and Bolivia...
...NACLA-East I. For further reading on this debate see: Susanne Bodenheimer, "Dependency and Imperialism The Roots of Latin American Underdevelopment," NACLA Newsletter, May June 1970...
...We eat out of North American and Canadian made cans packed by Armour, Swift and Wilson...
...the cynical disregard of civil rights...
...advisors of the advantages of supporting and sustaining regimes open to foreign investment and capable of stifling every form of dissent, while efficiently carrying out a total renovation of out-dated politicalpartisan and economic-administrative schemes...
...Banzer was forced to raise the question of a corridor to the sea as a national goal because all the important forces in the country supported it...
...A logical, yet highly debated, conclusion which is drawn from this analysis is that Latin American bourgeoisies have become totally subservient to imperialist interests, particularly those of the United States...
...Ho Chi Minh Last Testament, May 10, 1969 MACLAS LATIN AMErCA A EMPIE EmPORT Vol...
...I. Crisis in Portugal Spinola's book, Portugal and Its Future, crystalizes the new neo-colonialist policy of the Portuguese bourgeoisie: "What does Spinola affirm, defend and criticize in his book...
...In a recently published document, "The Ideological Basis of the Peruvian Revolution," the military says that its purpose is to end our condition of being an under-developed capitalist, oligarchical society subject to the interests of imperialism, in order to construct a social democracy in which all Peruvians can find fulfillment through full participation in the exercise of social power in a truly sovereign national community...
...In the future the major portion of the economy is to become publically owned under another new legal form, propiedad social (self-managing, socially owned enterprises...
...From this treaty, Chile gained some 150,000 square kilometers of land which included the only natural nitrate deposits in the world, in addition to important deposits of silver, sulphur and the gigantic copper mine of Chuqicamata...
...That this may be utopian, that this has never happened either in Peru or anywhere else is true...
...private capital...
...This policy was embodied in the broad scope of Argentina's foreign negotiations: "The negotiations with Algeria and the countries of the East, with Cuba and Ecuador, with Venezuela and Lybia, with China and the Soviet Union, are clear indications that our count 1 has reasserted its participation in world affairs...
...95 Oiga (Lima...
...Conflict and Competition Developments in the late 1960's and early 1970's highlighted some of the limitations of a strict application of dependency theory...
...A recent statistical study confirmed that 250,000 Uruguayans had emigrated to Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, etc., between 1968 and 1973...
...Brazil on the Offensive," we think, will be a contribution towards such an understanding...
...In the original program of Goulbery Couto e Silva, this assumption is systematically put forward...
...It proposed the establishment of an authoritarian and efficient regime amenable to Brazil and the United States...
...the Sao Paulo-Santos-La Paz highway...
...It will uphold ideological pluralism and will align Venezuela with Third World nations opposed to regional bipolarity or polarity...
...4 8 Brazil pushed its own capitalists to invest in Bolivia and granted abundant credits to the new regime...
...Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco was the first military dictator of Brazil, from 1964 to 1967...
...Car los Quiiano...
...16 per year for non-profit institutions (S30bor two ears...
...It was not envisioned as an authentic project of national liberation . . . -The Justicialist government denounces the shameful New York Agreement, which was negotiated behind the backs of the people, and which subjects our country to the needs of continental subimperialism...
...With respect to the20 uranium, technicians from the International Atomic Energy Agency of France, which provided Uruguay with technical assistance, wrote up a favorable report, pointing out that "the abundance of potential mineral deposits and the encouraging reports of uranium in Paso de las Piedras, suggest the need for a more complete and ambitious prospecting project for nuclear raw materials...
...The corporation will build the largest dam in the world...
...defines Brazil's role in the international arena as Washington's ally...
...However, with respect to liquid assets, foreign firms (38 per cent) surpassed both the national firms (36 per cent) and the state firms (26 per cent...
...that the Bolivian Workers' Federation (COB) be legalized...
...The domestic and foreign policy of five Latin American nations depends on possession of and/or influence over this region...
...In an interview with Oiga (October 5, 1973) Carlos Delgado, one of the regime's major ideologues, summarized how these legal reforms are intended to complement each other in creating a new socialized economic and political system: . . in this revolutionary process we are presented with three major ways of achieving, as a convergent result, the removal of the traditional base of the Peruvian economy and to create in its place an economy which is neither capitalistic nor communistic...
...The progressive image is based on the Peruvian military's strong nationalistic stance against interests of the United States and their far-reaching domestic reforms...
...Inflation in the first four months of 1974 was 15 percent greater than in the whole of 1973...
...There are 15,000 kilometers of navigation routes in this region which is inhabited by 80 million people (that is, 66.7 percent of the total population of the five countries that make it up: Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay...
...3 The first effect of Brazilian influence on the continent was the policy of so-called ideological frontiers and that policy's influence in Uruguay, which had been the refuge of some prominent opponents of the military dictatorship in Brazil...
...A more advanced theoretical and practical understanding of Brazil's future continental role is a prerequisite to the formulation of an effective strategy to oppose it...
...The Foreign Minister implied that Brazil would be disposed toward serving as mediator between Portugal and the African nations "to find a peaceful solution to the colonial problem in Africa...
...The average growth of import capacity, based on export revenues, will also diminish in the period 1974 1910...
...The hardening of positions within the military resulted in an adjustment in the plan put forth in February 1973 and revised after the coup in June...
...The New York Times, February 4, 1974...
...The proposal for the creation of a "Government of National Unity," was made exactly one month after the serious events of Cochabamba, when the violent repression of the region's peasantry made the level of contradictions existing within the army evident...
...To effect this mission, the Brazilian War College has elaborated a multitude of military programs, following the lines drawn by Golbery in his work, Geopoltical Aspects of Brazil: -the construction of the Transamazonic Highway, one of whose branches (Manaos) ties Brazil with Caracas and with the Ecuadorian port of San Lorenzo by road and railway...
...And the latter does not require the mediation of a party, as the crux and center of power...
...As early as 1967 the Brazilian embassy had intervened in the internal affairs of Uruguay undd the pretext of putting down a non-existent conspiracy by a handful of Brazilian exiles...
...When Geisel makes reference to the policy of stability and security, he is only duplicating the intransigent policy of his predecessors, 4 6 dissipating all illusions of a lessening in censorship or police repression...
...The Peace and Justice Commission, which reports back to the Vatican, emphasized in an open letter sent to the President of Bolivia, that "the government is incapable of seeing that popular protest is due simply to the fact that it is impossible for the workers and peasants to live on their current incomes...
...The Movimiento Laboral Revolucionario (MLR) is a labor confederation which was first formed in the fishing industry...
...Argqentina facilitated the settlement of more than half a million Latin Amner cans dui inn the last few months of 1974 17 Statements in La Opinion (Buenos Aires...
...September 21, 1972 10 Gregorio Selser, La Nacion ( Santiago, Chile), September 2, 1973 11...
...There, the Treaty of Ancon was signed in 1883, putting an end to the conflict...
...The Justicialist government will give priority to construction projects which allow for the multiple use of our great rivers...
...Eager to rival Brazil's diplomatic leverage, Argentina signed the Act of Salta and established close ties with the countries of the Andean Group...
...Neither has a comparable situation ever existed before: that the united armed forces of a Third World country are non-violently effecting a huge social, economic and political transformation...
...the union of Brazilian banks, which with Bradesco from the largest financial conglomerate in the country...
...4 9 The Agreement-actively opposed by vast sectors of the population50-was to become part of a more ambitious project which would include the transfer of the Mutun iron mines to the Brazilian Iron and Steel Company...
...Hernan Siles Suazo, former President of the Nation...
...92 Argentina is considering the possibility of transporting Algerian and Lybian oil, Per u, for its par t, entered an agreement to buy 15,000 barrels of crude and refined oil daily from these countries until 1976...
...SIVAl ". 1B ) ff rwli I I30 75...
...the discovery of secret investment funds among which was the Monty firm...
...On July 24, in a clear and criminal manner reminiscent of Guatemala, a 16-year old student at the Construction School was gunned down by snipers firing from a public building...
...Following the line which was to be most eloquently expressed in the famous Rostow Plan, the General assumed that: 1. The USA-Brazil alliance, founded on ideological agreements, common interests and historical relations, determines Brazil's decisive role in Latin America...
...The executive branch sustained its anti-democratic offensive against the judiciary and the Congress...
...While there is considerable debate as to the progressive nature of the Peruvian military regime, there is no question that the alternative model for economic development employed by the Peruvian government, its revolutionary slogans and its ties with socialist countries, is seen as a threat by Chile, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay...
...However, the generally optimistic calculations of the World Bank indicate that between 1974 and 1980, the growth rate of the export volume of developing coun tries will diminish and the terms of trade of the non petroleum producing developing nations will deteriorate, perhaps reaching the level of the late 1960's...
...1974...
...Therefore, in order to satisfy foreign demands for a stable government and the formalization of international agreements, the military high command and General Banzer have decided to institutionalize their dictatorship, following the model of Brazil, which directly benefits from this decision...
...0, r, r6 resources in the region: hydroelectric energy in the Parana and iron and natural gas in the Bolivian Altiplano...
...This degree of autonomy in the process of capital ac- cumulation strengthened the local bourgeoisies and created the material basis for possible conflicts with foreign monopoly capital...
...Victors on lend and sea, the Chileans occupied Lima for three years and withdrew only after obtaining the Treaty of Ancon (1883) which annexed the Peruvian provinces of Tarapaca and Antofaaasta to Chile and took away Bolivia's access to the sea...
...We ride Otis elevators, drive Volkswagens and Fords and ship our goods on Mercedes-Benz trucks fueled by Esso and Shell...
...The Naval Chief of Staff, Vice- Admiral Pedro Gnavi, and the ex-Foreign Minister Nicanor Costa Mendes were the main protagonists in !his maneuver to dismantle the Argentine Merchant ~arine.22 Also in 1%7, "world-wide payments for maritime shipping amounted to $15 billion, second only to oil exports which amounted to $19 billion and thereby making maritime shipping the most important sector in world trade after oi1...
...Within the framework of this new demographic policy...
...Venezuela will adopt the Caldera government's policy of continental solidarity in the defense of raw materials...
...Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, Bolivian Socialist Party...
...168...
...8. On May 17...
...Second-cass postae paid at New York...
...Banzer was in charge of the first phase...
...Military Plans A long article published by the Lima magazine, Olga, in its edition of March 15 (1974) and signed by General Edgardo Mercado Jarrin, the Peruvian Foreign Minister, considers the possibility of a military conflict in the Southern Cone in detail...
...These ties had been weak since 1966, due to the foreign policy of Ongania and his Chancellor Costa Mendez...
...policies, basic to Goulbery's geopolitical framework, incorporate an element that cannot be overlooked in Brazilian expansionism-not everything can be explained by Brasilia's dependence and submission to the dictates of Washington, as Brazil retains considerable initiative...
...The anti-imperialist character of these acts has been enhanced by Peru's leadership in normalizing economic and political relations with Cuba and Cuba's expressed sympathy with the Peruvian revolution...
...that trade union laws be respected...
...For the complete text of the declaration, see below...
...The first sign of its existence came in December 1966 during an exchange of gunfire between the police and he Tupamaros...
...Thus, the industrialization process led to the sharpening of monopolist tendencies, the in- discriminate opening of the Brazilian economy to in- ternational capital and mounting indebtedness-more than 40 per cent of the revenues from Brazilian exports are used annually to cover interest and amortization on long-term foreign loans...
...I am using the expression 'political organizations' to refer as much to an organizational structure in the strictest sense of the concept, as to a constellation of political institutions arising from the base, which, in their entirety constitute a new reality of the state...
...This total is equal to the population growth of Uruguay over the last seven years...
...On June 27 both chambers of Congress were dissolved after they refused to lift the parliamentary immunity of Senator Enrique Erro of the Broad Front...
...The declaration of the former Bolivian presidents is also signed by Juan Lechin...
...Until now, however, only 2.2 million kilowatts have been used in Brazil, 180,000 in Paraguay, 140,000 in Uruguay and 110,000 in Argentina...
...Beginning with the decree of December 12, 1967,74 the internal political situation in Uruguay shifted sharply...
...When the United States opted for the Brazilian model of dependence, it definitively ruled out an eventual return to previous systems...
...26 Banner was on the verge of meeting the same fate as Juan Jose Torres...
...At the beginning of 1972, the Argentine Merchant Marine had 191 units, the majority of which were used in coastal traffic...
...The alternative, which has been approved by both sides, overcomes these difficulties by taking into consideration both positions and the differences of opinion as to the cost of the project...
...Minister of Finance, Marion Simonsen, believes that: "The difficulties concerning Itaipu have been definitely overcome, with mutual benefits for both sides," 1 7 the construction of this plant continues to represent a serious obstacle to Argentina's plans...
...1. Brazil in Bolivia Brazil's continuing intervention in Bolivian affairs since 1971, in itself sufficiently explains an important part of what happens in that highlands country.* Shortly before Banzer's coup d'etat, the Brazilian War College had designed an operational plan with two possible phases: 1) logistical support for the plotters of the coup d'etat (which, in fact, was carried out in all its details) and, should the first phase fail, 2) the organization and support of a separatist government in the wealthy province of Santa Cruz...
...2 (February 1974...
...3 9 "The multiple and severe repercussions"40 of the international crisis on the Brazilian economy leave open the possibility of an eventual change in the direction of the dictatorship's12 economic plans...
...3 6 France's concern, shared by Lisbon and Brasilia, is due to strategic as well as political and economic reasons: the Mozambique Canal can provide key access to maritime routes for the enormous oil tankers that cannot go through the Suez...
...Brazil, however, transported 32.5 percent in the same year...
...Argentine foreign policy underwent another shift after the election of the Justicialist candidate, Hector Campora...
...The President ignored the resolution and the following day, July 15, reinstituted the "state of exception...
...Since the coup in Chile, the bourgeoisies of these countries, under the leadership of Brazil, have focused much of their attention on Peru...
...Bolivia lost the rubber-rich Acre Territory in a war with Brazil...
...The projects would require above all a large input of highly skilled labor...
...Recent Uruguayan history (1968-1974) is also the history of Brazilian interference...
...In regard to the financing of Bolivia's part of the gas pipe line, Brazil promises to cooperate with the government of Bolivia in negotiating for the necessary resourcesfrom international institutions such as the I DB I inter American Development Bank...
...On the other hand, it should be pointed out that in the type of war analyzed above, "the principles of offense and superiority are fully operative...
...Latin (La Paz), April 12, 1974...
...El Sol de Mexico (Mexico), May 14, 1974...
...ruling classes...
...The Grand Accord diplomacy of General Alejandro Lanusse sought to strengthen ties with the nationalist governments of Bolivia and Peru...
...This will depend on the shifts in Brazil's relations with Argentina and Peru, carried out either directly or indirectly through Chile and Bolivia, and on Argentina's success in neutralizing Brazil's influence in Paraguay and Uruguay...
...During these years, inflation was halted (at the expense of the working class) and the public debt was reduced...
...Ac- cording to one study, Brazil will spend 3,700 million dollars this year on oil imports...
...Such is the nature of the planned border development program which could seriously contribute to the disintegration of our national unity and sovereignty...
...Under these circumstances, "the majority of military chiefs who commanded the armies from the time of independence until the middle of the 19th century, were not professionally prepared in the art and science of military strategy...
...These plans coincide with Banzer's determination to maintain his dictatorship...
...For the most part these strikes have been spontaneous and isolated, geared primarily to economic rather than political objectives...
...One of the government's stated purposes in this legal restructuring is to abolish class conflict and create a common interest among workers and managers in raising the productivity of the economy...
...This is a big mistake...
...What he refused to confirm, however, was the reason behind the call-up of reservists, troops and officers, whose number and purpose were unknown...
...The constant rise in the cost of living and the meager income of the working class are a necessary result of foreign hegemony in industry and the import-export trade...
...Among these were the National 15, 1969, the return to institutionalized order was shortLiberation Movement (MLN-Tupamaros) 7 7 and several lived...
...The establishment of a civilian government will be the facade, behind which the military will seek to maintain the basic orientation of the regime in economic, political and military terms, inside and outside Brazil...
...These objectives were difficult to achieve in the context of a decrease in the volume of world trade and Brazil's own difficulties in widening commercial ties with other countries of the Third World and the socialist camp...
...In 1967...
...The following article looks at the political origins of Brazilian expansionism, its point of conflict and conjuncture with U.S...
...Subscriptions: $10 per year or individuals ($18 for two years...
...Delfim Neto's second "innovation" was to consolidate the penetration of Brazilian firms by foreign capital...
...Integral to this plan was an acceleration in the "peaceful penetration"47 of Brazilian colonos (small-holding colonists into the areas around the Acre River, Xapuri and Abuna (in the Bolivian northeast), to consolidate a territorial incursion which began "sixty years ago...
...Panorama ( Buenos Aires), August 31, 1971...
...They also demanded reemployment and job protection, and repeal of the decrees which had dissolved political parties, trade unions and student organizations...
...WE DENOUNCE: 1) That the Brazilian government has begun to implement its expansionist plans...
...1974...
...Revoleuclonarla (Revolucionary Coordinating Committee) which also includes the MLN-Tupamaros of Uruguay, the ERP of Argentina and the MIR of Chile...
...However, economic growth did occur and benefited not just foreign companies but also indigenous capitalist interests, albeit to a lesser extent...
...with the Bank of Algarve and with the Banco Portugues de Brasil...
...They also have to develop the strength to take advantage of the contradictions among the ruling classes of the hemisphere...
...capital brought in since the coup...
...On June 13, 1968, Pacheco This shift in government policy gave rise to the formation for the first time instituted the Immediate Security of new centers of resistance to the regime distinct from Measures...
...Everything we consume in our daily lives betrays a foreign presence...
...It stated that the fundamental bases of Argentine-Chilean relations have been respect for the principle of non-intervention in the internal and external affairs of each State and the desire to resolve problems in a peaceful and judicial way...
...WE GIVE WARNING: That the Bolivian people, who have not been allowed to comment on the major problems which affect our country and its future, do not recognize the validity of any international agreement negotiated behind our backs by a government lacking legitimacy, popular representation and moral authority, and acclaimed by the Brazilian government as a "triumph of Brazilian geopolitics...
...Mexico will present 25 projects in the petrochemical field alone, two metallurgical plants (one in each country), and studies for automobile, machine-tool and other manufacturing plants...
...In three years (1971-73) the nationalist government of Bolivia, the Uruguayan democracy and the popular government of Chile, were buried by the offensive of the Washington-Brazilian axis...
...From the above mentioned letter...
...As a result Lanusse was forced to demonstrate the possibility of an opening towards the region without giving in to the Brazilian formula of ideological frontiers...
...Furthermore, they add, Banzer attempts to continue the process of denationalizing mines and oil fields, turning them over to private U.S...
...In the meantime, the MLN offensive of April 1972 was broken, thousands oF Uruguayans were brutally tortured, economic chaos set in and the economy and the government were virtually paralyzed.19 When the military left the barracks and plunged into politics they had no idea of the seriousness of the country's problems...
...NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...However, a well-routed and coordinated uprising stretching across national borders weakens the enemy's possibilities of concentrating its forces against a single target...
...The possibility that the generals will be able to democratically unite the majority of the population within their revolution appears increasingly remote...
...Panorama...
...The fall of the Torres government in Bolivia and the establishment of a right-wing regime, openly supported by Brazil, dealt a severe blow to Argentina's influence...
...Neither is it surprising that the military issued its declaration at the same time as the informal meeting between the presidents of Bolivia and Chile, and within a week of the celebration of the "Day of the Sea" (an anniversary of the battle in which Bolivia lost its coastal lands...
...The Justicialist government will give maximum support to this program and will submit to the countries of the Cartagena Agreement adequate means to strengthen their ties to Argentina...
...The security measures were reinstituted on June 24, types of trade union groups--some with anarchist per- 1969 and maintained until the eve of the 1971 presidential spectives and others that originated from splits within the elections...
...45 Trade between Brazil and the Soviet Union, cautiously initiated in 1969, rose rapidly to 42-60 million dollars, At the end of 1970, a commercial treaty was signed between the two nations, which contained a provision for Soviet importation of 15,000 tons of Brazilian coffee per year, over the next 15 years...
...Bolivia's dispute with Argentina over the possession of these resources was mediated by "ideological agreements" during the government of General Juan Carlos Ongania...
...These dependent bourgeoisies act as intermediaries for foreign capital and do not significantly engage in an autonomous process of capital accumulation...
...Itamarity has sought (at the expense of Argentina) to direct this rapprochement at all levels...
...He was succeeded by Army Minister, Malfhal Costa e Silva, who died in 1969, followed by Marshal Emilio Garrastazu Medidi, whose term ended in March, 1974, 47 Joretal do Brasil ( Rio de Janeiro), January 13,1973...
...In principle, all sectors agreed on what was the proper administrative and economic functioning of the country, although in practice this proved to be complex...
...The government has created comunidades (labor communities that include both administrators and wage laborers) in mining, fishing and industry...
...Recent history has demonstrated that an uprising in one country alone gives the local bourgeoisie a strategic advantage allowing it to isolate and crush the popular forces...
...The resulting struggle for capital accumulation can therefore counteract the possibility of smooth coordination among the nation states...
...And while there are reasons to be skeptical of the government of Carlos Andres Perez (Venezuela), it is true that: Within the framework of its foreign policy the new Venezuelan government has emphasized its decision to implement Venezuelan integration into the subregional Andean Group (although the business community tenaciously opposes this integrationist policy...
...The sum of the cost of only these two imported products will represent more than half of the income generated by Brazilian exports at their current level...
...2 (February 1974), 7-9...
...In 1973 commercial relations between Brazil and the Soviet Union rose to higher levels, and formal consideration was given to Soviet financing for the construction of the ltaipu dam which will cost more than 1.2 billion dollars...
...The first way is the agrarian reform which emphasizes, sets as a priority, and gives preferential treatment to associative forms of property...
...These former Bolivian leaders believe that the Brazilian government entertains, to the detriment of Bolivia, "expansionist aims that serve its own interests, within the framework of a hemispheric policy determined to consolidate and advance a regime of dependency and fascism throughout the southern cone of the continent...
...At the same time it expresses the government's concern with the Itaipu project...
...The size of the projects undertaken with Argentina and Brazil subjected Uruguay to the will of its powerful neighbors, who would use the resources to satisfy their own energy needs...
...Peru has also led the fight to extend national territorial waters to 200 miles in order to protect its fishing industry from competition with U.S...
...This prospect represents the summation of plans and projects which simultaneously interrelate and negate each other, in whose context every South American nation must juggle its own interests as well as those of the world power...
...These circumstances must worry international monopolies like Standard Fruit 9 4 and the petroleum companies...
...Meanwhile, the stunned country .. resists confronting the fact that it can only save itself if it is willing to undergo substantial transformations, that these transformations will be difficult and painful, that whatever solution it choses, capitalism or socialism-and it is well known that we believe only in the socialist way- it will experiende hard times and acute tensions...
...They include a plant to manufacture cellulose, a cement factory and an aluminum plant...
...When these three great revolutionary advances culminate, Peru will no longer be a substantively capitalist nation, although private activity in various areas of the economy will continue...
...Similar agreements were signed with Colombia, for the exploitation of coal (the deposits of Correjon, in Guajira) and oil...
...a dos I intlas quo dl a Colpa do forneclmento do nmargis iquelas qu optam polo Par...
...The incident provided the Banzer regime with one of its most serious challenges.14 peasants...
...The latter project, which will have a full capacity of 1,620,000 kilowatts, will be financed with loans from the InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB) and with credits from the Soviet Union to Argentina for the purchase of equipment and tools...
...Hector Campora, No...
...Although Peron did not oppose an agreement with Brazil in the field of hydroelectricity, he launched a policy similar to that of Itamarity: to talk once the situation is a fault accompli, thus avoiding a repetition of situations such as the one which took place in Asuncion on August 15, 1973 during the inaugural ceremonies of General Alfredo Strossner.14 The delay in the signing of the agreement between Argentina and Paraguay results from merely technical differences on the plans for the dam...
...Nov., 1968, and El Nuevo Caracter de la Dependencia (Santiago: Cuadernos del CESO, Universidad de Chile, 1968...
...5, May, 1968 23 CEPAL report 74 EFE ^:ency, Rio de Janeiro, January 18, 1973...
...He has furiously defended "the insolent thesis of Bolivia's historical lack of viability and the view that Bolivia should be divided among its neighbors, statements which led to a cooling of relations with the Peruvian people...
...They went on to nationalize the haciendas of W. R. Grace and Company, the mines of Cerro Corporation and other businesses owned by North Americans...
...3 0 The agreements signed with South Africa which were substantial but less ambitious proposed: Joint participation in the atomic energy project which both countries are planning with the assistance of West Germany...
...The day of his inauguration (March 1, 1972) Bordaberry stated: "I cannot hide my affinities and sympathies for the Brazilian government...
...The influence of Itamarity in the decaying Uruguayan government apparatus grew as a result of the kidnapping of Dias Gomide (the Brazilian ambassador in Montevideo...
...world strategy, in certain cases it assumes its own expression...
...The two analyses offer very different perspectives of bourgeois politics in Latin America...
...Argentine opposition to the project, based on claims that it would affect navigation on the Parana River, ruin cities and plantations, has slowed realization of the program...
...The first of these, imposed by the theoreticians of the War Academy, corresponds to the political conception dominant among Brazilian military and technocratic circles...
...But they are contradictory with the calling of general elections and the restoration of democratic rights, guarantees and liberties...
...74 President Pacheco Areco decreed the closure of the newspaper Epoca and the socialist weekly El Sol, and the dissolution of various political organizations...
...71 Panorama, No 283 (September 1972...
...After stating that "military strategy should conform itself to the broader lines of political guidance," Mercado Jarrin recalls that in the past, the disjunction between * For more information on arms sales to Latin America, see "'Arms and Power: The Politics of U.S...
...Goulbery Couto e Silva The Geopolitics of Goulbery Couto e Silva The geopolitics of Goulbery were conceived in 1952, following a series of studies, and remain today an invaluable guide for understanding the "doctrine" that dominates the Brazilian offensive in Latin America...
...The results of this policy can be sum- marized in the following figures: Brazil has 204 units with a TRB of 1,500,%7 and an average age of 8.2 years.20 In 1%5 Argentina transported 34.1 percent of all tonnage within LAFTA, while in 1970 this figure had decreased to 26.4 percent...
...He has done this to generate support for the hasty and unconditional reestablishment of diplomatic relations with the Chilean military junta, whose president offended our national dignity when he put forth the insolent thesis of Bolivia's historic lack of viability, that it should be divided up more appropriately among its neighbors...
...Miguel Urbane Rodrigues, Ibid...
...Goveinador Jose Malcher n...
...6 4 This indicates that if Pinochet is really proposing closer relations with Bolivia, he is doing it in such a way as to achieve the opposite effect...
...37 In its March 1974 report, the World Bank states that Mexico, Turkey, Orazil and Malaysia are among the developing countries least affected by the oil crisis...
...We wash with Lever Brothers and Palmolive soaps, shave with Williams and Gillete...
...Four large companies: Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler, controlled almost all of this production...
...6 2 But there is an important difference between them...
...3) in order to obscure the anti-democratic nature of this plan, to hide the sell-out economic and political objectives of these international agreements, and to weaken the strength of popular protest which has arisen throughout the country, the Banzer government has played upon our Irrevocable demand for an outlet to the sea...
...Sergio Deus pointed out in his book Immediate Security Measures that "one of the limits faced by the Executive in the adoption of these measures is precisely that these cannot produce permanent and irreversible effects by the very nature of being provisional and exceptional...
...cit., p. 114...
...2) At the end of a clumsily rigged meeting, several civil servants and citizens, totally lacking authority to represent the public, responded by agreeing, "in the name of the people" (who are deprived of liberty and devastated by hunger), to call for "a social and political truce to last throughout this entire historical period," which would be clearly beneficial to the dictatorship...
...infrastructural development...
...The statement called for "the fall of the dictatorship and its substitution by a provisional government which represents the patriotic forces, both democratic and popular, civilian and military, and which will guarantee the immediate implementation of this program...
...Within a context of growing economic problems and the continued existence of contradictory class interests, the leftists are afraid that this state structure might in the long run lead to a form of proto-fascism whose function would be to develop and protect state capitalism...
...Officers of the Brazilian political police (DOPS) 8 3 including the sinister Fleury, head of the "Death Squad," began actively cooperating with their Uruguayan counterparts...
...On the other hand, it is not strange that these issues are being revived precisely at a time when General Augusto Pinochet is "president" of Chile and General Goulbery da Couto e Silva is the main architect of the new Geisel regime in Brazil.61 Pinochet and Goulbery have become the most noted proponents of geopolitics in their respective armies...
...Subimperalism" The indications of Brazil's growing influence in Latin America, described in detail in this Report, have prompted a debate on the question of "subimperialism," the term commonly used to characterize Brazil's continental role...
...Panorama ( Buenos Aires...
...9 3 The Mexican proposal comes at a time when Venezuela is reorganizing its economic policy on the basis of a nationalist program which intends to return the oil deposits now controlled by U.S...
...It was formalized in the Act of Santiago 8 9 which asserted as its "purpose to guarantee freedom of sea and air navigation within the21 two countries' respective jurisdictions...
...One of these trends represented the attempts of bourgeois apologists to explain underdevelopment in terms of cultural, geographical and climatic factors...
...Two years later, the fall of Salvador Allende's government in Chile, 4 the coup d'etat in Uruguay, the signing of agreements with Paraguay for the construction of the Itaipu dam (ratified in April, 1974) and the negotiated sale of natural gas with Bolivia (signed on May 25, 1974 in Cochabamba) 5 left Brazil within reach of its basic objectives in the region...
...Bowing to the pressure of the opposition and an important sector of the army, Banzer had to condition any renewal of relations with Chile on the question of access to the sea, thereby disregarding Brazil's position on this matter...
...Dependency theory indicated, to the contrary, that underdevelopment was a product of the integration of countries in a world-wide capitalist system through relations of domination and exploitation...
...Stressing the reasons why the Miners' Federation boycotted the Cochabamba Conference, the workers implied that Bolivia could be drawn into a military conflict "provoked by the merchants of death who are (only) interested in the sale of arms...
...Apr i 1974...
...All this leads one to believe that such movements respond to a principle that Mercado Jarrin points out as vital: "The systems of arms and war materiel must always surpass the military power of the potential enemy in both quality and quantity...
...An initial investment of $7 million in the black sands could provide 11 tons of iron ore (hierro metalkco) and white pigment of titanium annually, valued at $10 million...
...CENTRALS ELtTRICAS DO PARA S.A...
...ports (U.S...
...A pro-government leader in the Brazilian Parliament, Filinto Muller, stated that "Brazil will not submit its decision to build the Sete Quedas dam on the border with Paraguay to any foreign reviews . . . when we carry out projects on our territory, which do not harm anyone-and that is a closed question...
...Bolivia classified this move as an "aggressive ac tion...
...The first of the above-mentioned projects (Itaipu), originally to be built a few kilometers south of Saltos del Guaira (Sete Quedas) in a place called Santa Maria, could produce up to 12 million kilowatts by 1981...
...Although Argentina was not a passive spectator in the war, in the Treaty of 1902 it did renounce any possible territorial expansion...
...In spite of the fact that the Peruvian military played down the importance of the matter, the Chilean military junta decided to call up 15 age groups of reservists and moved reinforced troop units into Arica...
...The Catholic Bishops of the Northeast, Central and Amazon regions attacked government policies in three separate statements...
...54 For these reasons, the meetings in Brasilia could not achieve the desired results...
...The definitive solution which the ECLA economists advanced therefore, was industrialization through import-substitution...
...6 8 "The violence done to the peasants," it adds, "can be compared only to the butchery of My Lai in Vietnam...
...Argentina and Paraguay have already drawn up plans for three joint enterprises...
...unimaginative government moved toward the establish-18 Police measures were unable to contain the advances of the working class...
...By that time, Peru hopes to be able to export oil and become fully integrated into the Organization of Petroleum Ex porting Countries (OPEC...
...Seen from a twenty-year perspective, the geopolitics of General Couto e Silva retains its original structure: the concept that Brazil has a historic mission to fulfill-its "manifest destiny"-and that this mission is intimately linked to the future of the West and of the United States...
...Brual en Bolivia leclones de un golpe mililtar (Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Letras), 1972...
...The results showed that 32 per cent of the Brazilian work force less than half the total population receive less than half the minimum wage, and must survive on 20 US dollars per month...
...According to these definitions, the Brazilian experts suggested that their country propose the following to the Plata Foreign Ministers Regarding Livers with continuous courses, each nation had the right to use those pal Is that tell under its sovereignty, according to its own development programs, as long as "the works built did not permanently damage or harm countries with sover eignty over other parts of the same river The use of adjacent rivers should be subiec t to bilateral agreements...
...This would have important implications for the development of bourgeoisies in numerous Third World countries (not just a select few such as Iran and Brazil) and the formulation of an effective revolutionary strategy to overthrow them...
...Through fraudulent returns the officialist candidate, Juan Maria Bordaberry, an unimaginative and mediocre conservative politician,5 defeated Wilson Ferreira Aldunate, the candidate of the National Party...
...NACLA-East24 Peru: An Alternative to Brazil...
...The National Workers' Convention (CNT), in which the Communists held a majority, and the Parliament (dominated by opposition forces), became precarious enclaves of democracy...
...The Bolivian military government cannot retreat on this matter and its inability to negotiate any terms which are not prejudicial to national sovereignty makes the question of the corridor one that strengthens the opposition and not the government...
...The dynamic of recent capitalist development in Latin America has led to changing patterns of economic and political behavior with marked consequences for relations among Latin American countries...
...Forty years of institutional life had deeply affected the character and habits of the military...
...pressuqe from the Grace Line and the Inter- American Development Bank led to the progressive paralysis of ELMA...
...While the loss of the port of Arica and an important part of its territory established the motives for present-day Bolivian demands, the Chilean occupation (of Peru), the war reparations and the stolen territory gave rise to Peruvian anger which can still be detected today...
...18 Report bythe EconomicCommissionfor LatinAmerica (CEPAL), 1971 19 Research Instituteof the Ibero American Merchant Marine, Argentina, 1972 20 Ibid...
...These coincided with the Uruguaysan electoral campaign in which a possible victory of the Broad Front leftist coalition was predicted...
...Unforeseen problems will arise if the trend of economic nationalism in the area, advocated by Venezuela and Mexico, is concretized...
...Consequently Argentina moderated its stance in the area, a tendency which became accentuated with the approach of the 1973 presidential elections...
...The COB stopped functioning in August 1971 after Banzer overthrew the govern ment of Juan Jose Torres 68...
...1973...
...What type of organization will replace SINAMOS...
...Nevertheless, the Treaty of Limits on the River Plate was successfully signed between Uruguay and Argentina and work began on the joint project of the Salto Grande dam...
...WE DECLARE: That our demand for the return of our sea coast is a popular demand and we will never give it up...
...All this does not mean that we are opposed to the notion that the popular support of the Revolution should organize itself politically...
...Here, to a large extent, the problem is inseparable from the widely held conviction that the only political organization is the party...
...In 1973, Japan invested nearly 700 million dollars in Brazil...
...Fifteen thousand of these were stored in Argentina awaiting market openings...
...The troops opened fire on a gathering of peasants near Cochabamba...
...To better evaluate the real impact of these internal and international developments more systematic study is needed on the conditions in Brazil as well as its relations to other Latin American countries...
...3) To reestablish the purchasing power of salaries and wages and to freeze the unbearable rise in the cost of living...
...The Brazilian model particularly affected Argentina whose foreign policy shifted considerably from political "coincidence" with Brazil to open competition for hegemony in the area...
...There is still considerable controversy, however, about the nature of these programs...
...The second is the consequence of a policy which forfeits national sovereignty in exchange for industrial development and which relegates the masses of wage- laborers to only one possible form of participation: that of a silenced and enslaved work-force...
...This is part of a policy of unequal distribution of national wealth which translates the extraordinary income from the high international prices of our raw materials into the increased misery of the people...
...imperialism...
...The triple pressure (diplomatic, economic and military) which the government of Brazil exerts on the Paraguayan government explains Itamarity's diplomatic successes in connection with water usage...
...Marxist parties were banned and others were suspended...
...Among other things the project included the construction of a hydroelectric dam at Paso Centurion on the Yaguaron River, the installation of a fertilizer plant and a cement factory to exploit the large limestone deposits in the province of Treinta y Tres, and "a development study of a stretch of 62,250 square kilometers, of which 29,250 are in Uruguayan territory...
...the Santa Cruz oligarchy was in charge of the second...
...and 20 per cent between 40 100 US dollars...
...The Banco Mercantil was owned by Jorge Peirano Facio...
...The "March toward the West" is based on the construction of a Trans- Amazonic highway, a route which is aimed towards the Pacific: The Trans-Amazonic highway represents much more than a highway...
...2 (March 1975...
...Its role has been to educate an efficient and anti communist elite capable of leading the country according to the objectives of the Army Staff In addition to military studies, courses include economic and social problems The graduates are career officers, beginning with the rank of colonel, and include important civilians such as bankers, diplomats, government officials, etc...
...For the moment, however, resolution of the matter in these terms does not seem possible...
...NY 10027...
...The histories of two government-sponsored political organizations illustrate the basis for these fears...
...multinationals reaped large profits, commonly referred to as superprofits...
...The influx of foreign capital and the limited national markets in Latin America, according to this analysis, have led to economic stagnation of the local economies while European and U.S...
...Nome Firms Ende~ro Cidade Estado The State of Para does not discriminate...
...Ibid...
...The document goes on to stress the "fundamental participatory" rights of the Peruvian citizens to control the state...
...Their interests seem to be represented by the once radical, but increasingly conservative, APRA party...
...On a secondary level, leftist exiles from these repressive dictatorships had found a base of revolutionary operation in Chile, a country that bordered on their own frontiers...
...The reform in the meatpacking industry created cooperatives among workers and small-to-melium producers...
...The document was signed on Brazilian territory in the Hotel Cataratas...
...Three months later, the Lanusse government's position became more precarious...
...As Professor Henrique Cardoso confirms, this does not mean that "the Brazilian government expects to compete with American interests, although it has begun to take more reactionary positions than the United States itself...
...While it was generally agreed to attribute the rebellion to "Red extremists," some charged the followers of Juan Jose Torres with the responsibility for the peasant mobilization while others attributed this attack on the regime to the National Liberation Army (ELN).* Outside of these considerations, it is clear that the contradictions among rival factions in the army sharpened during the last few months: first, when "the government tried to sell more oil and natural gas to Argentina against the interests of Brazil," 5 3 and, later, when Itamarity pushed for the Brasilia meetings between Banzer and Pinochet...
...and Jorge Gallardo Lozada...
...To redirect the country they set only three goals: the efficient and normal administration of the state apparatus, the elimination of the old partisan political framework, particularly aimed against the Left, and more or less direct control over the small economic groups which dominated the financial, commercial and productive system...
...In addition, the present oil crisis has meant that Brazil, while not among the most severely affected countries, 3 7 will triple the cost of its fuel consumption in 1974...
...24-26...
...The events of the last few years have made it increasingly clear that the situation in Latin America cannot be analyzed solely on the basis of the relationships between particular Latin American countries and U.S...
...Paris does not want to risk its naval base in the Comores and in an Indian Ocean which is witnessing the growth of Soviet Naval power...
...New York, 1973...
...So far workers' strikes and peasant land invasions which they have supported have been severely repressed...
...The formation of new economic and political units Parallel to the developments mentioned above, Venezuela and Mexico intend to form a strong diplomatic axis...
...The second major way is the revolutionary legislation concerning the labor communities which, as I have already indicated, seeks to convert the traditional capitalist enterprise into a comanagement enterprise...
...legislation on direct arm sales not only did not cause a decrease in sales, but rather contributed to an increase in sales, through European instead of U.S...
...If this sector can break internal opposition and dominate those military sectors which favor other options, it can solidify a regional alliance and consolidate a Brazilian-style regime in Bolivia...
...The second phase, directed by Minister of Finance Antonio Carlos Delfim Neto, extended from 1967 to 1973...
...the 1971 Census brought bad news to government propagandists...
...Some aspects of this contradiction were highlighted in a previous NACLA Report, "Brazil: Development for Whom...
...And nevertheless, this is what has been happening in Peru for the past five years...
...April 1974 96...
...However, the fall of the Allende government in Chile dealt another severe blow to this policy...
...Luis Maria de Pablo Pardo...
...Moreover, it maintained that "both principles are essential because they are the basis of political pluralism in the international community...
...SINAMOS (an acronym which translates roughly as "no more bosses") was the first major government organization which was supposed to integrate the masses into the Peruvian state...
...6 9 To some analysts, this determines the axis around which Bolivian politics will revolve, and not the "open confrontation between anti- and pro-Brazilian forces in the military," as the New York Times suggests...
...In stitute of Statistics...
...Although the main dispute which divides both nations is Bolivia's demand for a sovereign corridor to the sea, both countries broke off diplomatic relations twelve years ago when Chile unilaterally channelled a part of the Lauc4 River an in ternational river into Chile...
...3 4 This situation would allow the government of Pretoria to extend the system of cooperation which exists formally with Rhodesia and secretely with France...
...To many, imperialism is understood to be merely the military and economic expansion of the United States in the Third World...
...With the model established and the type of political spokesperson selected according to Washington's wished, the implementation of the project had more than enough elements in its favor to become a reality...
...General Juan Jose Torres, former President of the Nation...
...The Bolivian opposition as a whole has stated that "the previously denounced development of a WashingtonBrasila axis to further the Interests of domination in Latin America, and the imposition of a totalitarian government in Chile, opens the field for the intrigues and initiative of the war-mongers...
...78 Among the most spectacular actions by MLN comandos are the following: a lightning occupation on October 8, 1969 of the city of Pando located 45S kilometers from Montevideo and with a population of approximately 20,000, the multimillion dollar robber y of a casino...
...48 Jorialdo Brasil, September 17, 1971): "The Bolivian position, following the change of governments, favors international financial investments, especially by those Brazilians who have gained the sympathy of the new Bolivian administrators...
...Many of these projects have been carried out or are in the process of being executed...
...The dependent model requires two basic elements for its survival: a heavy hand against internal opposition and the maintenance at any cost of the present rate of exports...
...Santiago de Chile, August 1972...
...They say the only real difference will be that the state will increasingly take on the enterpreneur's role of developing the economy, a task which the national bourgeoisie failed to do in the years before the coup...
...More than 60 million kilowatt hours could be produced for the five nations included in the region...
...Osvaldo Lopez Arellano...
...Cooperation between Santiago and Buenos Aires was fueled by a mutual interest in trade between the two nations valued at $200 million...
...CIAMAR incorporated two new ships into its fleet and placed additional orders in two national shipyards...
...39 Information published in La Opinion and reproduced by Excelsior, Mexico, March 24, 1974...
...a Trans-Amazonic highway, the basis of support for the "March toward the West," etc...
...The miners of Huanuni (Bolivia) attacked this measure as "a submission to the dictates of imperialism...
...The estimated cost of $3 million was reduced to $1,200,000 after experts agreed to choose Itaipu as the appropriate place to begin the construction of the plant this year...
...the Brazilian government energetically undertook a complete overhaul of the tankers and cargo ships in national and foreign shipyards...
...to support the creation of a Confederation with Portugal and its colonies...
...On the basis of these assumptions, Brazil can support or refuse to support different aspects of U.S...
...The recent February police strike, followed by the politically inspired looting in Lima, indicates that opposed class interests continue to create the kind of political conflicts which the generals hoped to do away with...
...GEOPOLITICS AND REVOLUTION The foreseen economic recession in the developed capitalist countries-expectid in 1974-75 and resulting from the energy and monetary crisis-has begun to manifest itself in some peripheral countries whose economies revolve around that of the dominant centers...
...Others see political harmony under the banner of the military's "revolutionary humanism" as a utopian dream and expect that the inevitable failure of democratic institutions will lead the generals to take even stronger steps to impose order...
...They have charged that the government intends to create a "corporativist" state which will divide the country into economic sectors (peasants, industrial workers, miners, fishers, etc...
...Also inherent to this debate is a theoretical question...
...On the contrary, the indigenous origin of the miners and peasants leads one to believe that social unrest will increase as the native peoples become more conscious of their own power...
...Uruguay had 65,000 tons of meat in storage which it could not sell...
...On the other hand, all the political requirements of a revolution such as our own can be satisfied without the necessity of a party...
...The mobilization of the working class in Argentina under Peron's first regime, and fear that the Argentine bourgeoisie would lose control over this movement, provoked a severe reaction in Brazil...
...Anchor Books, Garden City...
...who was overthrown a few days after he refused to export the Mutun iron to Brazil 77 The text of the agreement elsewhere in this Report...
...1974...
...The latest figures show that out of a population of less than three million, almost a third live in Argentina, and many live in Australia, Canada, Venezuela and other countries...
...The use of the "subimperialist" concept raises numerous ambiguities...
...Within days after the October 3, 1968 coup in which the Peruvian generals took power, they moved to reduce the economic base which gave North America businesses disproportionate influence within the country...
...The so called Operation Thirty Hours considered the possibility Of a military occupation of Uruguay in case the government was unable to contain the Tupamaro offensive...
...49 See box in this article...
...11 Should Spinola's project, the Federation of the colonies with Portugal, go into effect, the zone would undergo important changes, one of which would be South Africa's realization of its old dream: that of "creating a white belt between its own territory and the more powerful black nations of Zambia, Zaire and Tanzania...
...This land holds the only Uruguayan iron deposits, the unexplored black sands of Rocha and possible uranium deposits...
...Some of the nationalizations have been criticized for introducing state capitalism in the nationalized businesses and encouraging North American companies to relocate in more profitable economic activities...
...The intensity of the drive to purchase arms in South America-which motivates journalistic commentary and a rapid gathering of documents and official data in order to assess the present balance of power among Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Peru-seems to have historical roots and contemporary explanations which add to the tension in the area composed of these four countries...
...Brazil was suspicious of Lanusse's policy toward the countries in the region...
...Declaration of the former presidents of Bolivia...
...According to experts of the War College, the Brazilian Northwest is particularly vulnerable to a leftist uprising...
...The "good will" policy which the Brazilian Foreign Minister suggested fits in with-the change in direction of Portuguese policy...
...This idea was presented by the French Commander, Gerard de Castelbaja, during joint maneuvers with the Brazilian Navy in October: "the closing of the Suez Canal transformed the South Atlantic into a vital area for the transportation of oil and therefore the Brazilian Navy is the appropriate protection of the new international route...
...Finally, political opposition forces won a symbolic victory in the congressional elections held in November 1974...
...This last possibility forcefully introduces the many political and diplomatic variables that, necessarily, would arise given the outbreak of an armed conflict in the region...
...The war carried the Chilean Army to Lima, which it occupied for three years...
...5) To defend our national independence and sovereignty...
...6 7 At the same time, the peasants have placed the government in the difficult position of either rectifying its economic policies or totally liquidating the Military-Peasant alliance that has been operative since 1964...
...In practice, Brazil's autonomy, maintained by international capital which controls the basic sectors of the national economy, allows this Amazon nation to'act as an aggressive power, in certain instances "outside the control"of the United States...
...One of the greatest points of controversy about the government is the structure and role which the generals are creating for the state...
...4) To defend Bolivia's territory, its economy and human resources...
...As the present crisis of capitalism deepens, these contradictions become increasingly apparent...
...The fraudulent election results thus decided Uruguay's immediate future...
...The ELN is a member of the Junta de Coordinacion...
...and with Peru, for agricultural development...
...Actually, it plans to incorporate the resources existing in the Amazon region into the national patrimony...
...Minister of Finance of Brazil, in an interview with Vision...
...administrative reform...
...That is, 3,000 million dollars more than in 1973...
...With this strategy, according to the author of the article, it would be necessary .. to obtain and maintain, before, during and after the conflict, the support of the big powers, particularly one of them, in order to neutralize the other/others, in the case that it might intervene in favor of the adversary by sup- plying arms and equipment or by trying to stop the conflict before the protagonist has reached its main objectives...
...This process of import-substitution, the dependency analysis states, led to a period of "autonomous" development which was cut short by the rise of U.S...
...To a lesser extent it has also begun to export capital to neighboring countries either through bilateral loans or direct investments in strategic raw materials and industries...
...that university autonomy be respected...
...Alliance of the National Left...
...the empire of force...
...Fifty per cent had been taken over by U.S., European and Japanese firms...
...The consolidation of the Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, the disintegration of thl Portuguese empire and the victories of national liberation movements in Guinea Bissau, Mozambique and Angola will force Brazil to shift its oolicv towards Africa...
...Osiris Troiani, La Opinion (Buenos Aires), March 1974...
...That is to say, it contained runaway inflation 7 6 at the expense of17 OBJ ECTIVES: 2) The real objectives of General Banzer and the military high command are the following: A. To jeopardize our control of the Mutun iron ore deposits and the national steel industry, and to completely alienate and exhaust our natural gas reserves, in favor of the expansionist policy of the Brazilian government...
...the high costof oil could lead to a scarcity oft tr tilizers necessary for the incr ease in agricultural product ion 38...
...These Goulbery Couto e Silva is one of the major advisors to Brazilian President Geisel and a main architect of his regime...
...Extensive agrarian reform has established many cooperative-like agricultural enterprises and redistributed large amounts of land to peasant communities...
...In other countries, however, such as Chile and Argentina, the working class already had a history of self-organization and militancy, often based upon socialist conceptions and under socialist leadership...
...development of a national war industry...
...6 All of these projects which explain Brazil's foreign policy in the region during the last 10 years, are located within a 700 kilometer radius, in the region between the Saltos del Guaira and Corpus...
...Today, foreign interests control 100 per cent of the production of tires and other rubber products, 95 per cent of the automobile industry, 59 per cent of the production of heavy machinery and 90 per cent of pharmaceuticals...
...the Asuncion-Santos route...
...175, Santiago de Chile...
...43 Of the thirty investment banks operating in Brazil in 1971, ten of the 18 largest were directly controlled by international capital...
...Consequently, Brazil has been aggressively seeking to increase its exports to other countries in Latin America as well as to new markets in Africa...
...The proponents of this theory argue that the break in economic growth after the period of import-substitution did not lead to stagnation but created a structural crisis in Latin American economies...
...Two main axes seem to be consolidating themselves and may soon stand in open confrontation...
...According to this analysis, this is the meaning of Brazilian subimperialism...
...7. In 1972 Paraguay sold S2 million worth of goods to Brazil and bought 51.4 million worth of goods from Brazil 8. The Brazilian magazine Veja attacked, in detail, the intensity and meaning of this "peaceful penetration " 9 Brazil's position is based on defining the rivers in two basic ways ) those ivers whose waters run continuously through the territories of more than one nation (the Parana River for example, which springs up in Brazil and, after covering a large part of its territory, serves as a Brazilian Paraguayan and Brazilian ,rgentine border, later entering into Argentina), and 2) those rivers shared by more than one nation (some parts Of the Parana are also included in this definition...
...17, Art...
...What's more, according to official estimates, few Uruguayan workers would be employed...
...7. The success of the program lies in controlling the strategic region of Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay which provides access to the Rio de la Plata...
...In charge of this process were Octavio Gouveia de Bulhoes, the Minister of Finance, and Roberto Campos, the Minister of Economic Planning...
...This was the situation only days before the presidential elections...
...These plans are being carried out at the expense of our patrimony and sovereignty...
...60 Declaration of April 5, 1974, Associated Press (La Paz...
...8 6 By 1974 the improvement of relations with Peron's Argentina had reactivated the resentments of the proBrazilian faction of the Uruguayan Army...
...4 2 The deficit in tht national budget, 4.2 per cent of the Gross National Product in 1963, descended to 0.5 per cent in 1960...
...It also hurt the interests of the oligarchy and of Deltec, the multinational which holds a monopoly over the meat trade...
...There are historical examples of the former...
...The War of the Pacific also known as the Nitrate War- was both one of the most important wars to be fought among South American nations and the most im portent naval war of the nineteenth century...
...The miners go on to say, "now they are trying to broaden the counteroffensive in order to smash the process of revolutionary nationalism in Peru and Argentina, and they are using the Bolivian maritime question as a starting point in these efforts...
...The priority given to the dams at Salto Grande and Yacireta Apipe (with Paraguay) helped to reassert the influence which Argentina had lost in these countries during the seven years of military rule...
...All this is "the price that the Bolivian people ought to pay to enable General Banzer to obtain a port on the Pacific...
...3. The Declaration of the Former Bolivian Presidents 5 9 The declarations of Torres and Siles Suazo, printed in a joint statement, urge their compatriots to "fight for the overthrow of the dictatorship and, at the same time, against the expansionist plans of Brazil...
...2. The division of the world into two antagonistic camps (U.S.-U.S.S.R...
...36 C L Sulzberger, Ibid...
...the ideological inquisition and the resurrection or application of more refined tortures...
...The government of Jorge Pacheco Areco 7 5 followed two distinct policies: harsh repression of the labor movement and the popular movement, and the freezing of prices and wages...
...The realization of this model has necessitated a series of major reforms in the administrative apparatus of the state and an energetic modernization of the industrial complex...
...The key factor in explaining the success of this plan was the extension of less credit to the public sector, more to private industry 4 1 (under foreign control) and the continuous depression of working-class income...
...Enough to provide a serious crisis in the system but nothing that would make the African patriots consider him anti-colonialist...
...His reliance on the military was so extensive that, beginning in April, he became increasingly dependent on the decisions of the Chiefs of Staff of the Joint Forces (Army and Police...
...industrial capital, and 2) the steady marginalization of 90 per cent of the country's population...
...The Beatles' beat comes out of Phillips Radios and we dance to RCA records...
...BRAZIL'S JUNIOR PARTNERS Bolivia For a variety of reasons, Bolivia is a permanent center of tension in the southern cone of Latin America...
...later, was president of Dow Chemical of Brazil...
...The alliance isolated Argentina in the southern cone and constricted Brazil in its policy for developing water resources, a policy considered prejudicial to Argentine interests...
...At the same time, the Bolivian steel company will begin to exploit the iron deposits in Mutun with the cooper&ion of '~razilian state companies...
...The regime clamped down on the press and at least seven leftist publications closed down entirely...
...To this consideration must be added the extraordinary importance in prestige and other geopolitical concepts that the construction of another dam by Brazil would represent...
...January 16, 1973...
...Recent' analyses draw a much more complex picture in which local bourgeois interests are not completely subservient to the metropolis and often enter into conflict with each other and with the United States...
...The leading Brazilian newspaper, O Estado do Sao Paulo, voiced its concern in three successive editorials, arguing that a) Brazil's economic growth has shifted the correlation of forces within the continent in its favor...
...The War College theoretician understands that while the role of Brazil in the Southern Atlantic and in the sub-continent is an extension of U.S...
...Once again democracy was put in the dungeon...
...They began by nationalizing the International Petroleum Company (IPC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey...
...expansion of technical education...
...These objectives could only be threatened by the combined negotiating force of the above-mentioned four nations and the growth of social struggle and armed resistance...
...Some of these joint ventures involve regional planning of energy resources, particularly hydroelectric power, and of an intricate network of roads spreading out from Brazil to the rest of the continent...
...In addition to Brazil's economic growth, these projects give the country a constant advantage over its Latin American neighbors...
...Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin Amlerica(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967...
...Meanwhile, Brazil exerts its economic and military strength in the fertile arena of the River Plate Basin, a territory which includes one-third of Latin America...
...M. Moreira Alves, op...
...The mere mention of Brazilian foreign policy in a document of this nature is very significant...
...May 17, 1974...
...near the Paraguayan frontier...
...1 3 Argentina's hopes for building the Yacireta plant with its hydroelectrical potential of 3.2 million kilowatts are based upon this new relationship...
...More recently attention has been focused on the continental implications of Brazil's model of growth and repression...
...One out of Armored cars 1 aircraft carrier 213 combat planes area...
...The rector and Political...
...The inability of the government to maintain SINAMOS as both a pro-government and a democratic organization has led to its ineffectiveness and its total reorganization...
...With the outbreak of hostilities (March 1, 1879), Peru applied a principle of solidarity with Bolivia in virtue of a secret treaty and, on April 5, declared war on Chile...
...cit., p. 256...
...We will not have dictatorships subject to foreign domination but rather a free people, strengthened through unity, and administered by popular and representative governments, who will assume the true defense of their national interests...
...In one blow Bordaberry resurrected (as if it had ever died) the traditional pro-Brazilian party, a faction which turned the country over to the Brazilian Empire and relinquished considerable territory, in successive treaties with its northern neighbor...
...ELECTRICAL HEADQUARTERS OF PARA, S.A...
...It is possible, therefore, to devise organizational forms capable of maintaining and guaranteeing the participatory character, that is actually democratic, of our movement, a character without which it would lose its most profound historical significance...
...Our rubber is Pirelli, we talk on Ericson telephones, communicate through Siemens telex, type on Olivetti machines and receive IBM-processed bills...
...A similar preoccupation recently pushed the Peronist government to update the plans for equiping Argentina's Merchant Marine which considerably lags behind Brazil's...
...It is fundamental to the formulation of any revolutionary strategy in Latin America that these new dynamics be taken into account...
...oept May-June and July-Aauist when it is pubilhd bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont ve, New York...
...Thus the Brazilians had more than a geopolitical in- terest in the area...
...In the same manner, they rejected any improvement in relations with the Chilean Military Junta and its head, Augusto Pinochet, whom they classify as an "enemy of Bolivia...
...In the last year its leaders have tried forcibly to incorporate unions from other sectors including those of the metal workers and miners...
...pp, 164 5)S 45 Paul Simonson...
...Copyriht 0 1975 by the North American Congress on Latin America...
...Although their methods of expanding their membership include the use of "goon squads" and the physical occupation of union halls, President Velasco has welcomed them as "militants of the Peruvian Revolution...
...There are 28 secondary river basins in this complicated network formed by the Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay Rivers and their numerous tributaries...
...The objective sought by Brazil is clear: Whoever controls the energy of the River Plate Basin could dominate the subregion and emerge as a great power throughout the entire hemisphere...
...Finally...
...Important sectors of the Latin American left have strategically integrated Che's call to "create two, three many Vietnams" in the definition of their strategy and tactic to defeat the Latin American and U.S...
...The agreements within the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) hardly modified the situation...
...It Citing its anti inflationary policies (approved by the IMF), the government remained indifferent to the failure of hundreds of obsolete or over extended in dustries, or to their purchase by international firms at ridiculously low prices...
...Nevertheless, on July 14, 1971, the General Assembly lifted the security measures by a vote of 113 to 77...
...Reactivated during the past few months, this dispute placed the regime of Hugo Banzer in a difficult situation when it tried to sell its natural gas to ~r~entina.26 Argentine diplomatic action has been injurious to its own interests...
...The creation of binational companies as a means of stabilizing the economic relations between Latin American countries played an important part in this strategy...
...1. The Major Periods of Economic Planning in Brazil Since the fall of Goulart, economic planning in Brazil has passed through two clearly defined periods under the direction of two men (the third period would begin under Simonson as Minister of Finance...
...In Latin America, the rumored opening to the Pacific through Bolivia has sharpened the hostility with Peru...
...The years of austerity and reform lasted from 1964 to 1967...
...5 5 Therefore, despite the "ideological identity" between the present governments of Santiago and La Paz, the matter of Bolivia's access to the sea both blocks an agreement along the lines desired by Brazil and produces a new source of tension in the region...
...We survive on Nestle or Gloria Milk...
...investors and almost 400 per cent of the industries nationalized in the past are in the hands of foreign capital...
...The French report convinced them of the feasibility and desirability of investing in the Valentines iron ore, exploiting the uranium and developing the basin of the Merin Lagoon...
...each of which will be "incorporated" into* the state separately, a structure which would split up the working class and debilitate any class-based political organizations...
...The possibility of an agreement at this level, however, was postponed by Peron's presence in the Presidential Palace...
...The presence of the head of the Chilean Military Junta on territory that previously belonged to Peru and Bolivia intensified the polemic around these issues...
...Juan Maria Bordaberry belonged to the ruralist faction of the National Party and was a Senator for this party for four years...
...The most glaring examples are the automobile, petrochemical, electronics and mining industries, heavily infused with foreign capital...
...This would prevent what Gregorio Selser sees as "a loss of between $100 and $200 million worth of energy for every year the construction of the, dam is put off...
...Only a minor portio