U.S. Counter-Revolutionary Apparatus: The Chilean Offensive
NACLA
Introduction "We revolutionaries draw our own conclusions from these events. Imperalism is on the move, and it is waging a strategic offensive in Latin America with the backing of Brazil: first...
...Contacts for arms and money were also made with the right-wing in Argentina...
...It exists as an instrument through which the U.S...
...Numerous think tanks throughout the country hire hundreds and thousands of "intellectuals" to plot the maneuvers of imperialism for the future...
...While the U.S...
...It was Imperialism that created the Organization of American States, the Inter-American Defense Board, and the joint naval maneuvers...
...Patria y Libertad's extensive efforts within the military had not as yet broken the influence 6f General Carlos Prats within the high command...
...The best examples of this can be seen in the "Secret Memos from ITT...
...imperialism as a wounded tiger which is being defeated but is, nevertheless, all the more ferocious in its dying stage...
...support for their projected programs...
...Conflicts over major policy decisions can, therefore, best be seen as a reflection of differences among various sectors of the U.S...
...8 (October 1973...
...Within the past few years it has been revealed that there are several dozen full-time journalists who are CIA agents and many, many others posing as free lancers, stringers or writers for trade journals and commercial newsletters...
...Unknowingly, thousands of U.S...
...if not absolutely necessary, do not remove the U.S...
...One of the CIA's best known proprietaries, was Southern Air Transport (SAT...
...no embarrassing statements could be leaked...
...The stage was set...
...Instead, you must go on the offensive...
...He was too closely identified with the Frei government...
...Since 1962 over 600 Special Forces training teams, on loan to the CIA, have been sent to Latin America...
...Flying in from all over the world came the coup-makers from Guatemala, an agent from Brazil, another fresh from the Bolivian experience in 1971, some recruits who had even worked in Ghana and the former Belgian Congo and some veterans of the U.S...
...The class alliance forged many years before with the U.S...
...Special reports are written by the corps of National Intelligence Officers which was formed in July 1973...
...Davis attended numerous courses on Soviet foreign policy, economy, trade and finance, administrative structure, etc...
...It soon became clear to U.S...
...Ambassadors to prerevolutionary Cuba, for example, as well as the accounts of CIA operatives active on the island shortly after the victory of the revolution, provide a picture of the usefulness of a legally constituted enclave in the midst of a foreign country, undergoing severe class conflict...
...Give Us This Day...
...It was certainly not the democratically elected regime of Salvador Allende to which the United States extended only $3 million" in economic aid during the entire period of Allende's presidency...
...military involvement in Chile on the basis of one day in the long history of U.S...
...1973...
...On the afternoon of August 22nd, Prats resigned...
...IDF was , however, forced to leave Chile when its cover was blown following a series of revelations about the CIA in 1967...
...As the appeals of liberal Christian Democrats would be ignored, so would those of officers who favored a less repressive solution.37 General Rene Schneider and General Carlos Prats...
...the State Department took a wait and see attitude...
...Thus, he states, the United States should give "a handshake to dictators and an abrazo to democrats," though...
...This is one of the factors which createsan immense information glut...
...To determine potential sources of support and opposition, the entire structure of the armed forces had to be examined...
...1973 33 Washington Post, August 19.1973...
...A team of research experts accompanied the organizers in order to study the conditions and political views of the campesinos...
...Feelers were sent out, working relations stepped up...
...imperialism is nothing new...
...weather plane" that took off from Mendoza at the time of the coup checking on cloud formations, just up for a look around or actually maintaining communications with the Chilean Air Force...
...freedom of mobility at some later date...
...The game was set up with 35 groups and individuals as the players who were judged to be the crucial factors in acting out any political situation...
...Yet this is necessary only for last minute strategic consultation or last minute pressuring of uncooperative officials...
...4 (January 22...
...advertising agencies also played an important role, particularly the agency which was crucial during the coup in Brazil in 1964...
...citizens and other foreigners living abroad...
...IAPA's vice president, until 1972, was Agustin Edwards...
...These were the years of Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow--the years of the development of modern counterinsurgency techniques...
...It is highly organized and rationalized...
...Edward Korry was the man for the job...
...9 (November 1973...
...In Chile, Warren's primary task would be that of political analysis...
...In reality, this would create the shortage...
...With this new cover he arrived in Santiago in 1970 along with Hal Hendrix, also of ITT, to "report" on the situation for the company...
...In Latin America, gusanos have been able to play a particularly useful role because they can assimilate easily into the Spanish-speaking countries...
...The Pentagon had no such reaction...
...6. See, for example...
...military training...
...The Junta's complete disregard for human rights and the outlawing of all democratic institutions has rallied significant international protest against the Dictatorship...
...The embassy can best be understood, therefore, as the representative of U.S...
...Chile: Former Nazi Colonel Serving as Advisor to Junta...
...and foreign militaries (see the article on the military in this issue...
...But once an ambassador becomes too compromised politically with one party, he can no longer remain on top of the situation, especially if that situation is changing rapidly...
...revolutions emerge from real objective factors ihich produce a conscious awakening at a given time...
...The U.S...
...5. For how the Defense Establishment tries to justify its expenditures...
...Each operation or type of operation which is ordered by the CIA 10 is designated a "project" and then assigned to one of the case officers...
...Johatan was arrested for suspicion of being a CIA agent and for helping to finance the truckers strike...
...A. CIA's ruling Class-to-Ruling Class Programs As we have seen, penetration of the working class is a complex matter for the CIA which requires fronts and deception...
...Military Assistance Programs...
...Its internal breakdown into key departments demonstrates its priorities...
...Because each agency in the intelligence network has vested interests and is therefore concerned with the size of its budget, every agency tries to expand, or at least maintain, its budget...
...More importantly, Prats knew what military intervention in Chile in 1973 meant...
...bourgeoisie wages class war internationally...
...During Frei's campaign in 1964 much of the propaganda was directed against Cuba...
...On October 4, 1972, a French tribunal accepted the lawsuit of the Kennecott Copper Corporation calling for an embargo on all copper shipped from Kennecot t's former mines in Chile to Europe...
...This is one of the most important of the National Security Council's subcommittees in that it was charged with26 drawing up guidelines concerning relations with countries which had expropriated the holdings of U.S...
...Or, as then Secretary of Defense Elliot Richardson stated, U.S...
...The over-all collection...
...Right-wing propagandists such as Rafael Otero, Carmen Puelma (currently press attache with the Chilean Embassy in Washington) and Adolfo Yanquelevich (currently press attache with the Chilean Mission to the United Nations) played important roles in this activity...
...n. thde e Ju...
...ruling class learned an important lesson from their failures in Cuba...
...But it was not until the end that it became clear that Saenz was a secret leader of the Patria y Libertad organization...
...In early 1973, he and five members of a terror squad from the organizati.on attacked the Electrical Service Center in Concepcion...
...They worked with them, observed their customs, their way of life, their traditions...
...Who's Who in the CIA lists 182 agents who use the USIA as a cover...
...Since the Coup In the weeks that followed the coup, the role of the U.S...
...They continued to wage an intensive ideological battle, with the aid of U.S...
...2 1 While Patria y Libertad's terrorist activities had succeeded in accelerating the chaos created by right-wing sabotage of the Chilean economy, it had not provoked military intervention by the armed forces...
...Preconditions, as the analysts outlined it, are the factors which should be studied by policy makers to formulate strategies to prevent wars when desireable or promote wars when profitable...
...The Army, he said, wasn't ready...
...While the covert mechanisms are important to understand tactically, the importance of ideological warfare, conducted both covertly and overtly, is tantamount...
...Imperalism is on the move, and it is waging a strategic offensive in Latin America with the backing of Brazil: first the coup d'etat inBolivia, then in Uruguay, and now in Chile...
...Decision-making still revolves around Kissinger personally to such a degree that, as Tad Szulc recently wrote of Kissinger's previous manoeuvers, "it is even possible that Nixon did not fully understand at all times what his Special Assistant for National Security Affairs was doing...
...Saenz was one of the Edwards group's representatives who maintained a political relationship with the U.S...
...balance of payments and deprived the United States "of the opportunity for the kinds of relationships that can be established and maintained through cooperation in training and maintenance of equipment provided...
...charitable" organization...
...Before the coup, a U.S...
...Its very organizational structure attests to its capacity to absorb and analyze information along specific lines critical to the functioning of U.S...
...When not using this method, the CIA can also use private companies which are either CIA covers or which will be glad to work with the Agency for a price...
...Our outward policy should then be exactly the same as that outlined above but we would then through our intelligence operators provide arms, money, printing presses, etc., to Allende's enemies...
...41 Mario Diaz...
...One use was in the creation of shortages...
...But the "leaders" it had trained would be used during the UP government to organize against the agrarian reform and land take-overs carried out by the radicalized peasantry...
...In the final analysis, though, it is a computerplanned coup d'etat...
...They are never so primary as to undercut the common strategic political view held by all branches of the bourgeoisie: the promotion of the U.S...
...While a certain branch of the U.S...
...Hinton's specialty is copper...
...imperialism...
...In the case of Chile under the Unidad Popular government, however, the spectrum of choices open to the financial groups was relatively narrow and, within that, no major policy disagreements broke a seemingly united front of the bourgeoisie...
...According to Colonel Charles D. Corbett (U.S...
...Once there, he was in charge of arranging financing for the paper...
...interests, the training of Latin American officers has become a good deal more sophisticated...
...Most likely this was on Kissinger's mind when he said, shortly after Allende's election, "I don't think we should delude ourselves that an Allende takeover in Chile would not present a massive problem for us, and for democratic forces and for pro-U.S...
...This, in turn...
...I Anothe agent, Enno Hobbins, had begun his career as an editor of Life Magazine before he was move to Santiago...
...state power abroad...
...The CIA's Embassy structure played a crucial role during the 60's in overseeing the gathering and analysis of8 information collected by the extensive network of the CIA...
...Sessa left Concepcion after having participated in the terrorist action there with Michael Townley...
...The mission system was established for the express purpose of providing State Department personnel in the embassy with a direct line of contact with U.S...
...Within a few days the police in Santiago had arrested a North American, Howard C. Edwards, a Swiss citizen and two Argentines for their role in this plot...
...It was a highly technical job requiring both skill and good equipmeht...
...They could not deal with the full repercussions of Allende's election...
...which are the most or least monolithic internally in their political perspectives: which individuals represent a gorila ideology...
...They have been used for at least ten years in Chile...
...imperialism...
...For a good brief history of the Chilean An med Forces...
...During 1970-1973 in particular, embassy personnel fanned out into Chilean society to make contact with the local bourgeoisie both on a social level and around business matters...
...For a good example of this analysis, see Abraham F. Lowenthal...
...policy makers to assess and analyze current developments and plan for future actions.' When operating in "unfriendly territory", moreover, the Embassy's resources can quickly be turned into discrediting, manipulating, weakening or overthrowing that government...
...As the ambulance rushes him to the Military Hospital, the men involved in his assassination begin to scatter...
...The intermediaries for this information resided in the Economic Section of the Embassy and the offices of AID...
...Many of Hearst's publications are translated into Spanish (Cosmopolitan, Good Housekeeping, etc...
...The formulators of the project itself said that the "intensity of the attack [was] unprecedented...
...On June 27, 1973 a woman enlisted by Patria y Libertad to insult Prats, succeeded in provoking the General...
...A. The Economic Offensive Essential to setting the stage for a coup d'etat was the creation of a mass base of opposition to the UP government and the fomenting of a situation of chaos which would justify military intervention...
...15(Summer 1974...
...For this reason fronts have to be created to gather necessary information...
...labor ideology, so it has constructed an apparatus to attempt to control culture and ideology...
...When political events or situations arise which are of strategic importance to the United States, one of these 30 men is assigned to study the situation...
...Frei's "Revolution in Liberty" Would prove to be a perfect testing ground...
...Viron Vakey, Kissinger's Latin American specialist, opposed his boss's hard line on the issue...
...Chile had to be embraced and welcomed back into the capitalist community...
...Patria y Libertad Steps Up Its Activities With the success of the UP in the April 1971 municipal elections...
...The actions of the Christian Democrats, who were threatened by the idea of a military coup, made an invaluable contribution to the counter-reveolutionary movement...
...and, finally, Consular Officers, who keep track of foreign nationals travelling to the United States as well as U.S...
...People would dash from their houses and buy uo large quantities of the item so as to have a supply...
...All were used in Chile...
...Right-wing radio stations would broadcast alarms saying that the supply of one item or another was running out...
...In this Report we will examine three fronts of the U.S...
...He is a Guatemala veteran, as well as the man requested by the CIA and authorized by Richard Nixon to coordinate the overthrow of Allende...
...Berrellez had worked for many years as an Associated Press reporter...
...Sessa was in a hurry and did not concentrate enough on his driving...
...Patria y Libertad worked both publicly and clandestinely...
...SACR IF ICE YOURSELF, REBEL, ACT TODAY...
...Southern Command, he stopped off in the Canal Zone on his way back from Cuba to complain of the poor quality of Soviet weaponry...
...Embassy in Santiago, the first head of the Peace Corps in Chile was Nathaniel Davis, promoted to Ambassador by the time of the September 1973 coup...
...Given the ties constructed during the preceding six years with the ruling Christian Democratic government, embassy personnel had to undergo a considerable weeding-out process...
...The workers, peasants and poor who formed the social and political base of the UP would not permit it...
...embassy...
...military personnel...
...Embassy abroad is an apparatus of class war...
...Once the proletariat has consolidated its control, the presence of a U.S...
...One of the best accounts of the coup is that of Joan E. Garces...
...IDF headed for the countryside...
...The question posed by the Pentagon from the beginning was not whether or not the new government could be accommodated but how and how soon it could be gotten rid of...
...The Vietnamese describe U.S...
...Security Assistance" than any other country in Latin Amrica except Brazil...
...PHOTO CREDITS Cover: Raymond Depardon, Gamma p. 10: From Chile: Ein Schwarzbuch p. 13: From Mundo Obrero p. 16: Liberation News Service p. 17: Prensa Latina p. 32: Paul Cantor p. 35: Paul Cantor p. 37: From Chile: Ein Schwarzbuch p. 38: From Mobilisation30 U.S...
...And, as in most "crisis" situations, that meant fortifying the Embassy as an operational center, strengthening certain contacts with the right-wing, opening clandestine money and equipment channels, etc...
...Also credited to the military forces of a nation which could obtain no economic financing from U.S...
...Army cover, and then simply redistribute the arms once they have entered...
...military men are often more privy to Chilean officers than are Chilean civilians...
...Yet in spite of their control of international finance, despite their ability to grant funds, equipment and expertise to38 their friends and withhold the same from their enemies, it took the United States three years to create the conditions for an organized ard armed counterattack on the Chilean people...
...When it was notified by the bank, the Chilean government said it knew nothing of the transaction...
...Thus when the U.S...
...Journalism provides an easy cover with natural access to information...
...Shortly after Allende's election, thousands of political exiles, primarily from the right-wing dictatorships of Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay and Argentina, sought a haven from repression in Chile...
...Clearly...
...Perhaps deals could be made with the new president...
...As the time passed and the level of class struggle increased, messages took on more of a tactical and paramilitary nature...
...They were assessing consciousness, evaluating reactions to reforms...
...intelligence officers were stationed on almost all Chilean vessels...
...armed forces and their Chilean counterparts...
...And then they drew up work reports describing their experiences...
...It was set up directly by the bourgeoisie to carry out its interests and is staffed at the upper echelons by members of the bourgeoise who have been trained in the elite institutions ofthe United States...
...Mass: Harvard University Press), 1072...
...One such mistake was committed by Miguel Sessa, a veteran of Patria y Libertad...
...Bonilla advised Prats to resign as Commander in Chief...
...A. Political Section These changes of personnel were particularly noteworthy in the Political Section which traditionally serves as a CIA haven.'" The Political Officers deal with the Foreign Ministry as well as with other embassies...
...7 (Summer 1972...
...Because of this, the activities of the U.S...
...Paramilitary actions would have to be increasingly well-planned and executed...
...This, however, was only the beginning...
...Nationals can work on a number of different levels...
...August 21, 1973...
...In the United States, that control is disputed by various financial interest groups representing different sectors of the bourgeoisie.' Thus, while the State Department (one piece of the state apparatus) is the bureaucratic structure charged with foreign policy formulation, policy flows from the dominant sectors of the bourgeoisie, not the bureaucratic muddle in State.' Or, as one Delaware banker said of U.S...
...Backed up by a staff of specialists and substantial resources, it is a microcosm of imperialist presence internationally...
...On the one hand, specialized military attaches participated directly in major military operations, offering advice regarding specific maneuvers as well as more long-range counsel on pacification and torture techniques...
...Pentagon officials who can be flown to Santiago to consult with an old friend...
...And, in fact, as we follow the activities of certain individuals within the Embassy, we shall see that contacts existed with both the reactionary National Party (NP) and the fascist Patria y Libertad movement, but also the bourgeois reformist Christian Democratic Party (CDP...
...The night he left Concepcion, however...
...The offensive was mounting...
...Lewis is a part owner of King Features, a subsidiary of the massive Hearst Corporation, well-known for its right-wing activities throughout the century in the United States...
...8. Lend your solidarity to the working men and women who desire a clear destiny for the country...
...An avid student and opponent of communism, Davis served as Peace Corps Director in Chile before becoming Minister to Bulgaria...
...By doing this, the United States was able to remain above Chilean partisan politics, thus enabling it to manipulate all groups at once and swiftly ease into a more intimate relationship with that group which won out in the end...
...Hearings before the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations...
...Some consciously worked for the Agency, but even those who had no ties to the Agency would find their doctoral theses and research work integrated into the CIA's computer files at a later date...
...ITT in particular was putting its economic interests above the political interests articulated by the rest of the bourgeoisie and reflected in Kissinger's line...
...What is also unique about the CIA is that it is not only involved in information collection and analysis, but also specializes in covert operation...
...We have lived through military coups in Guatemala, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay and now Chile But the war continues...
...embassy have no more trouble in gaining the confidence of certain sectors of the local military than do their counterparts in the Military Groups...
...Working out of the U.S...
...In fact, most of the CIA's covert operations in Chile during the UP government were within one of these four areas: the economic offensive, paramilitary operations, funding and media operations...
...They were on the second floor of the Chilean Embassy, rumaging through the files of UP diplomats...
...In his room police found a large quantity of U.S...
...apparatus to support it was moved into place...
...Telecommunications experts, who lend their services to the surveillance of local natiotials and serve as a vital link to Washington...
...1973 37...
...To this end IDF was the principal promoter of the Confederation Nacional Cumpeana which was heavily financed by U.S...
...Government Printing Office...
...His offer was refused...
...On September 29, 1970, William V. Broe, the CIA's head of Clandestine Services for Latin America, called Edward Gerrity of ITT to arrange a meeting...
...Economic blockade, furthermore, can serve as a useful backdrop for more developed forms of internal conspiracy...
...Running parallel to the Embassy structure but unknown even to the CIA station chief and the U.S...
...There are three principal elements that help strengthen an embassy's staff: 1) personnel: their background, specialization, training and, in this case, their ability to combine military/intelligence expertise with a quick adaptation to crisis situations...
...The Christian Democrats played on the institutional fears of the armed forces that the UP's ultimate aim was subversion of the military hierarchy, hoping to unseat the Popular Unity without losing their own power to military rule...
...The range of conduits open to the bourgeoisie is also multitudinous-there are bank account transfers, corporation payrolls and expense accounts, covert conduits and many more...
...1973...
...New York Times...
...One of the ways this is done is through the use of "proprietaries"-front companies which act as funnels and covers for the Central Intelligence Agency...
...1973, p. 98...
...Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...Consulate and the Embassies of Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay resulted in a rapid round-up of literally thousands of foreigners which would have been impossible given the destruction of the Chilean intelligence files during the coup...
...Both figuratively and literally, the U.S...
...If people are needed for a certain operation, the CIA simply contracts them...
...25 per year for profit-making and government organizations ($48 for two years...
...If the overthrow of Allende were to appear as an internal failure, the methods used by the United States to promote this failure would have to be covert...
...As endless columns of workers filed past their President, pledging to defend him and the government from right-wing aggression, Nathaniel Davis and his staff were busy, putting in a late night at the nearby U.S...
...Popper's close ties with the European community were a major factor in favor of his appointment...
...The Chamber of Commerce in Brazil, for example, has always maintained close relations with U.S...
...Some of the projects considered important to study," according to Project Camelot documents, "are civic action, training of recruits, foreign training of officers, civil affairs, preparation for internal security roles, information programs (psychological operations), socialization within the military and overt political activities...
...Cuba, 1961...
...The account contained an equally large amount of money...
...Working out of Sugarland Texas, Hull was in Chile on and off before the coup, in the Middle East during the October war , and most recently in Guatemala at the time of the last elections...
...Embassy's Economic Section, there is a high degree of coordination between the two...
...21...
...Previous to the election of Allende, the emphasis was on information gathering and penetration...
...military and their counterparts in the Chilean Armed Forces...
...Dungan's successor, therefore, had to meet the approval of the more reactionary forces in Chile...
...It is likely that that very morning, Davis had attended a meeting where decisions were taken that would drastically alter Chilean history-a meeting in which final plans for the coup d'etat had been discussed...
...foreign policy, information is gathered from "country teams" in Latin America and forwarded to the Department of State...
...He is now based in New York as a vice president of the Council...
...Because of the class interests which the CIA, for example, represents, it becomes difficult for it to gather information on its primary enemy, the working class...
...The Forty Committee had probably given the go-ahead in its September meeting...
...Ambassador himself made it clear to the conspirators that if they could hold out for 48 hours,U.S...
...For example, right-wing radios contacted networks of reactionary women over the air to advise them where they could obtain scarce goods so that they could supply themselves and help create further shortages...
...What is most important about Prats is that while he probably did not understand the struggles of the Chilean working class, he fully understood the subversive strategies employed by the Chilean bourgeoisie within the armed forces...
...Embassy...
...We did, and one magazine reporter told us "If there was a Brazilian connection, Wyant was it...
...Davis could not become a central target for left-wing attacks-too much was at stake...
...Embassy played a major role in the plotting and implementation of the counter-revolutionary movement, offering an important source of cohesion and direction to U.S...
...But, still, $7 million is a lot of money to collect door-to-door...
...When news of the possibility of Allende's election reached Washington, Pentagon officials, according to the cold war ideology of the U.S...
...It is the ambassador's job to use his team as an instrument for pulling together the best information, ideas and judgment...
...This denotes a strategy...
...policy formulaton in general, "I don't think Richard Nixon tells David Rockefeller what to do...
...2) the presence of leadership: the ambassador's overall grasp of the factors at play, his ability to correctly guide and delegate tasks to his staff...
...For the protection of its ability to implement different policy options in Chile, the United States had to appear above the internal ruling class squabble...
...For the past several years Wyant has worked with the Council of the Americas in Sao Paulo, a right-wing stronghold...
...As covert warfare has become an increasingly important means by which the United States attempts to maintain its empire, more and more resources have been put into the Intelligence Community...
...These activities would create the necessary conditions for the three main prongs needed to carry out the overthrow of the Unldad Popular (UP)government: the creation of a mass-based opposition, the ideological and practical preparation of the military to ensure their successful intervention at the correct moment, the weakening of the Left by fostering internal divisions...
...funds will be spent in training Chilean military personnel than will be spent on the military of any other Latin American country except Venezuela 2 The United States government will continue to do its utmost to bolster the Chilean military Junta, both economically and militarily...
...The CIA is not in Latin America only to analyse events-it is there to wage war in defense of U.S...
...A basic weapon in class warfare, as waged by the bourgeoisie, is the attempt to confuse the people's vanguard and the masses as to who the real enemy is and how that enemy operates...
...4. Financial groups...
...Senate...
...The material needed by the SOD is obtained from the CIA's Office of Logistics which operates vast warehouses of weapons for just such purposes...
...It was clear to U.S...
...Although the Under Secretary of State is chairman of the committee, the Department of Defense can appeal his decision to the president...
...see Alain vloe...
...ambassador, the "resident structure" operates under "deep cover...
...Act in coordination with the gremkli...
...1970...
...While certain bourgeois institutions were threatened with immediate expropriation, the UP was determined to avoid provoking the bourgeoisie's military arm, the Chilean Armed Forces...
...Losque no Dispararon," Punto Final, 191 (August, 1973...
...As such, they serve as an intermediary between the policy makers in the United States and the policy implementors in the foreign country...
...Southern Air Transport was active in the Congo in 1961, in the Bay of Pigs, in Venezuela and in Bolivia...
...The October issue of NACLA's Report will analyze the U.S...
...military strategy, is done by the in-country teams or MILGROUPs...
...But the Chilean bourgeoisie was still mindful of the military rebellions of the 1930's: the revolt of middle-level officers under Colonel Ibanez against the oligarchical high command, the 1931 Naval revolt demanding that the government borrow money from wealthy Chileans to alleviate the effects of the depression and the 1932 coup under Marmaduke Grove that established a short-lived socialist republic...
...Ambassador...
...The Project was allocated $5.5 million to complete an intensive four-year study using Chile as the workshop...
...technical advisors fitting and manning U.S...
...Saenz came many times as did the present Junta Economic Minister, Fernando Leniz, and others...
...For this reason, he adopted a secondary position, at least publically, when he arrived in Santiago...
...The images of James Bond and the daring-do of the TV program, "Mission Impossible," have tried to project ideas of omnipotent, never failing, humanitarian saviors of democracy who have at their disposal unthought of technology and never-ending resources...
...Thus, agents could be placed in the political, economic, labor, AID, and cultural affairs...
...controlled agencies were five million dollars worth of Hercules 4-engine transport planes," at least one C-130 air force transport," a number of A4B Skyhawks, 2 ' tanks and armored personnel carriers.'" What was the "friendly government" to which the United States was showing such generosity...
...Popper, a career Foreign Service Officer, was sworn in as Ambassador to Chile on January 3, 1974...
...Covert Actions "We are more than we thought...
...At first glance, the events ofJune 29th appeared to reflect the disorganization of the Right and a tremendous victory for the Left...
...Many of the conspirators were thus discouraged from acting according to plan...
...BE A MAN, BE A PATRIOT...
...bases in the Canal Zone...
...NACLA's Latin America andEmpire Report...
...Each of these agencies specializes in a particular kind of intelligence input...
...The United States government, drawing upon the intelligence gathered by its operatives within the military, the political parties, the business associations and the labor movement, had the analytical equipment to form a coherent strategy for toppling Allende and bringing its allies within the Chilean military to power...
...It is the foreign outpost of the U.S...
...Patria y Libertad strategists understood from the beginning that directing the organization's energies toward the high command of the Army would prove not only risky but unfruitful...
...I (January 1973), 9-14...
...a public surveying firm...
...The Banco Agustin Edwards, controlled by the Edwards family, had always been close to the Chase Manhattan Bank, the Rockefeller family bank...
...They not only know the ins and outs of the entire military hierarchy but maintain personal relationships with individual officers that extend years after their tour of duty has ended...
...It is put forth by officials of the U.S...
...citizens residing abroad...
...Chile: Facing the Blockade...
...25 Los Angeles Times...
...I'D LIKE TO SEE JUST ONE OF THOSE TIIPAMAROS...
...Little Red Riding Hood is also with us...
...These businessmen would provide important contacts with the ruling class here and also serve as a significant source of funding for the Chilean reactionaries...
...pilots, slated to demonstrate their acrobatic abilities to Latin American officers bomb the Moneda...
...The U.S...
...Another employee of the U.S...
...Foreign Service during which he was told that the "usual Embassy locations of CIA operatives were the political section, communications and AID . . ." Letter dated October 8, 1973...
...Work at the base level-the creation of a revolutionary consciousness among the masses--was the most important weapon of the Left in this battle, for only the revolutionary consciousness of the masses can defeat the reactionary ideology of the bourgeoisie...
...3 (January 15, 1972) and "Nixon's Expropriations Policy Seeks to Woo the Anry Congress...
...A main concern of the United States was the bolstering of the right-wing...
...objectives...
...They have two main bases for training, one near Tuscon, Arizona and the other in the Canal Zone where they often work in conjunction with the U.S...
...Within the United States they have been used to attack the Left, were to an as yet not known extent, involved in the John Kennedy assassination and most recently surfaced in the Watergate affair...
...Other countries had to be encouraged to provide financial assistance, and Europe was the place to begin prodding.29 Popper, with his experience in international trade and investment, obviously filled this bill...
...He had been charged with conspiring to overthrow the government...
...IDF went into Chile in the mid60's under the leadership of George Truitt...
...1970) in U.S...
...Military Policies and Programs in Latin America...
...intelligence apparatus and, in particular, the CIA...
...agency (the CIA or AIFLD, for example) would cause the United States severe adverse publicity and could even lead to a break in, or downgrading of, diplomatic relations, the embassy's structure provides for such intervention with maximum efficiency and minimum publicity...
...Broe's suggestions to Gerrity at that meeting were the essence of what became the "invisible blockade": 1) banks delaying or not renewing credits...
...citizens residing abroad, what happens when the Chief Consul functions under the discipline of the CIA and uses his office to gather information on the activities of U.S...
...military strategists had used Ruiz to arm the Chilean Air Force, they saw Leigh as the man most able to implement the political strategy necessary to unify the armed forces around a coordinated coup d'etat...
...The men around General Carlos Prats, designated Minister of Defense on August 8th, would not have to be convinced...
...military strategy for Latin America and a product of the long term and close relationship between the U.S...
...Miles Copeland, The Unmetionable Uses of the CIA The United States went on the offensive in Chile in 1964 with the attempted launching of Project Camelot...
...What is more, the CDP could offer certain essential assets that more reactionary groups lacked...
...Southern Command from which they are directed to "exert maximum constructive influence on Latin American Armed Forces not only in military matters but in support of political, social and economic modernization...
...The alternative to using fronts has been using those professions which have contacts with the working class but do not necessarily share the same life style...
...September 16...
...While June 29th marked a tremendous acceleration in revolutionary activity by the Chilean working class as a whole, the apparently farcical attempt to unseat the UP represented the beginnings of organized counterrevolution on the part of the Right...
...The problem facing the NSC was to concretize the consciousness of the U.S...
...Once the Forty Committee approved the basic outlines of the plan against the Chilean people, it was the CIA that was given the task of carrying out that plan...
...Ruiz himself insisted that he could not negotiate with the truckers for the UP, and on August 17th Allende was forced to relieve him not only of his cabinet post but of his military command...
...to defeat it we must begin to understand both better...
...Its tactics consisted of selecting peasant leaders, training them in U.S...
...Although these disputes could be the result of an intrabourgeois squabble on the best methods of handling Chile, it seems more likely that they are the product of a different type of conflict...
...As such, it was aided by CIA agents placed on the paper's staff...
...Most importantly, the U.S...
...It is impossible here to examine all the mechanisms used by U.S...
...But these corporate connections are really only the surface of an iceberg which reaches deep into the extreme right- wing, the Cuban gusano community and the CIA...
...In Chile, it was plotting even before the victory of People's Unity [UP], mobilizing millions of dollars and giving them to the bourgeois parties in order to crush People's Unity...
...Many U.S...
...military presence in Latin America is the military mission, housed within the U.S...
...It tried every possible trick in the sugar market in order to weaken the Cuban Revolution...
...Because of their vast experience in counterinsurgency and overthrowing governments...
...Enemigo es la U.P...
...military advisors live and work with their Chilean counterparts...
...No slip-ups could be risked...
...In Chile, black propaganda took many forms...
...The same is true of small teams of gun runners...
...Shortly after the break-in, people on that mailing list began receiving an additional publication...
...By July 1973, sectors of the country were under virtual military rule...
...Washington: Government Printing Office 1970), 8. Foreign Military Sales and Assistance Act, 1973...
...Right-wing newspapers declared that the dismissal of Ruiz constituted an attempt on the part of Allende to decapitate the armed forces...
...They have also been used to create confusion about the real class nature of these agencies...
...Embassy and the Communist and Socialist Parties of Chile...
...In addition to contacts on an official level with the United States and with the Chilean community here, Patria y Libertad also began to set up an apparatus of support throughout Latin America-in the strongholds of U.S...
...Operation Unitas had to be informed as to the exact date of the coup d'etat...
...While his strategy changed from one of support for a rebellion staged by sectors of the Army to organizing a coup to be initiated by his own forces, more politically experienced officers understood that military strategy at this juncture required more than operational planning by one branch of the armed36 Tiger...
...He had developed a close personal relationship with General Castello Branco while serving as interpreter for the U.S...
...Kessler suggests that the United States should use such "instruments" as the OAS and the IDB (Inter-American Development Bank) to apply pressure on Allende...
...Embassy headquarters...
...During the Alliance years, the United States had heavily supported a bourgeois democracy bolstered by foreign investment and based on the exploitation of the Chilean working class and Chile's natural resources...
...They are the shock troops for the North American right-wing...
...He was also a conduit for the placing of stories written by the CIA experts back at Langley...
...As14 OCHO MEDIDAS PARA DERROCAR AL GOBIERNO 1 Unirse frente al enemigo comun...
...Agents began to pull personnel files...
...After all, Washington had bent over backwards to accomodate the CDP government of Eduardo Frei that preceded the UP.1 2 But the limitations of the reformist party became ever more clear...
...Did U.S...
...It recruits and trains hundreds of thousands of people with special knowledge in a vast range of topics...
...Embassy became one of lending aid and coordination to the Junta's activities...
...Kissinger has centralized decisionmaking by completely overhauling top-level State Department personnel and restricting his contacts to a handful of officers, most of them taken from the National Security Council.' "A Handshake to Dictators, an A brazo (Embrace) to Democrats" Shortly after Allende's election, but prior to his inauguration, Judd Kessler, a high-ranking officer in AID's Santiago office, relayed a confidential memorandum to his superior, Deane Hinton...
...1973...
...Rogers is one of Nixon's oldest friends, the one person who provided him with access to the Eastern financial groups which are crucial to any aspiring national politician.' His low-keyed, non-forceful approach provided a perfect foil for Henry Kissinger and, in the process, left OFFICIAL Henry A. Kissinger Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs23 the State Department dangling...
...military also lent their expertise to the counter-revolution...
...Specialists in the field of counter-revolution, U.S...
...In the fall of 1973 out of 201 students in the Army School of the Americas, 53 were Chilean...
...government...
...In Chile the strategy finally formulated by the U.S...
...imperialism...
...Traditional gorila sectors looked toward direct and far reaching military intervention.33 The policies of the UP, as they unfolded, did not help to either unify or consolidate the position of the Right within the military...
...While preventing Chile from obtaining any loans In the economic field, the Pentagon maintained splendid relations with the Chilean Armed Fores...
...forces, this community of foreigners could provide a valuable source of intelligence...
...economic blockade was beginning to take its toll...
...Many of the institutions that the U.S...
...VIII, No...
...Miami Herald, June 4. 1972...
...Student Affairs Specialists...
...But the project failed...
...These scenarios would simulate situations of internal national conflict within a given country...
...16 per year for non-profit institutions ($30 #or two years...
...See "Chile: The Story Behind the Coup," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report...
...imperialists gave it the strength necessary to regain power, at least in the short-run...
...armed services...
...8 (october 1972) for a look at financial groups and domestic politics...
...Embassy in Santiago played a major role in the implementation of the counter-revolution in Chile...
...There, they took up their new lives as journalists, Embassy officials, students, and advertising executives...
...imperialism in Latin America...
...A good example of the connection which tied the two bourgeoisies together can be seen in the relationship between the Edwards group of Chile and the Rockefeller financial group in the United States...
...At the same time, and in Frei's name, a U.S...
...Pepsico is managed by Donald Kendall, a good friend of Richard Nixon,who is/was one of the many representatives of Rockefeller's interests in the U.S...
...strategic need to closely survey certain major commodities throughout the world, intelligence officers have received intensive training concerning all aspects of these commodities...
...The government could close the university, tax, order the military to act...
...Shortly thereafter, the Eisenhower Administration broke relations with the revolutionary government, although the diplomatic rupture was the product of a much larger series of factors...
...Only the mistakes are available to us...
...State in turn confers with Defense which has the added input of the United States Southern Command through a "formal interdepartmental group...
...Background Briefing at the White House, with Dr...
...foreign policy makers, it issued a myriad of statements claiming State Department "impartiality" in regard to Chile and "respect" for Chile's sovereign rights-even while major counter-revolutionary steps against the Chilean people were being elaborated in the NSC, and CIA and other government agencies...
...Allende demanded a change in the head of Investigations (the Police Department), Luis Jaspard De Fonseca, who was believed to have ties with the CIA...
...The collection and initial evaluation of data (as we will also see in the article on intelligence) allows U.S...
...foreign policy and U.S...
...Ruiz had been bought, used as a pawn and sold out...
...A lack of unity within the Left as to the nature of the enemy and as to the eventual necessity for armed struggle was a weakness which was used by the U.S...
...Both MILGROUP officers and military attaches are in a position to determine the strengths and weaknesses of both different sectors and different individuals in the local armed forces: which services are the most strongly aligned to the interests of the United States...
...Foreign Military Sales and Assistance Act...
...The Enemy is the UP and the Communist Party which directs it...
...and Chilean bourgeoisies was based on covert warfare...
...An instructive example of the nature of this coordination is that of the Kennecott embargo...
...Its elaborate "people-to-people" programs fomented class collaboration and actively combatted the growth of revolutionary class consciousness among rural and urban workers...
...It was, in other13 words, fascist...
...The National Security Council (NSC) is composed of representatives of the Departments of State and Defense, the CIA and the Joint Chiefs of Staff...
...The Navy, as in most Latin American countries, was the traditional stronghold of an extremely reactionary provincial oligarchy...
...policy makers at that point in history that a major contradiction in the coming years would occur between national liberation movements and U.S...
...Hydes was Lucum's secretary who arranges his work out of an office next door to Fulton Lewis Productions...
...Furthermore, while evidence of intervention in the internal political life of a foreign country by a U.S...
...Alvaro Puga, one such agent, was in charge of the propaganda campaigns of the paper...
...The effect of the deal was to imply that Chile had a far greater supply of copper than it admitted to, a far greater supply than it actually had...
...ruling class, would be to engineer the situation in such a way that the overthrow of the Allende government appeared to be the product of its internal inability (and, most importantly, the inability of socialism) to satisfy the people...
...After the Cuban revolution they fanned out over Latin America and now provide a ready-made network of counter-revolutionaries...
...State Department...
...intelligence and paramilitary experts aided the Chilean right-wing in every way possible...
...Embassy sent out a multitude of signals...
...If it works, we are happy...
...Prats, hoping to prevent a right-wing coup d'etat,9 wanted Saenz to find out for him what would be acceptable to the United States...
...government and the right-wing of the Chilean bourgeoisie had worked so hard to promote...
...October 13...
...There is an historical contradiction built into the State Department which often sets it apart from other policy-level government departments...
...dollars...
...In a fitting move, IAPA gave its annual award that year to Jorge Fontaine, an editor of El Mercurlo...
...though, it went undewmnd only to surface with a variety of new covers: as government agencies, individual academics, private corporations and, of course, individual agents...
...Robinson Rojas...
...The head of the Chilean manufacturers' association (SOFOFA), Saenz who spoke fluent English, established a very close relationship with Ambassador Davis during the years of the UP government...
...TV bmadcasts to the city were only disrupted for a short time...
...Right-wing women also collected money on the base level as they did in the October 1972 strike...
...The bourgeoisie has created many myths about the nature of the U.S...
...The situation in Chile was particularly suited to this kind of activity...
...3. Hunt...
...Under pressure from General Leigh who feared that premature refusal of a cabinet position by his commander in chief would isolate the Air Force from the other services, Ruiz took on the job as Minister of Transport...
...5-14...
...Roberto Thieme's illegal re-entry into Chile was broadcast in a code as well as Ptnochct's incorporation into the counter-revolution...
...One such case is that of Don Hull, the nephew of CordellHull...
...Marines was considered a possibility, the U.S...
...and as a logical method of placing individuals with specific training qualities into posts which are in need of those qualities...
...Editorial Lord Cochrane had gotten its start several years earlier by publishing the Spanish edition of Reader's Digest, owned by Nixon's friend, Elmer Bobst...
...Imperialism is an economic, social, political and cultural system directed at oppressing the people...
...In late May 1973 three staff members of the U.S...
...It was at this time that Wheelock, with his gregarious personality, prodded his numerous contacts in the Chilean Left...
...In early summer of 1974 he was approved as Ambassador to Zaire which, like Chile, is one of the world's major copper producing countries and recently was the sight of a major meeting of all important copper producing countries...
...To claim, for example, that a commercial officer of the U.S...
...A fellow named Nixon back in the late '50's, after being spat upon in Venezuela, urged that we extend a handshake to dictators, and an abrazo to democrats That, I think, was pretty good advice, except that we've learned that it may not be such a good idea to give too strong an abrazo...
...His arrival in Santiago marked something of a turning point in that the increased polarization of the class conflict demanded competence and agility from the U.S...
...He began his career with the State Department in 1945 as a specialist in that area...
...imperialism and by no means a complete one...
...Our representatives," he said, "can infiltrate the leadership of all organizations, even political parties...
...In the fall of 1970 the National Security Council again met to discuss U.S...
...The Special Operations Division (SOD) of the CIA oversees these activities...
...This was only part of the acknowledged $20 million that the United States spent to support Frei...
...For example, under the guise of researching a particular aspect of the political situation, Embassy personnel can justify infiltration, employ informers, or coordinate special meetings between U.S...
...strategy of overthrowing Allende and crushing the mass movement of workers, peasants and poor...
...No more easy surveillance, no more controlled recruitment of Cuban reactionaries, no more direct seditious plotting...
...Although a significant group of Air34 Force officers, including such men as General Alberto Bachelet, provided radical support to the UP government, the Air Force was a relatively small and monolithic branch of the armed forces, organized from its very inception under the tutelage of the United States...
...May 2. 3. 4. and 8. 19 7 3(Washington: U.S...
...Politica is a study of possible government reactions to changing political conditions in a country modeled after Chile...
...The SOD is organized to provide troops-mercenaries when necessary-training and material support to these paramilitary operations...
...corporations...
...Nevertheless, we should not confuse Davis' caution with a soft-line policy...
...Once this political decision was taken, it was then necessary to implement that strategy...
...There are reports that between 2 and 3 thousand members of the armed forces "Lost their lives in the 'coup before the coup...
...Previously these reports were done by the CIA's Board of National Estimate, but it was felt that this gave too much political power to one agency...
...4. Coded memauges were consistently broadcast over rightwing radio stations throughout the years of the UP government...
...military intelligence) or to the use of one particular methods of operation...
...While right-wing terrorism would be accelerated, it had to be integrated into a more complex long term strategy...
...One of the first changes was the replacement of U.S...
...But, despite the precautions which he took...
...On another floor William Broe, then head of Clandestine Operations, called a meeting to determine what kind of "black operators" would be necessary and who was not already on assignment and could take the job...
...He draws on all the resources of the Intelligence Community and produces a report for the National Security Council to study...
...Marplan, the Latin American division of McCann Erickson, orchestrated a campaign against nationalization which included both printed matter and films which were sh6wn in mothers' centers and the "juntas de vecinos" (neighborhood centers...
...ruling class to determine what its interests were, to establish priorities for those interests, and to formulate a strategy which would achieve the desired results...
...Abt associates works on contract for the US Army Research Office and employs 200 social scientists to carry out this work...
...The right-wing press practiced this daily...
...Government Printing Offie...
...3) support for a well-oiled propaganda apparatus which would be used to confuse the population ideologically and to disseminate misinformation...
...He had participated in organizing air support for the attempted coup of June 29th...
...In these attempts, the Embassy would be allocated an important role, and thus its presence could not be jeopardized...
...Others pulled out the stacks of El Mado (mapr newspaper of the Right in Chile) and Pmto Find (major magazine of the revolutionary Left...
...During the period of the Alliance for Progress there had been some attempt by civilians to at least publicly link Military Assistance to the support of democratically elected regimes...
...economic and political interests abroad...
...If any important group here really believes that we favor him, they can't be too bright--and in any event I would guess that word could be put out to them discreetly to the contrary . .. [Allende] has repeatedly pledged himself to democratic rule and the CDP [Christian Democratic Party] on the surface, appears to believe him...
...S. Many liberal writers continue to see U.S...
...Foreign Policy, No...
...recognition and help would be forthcoming.32 Knowledge of the internal functioning of a local military is invaluable to both the U.S...
...The Department of State at first insisted that UNITAS vessels were redirected as soon as news of the coup was received...
...3,8...
...and Chilean conspirators...
...Shlaudeman...
...Those who refused to rally to the call for a military insurrection were identified, relieved of their troop support and moved to bureaucratic posts, retired, or disposed of in a more direct fashion...
...Stagnation in Liberty-The Frei Experiment...
...embassy families had to be put on alert for possible evacuation...
...Vol VII...
...Some years later it was revealed that the tape was brought to Chile by a Cuban gusano who admitted that he had done it for the CIA...
...If it doesn't, we have done our best to develop good relations and that in the circumstances would be good...
...Embassy is holding private talks with representatives of conservative business groups is only to state that he/she is doing his/her job...
...Later, the U.S...
...Banfel del Campo acted not only as a contact but also became so involved in terrorist activities that he was finally arrested for direct participation in the attempted coup of June 29, 1973...
...Relations may be downgraded, but the physical presence of an embassy is crucially important...
...1972...
...If it doesn't, we have done our best to develop good relations and that, in the circumstances, would be good...
...To the extent that the Right maintained a solid economic base within the society and received the support otf the United States they were able to continue these activities...
...0 As the Kessler memorandum hinted, the United States had to be able to take advantage of every opposition force in Chile, lose the confidence of no one, maintain a high level of policy input within reactionary planning, and keep a low profile before the public...
...which are liable to be the most reactionary...
...At about the same time, police entered the room of Errol Johatan Reinese in the Hotel Carrera...
...8 9 24 Miami Herald, October 10...
...Berrellez, himself, would soon fly on to12 Buenos Aires, before Bulnes departed for his final destination-the United States...
...The Chilean people's struggle to establish socialism on the South American continent was the greatest threat to U.S...
...The Chief Consul, Frederick Purdy, was appointed in June, 1970...
...The price which the State Department under Nixon has had to pay for its bureaucratic sluggishness and liberal tendencies has been its margination from the decisionmaking apparatus in foreign policy...
...With the understanding that it could not show favorites, the U.S...
...Embassies would need only a handful of personnel to fulfill functions of protocol and diplomacy, their overblown staffs serve as the center for a U.S...
...With his knowledge of paramilitary affairs and specific access to knowledge about the kinds of paramilitary equipment available from the United States, Vasille was of great aid to the group...
...These attempts to discredit the Chilean Defense Minister may seem petty...
...In other words, to what extent could reforms go before they set in motion changes of consciousness which could not be controlled...
...VII...
...He had parroted Frei's position to Allende, insisting that the UP program was weakening the national security of Chile in view of the "hostility" of her Latin American neighbors...
...2) use of paramilitary actions to create an atmosphere of chaos...
...Because the Intelligence Community of the United States is an instrument of the ruling class, it has at its disposal all of the apparatuses which have been created to serve those interests, not to mention its own resources...
...hotel in 1961...
...Townley returned to Chile in 1970 as one of the agency's closest contacts with Patria y Libertad...
...Defense Department has a "special favor" to ask, it has at its disposal a slew of U.S...
...The ambassador has the right to veto staff members if he feels that the individual in question would weaken the team...
...They put army officers in contact with Air Force officers and Naval commanders, colonels in contact with the leaders of the professional associations and those businessmen involved in the sabotage of the Chilean economy...
...The Agency gathered information from students who passed through exchange programs, military and police officials trained in the United States and many, many more...
...while down the hall another group began rummaging through the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) daily monitors of Chilean radio stations...
...NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...If anything, it's the other way around...
...Later, the Department admitted that the United States had word of the coup sixteen hours beforehand.' Officials of the Defense Department have expressed incredulity at the further allegations concerning U.S...
...p, 273...
...The deal with Hearst financially shored up the Edward's media empire at a crucial time as well as increasing the onslaught of reactionary ideology from the United States...
...At the last minute, however, General Leigh journeyed to El Bosque to tell a disappointed group of over two hundred officers that the military takeover had to be put off...
...A foothold in the foreign colony could provide two key assets to U.S...
...p. 286...
...Second-class postage paid at New York...
...Christian Democratic Senators and Deputies were able to use their majority position in Congress to hasten the downfall of the UP government by systematically impeaching and removing Allende's cabinet ministers, blocking every major government initiative, and eventually labelling the government as "illegal and illegitimate...
...It is this personal, legal presence in a foreign country which highlights the U.S...
...Furthermore, the U.S...
...The often quoted words of Robert McNamara, that "the greatest return on our military assistance comes from the training of selected officers and key specialists at our military schools and training centers in the United States and overseas,"' is of even more relevance today than it was in 1962...
...The Christian Democratic Party called the act unconstitutional...
...Although in 1932, the Alessandri government had organized the Milicias Republlcanas, a paramilitary force of 50,000 men drawn from the upper classes to give the oligarchy time to reprofessionalize the armed forces, the Chilean bourgeoisie still had more faith in THE COLOR OF BLOOD WILL NOT BE FORGOTTEN Those who aassasnated Schneider, Idlled, massacred and exploited the people...
...This course assures that we cannot or don't wish to do anything else about the situation here...
...2. Help to protect your local neighborhood...
...According to plan, the right-wing of the Christian Democratic Party demanded Ruiz' resignation...
...Imperialism didn't cease a single moment to plot against the People's Unity government...
...foreign policy...
...forces...
...corporations...
...universities, foundations or CIA-sponsored training courses for foreign officers at the International Police Academy...
...The June coup attempt failed...
...When Jose Toha, Minister of Defense under Allende arrived at the Defense Ministry, he was saluted by those very troops that had come to unseat him...
...Millionaires and Managers (Moscow: Progress Publishers...
...Ruiz was instrumental in turing down Soviet Migs, offered at half the price of the North American planes...
...3 9 By this time, however, it was no longer a question of trying to convince "undecided" elements of the top command...
...Not only was Allende making things difficult by refusing to provoke the military, but after years of constitutional government by the Chilean bourgeoisie, significant sectors of the armed forces were taking their role as upholders of the constitution more seriously than their role as protectors of bourgeois power...
...35 The subversive activities of the Chilean Air Force in th months before the coup are described in detail in "Fuerza Area: El Golpe esta Vivo," Chile Hoy, ( 4(August September 1973...
...The complex strategy conceived and implemented by U.S...
...The response phase was the second part of Project Camelot...
...sections...
...Intelligence apparatus and the CIA, in particular...
...For many years previous to the election of Salvador Allende, Chile had been the focus of much attention from the United States...
...ruling class...
...many of them had worked together befor-he team from Guyana on labor affairs, perhaps...
...Idfthe 1940's and 50's fascist military leagues-the Puma (Por una Manana Auspidosa) and the linesa recta--made up of lieutenants and colonels, had on numerous occasions conspired to overthrow the government...
...Headed by Bennett Bintliff, the fum works out of Atlanta, Georgia...
...There are several forms of covert activities which relate to the media: "disinformation...
...At that point, the United States would provide "arms, money, printing presses, etc., to Allende's enemies...
...Policy, in this view...
...It is largely a rational structure and a division of labor that allows the embassy to operate with effectiveness...
...While there were many overt ways in which the U.S...
...Davis kept in mind the pressures that had come to bear on his predecessors...
...might decide," the memo discloses, "that the Allende regime was vulnerable to being deposed by democratic Chileans 'with a little help from their friends...
...community in Chile, doubled in size...
...One of the keys to an understanding of the operations of AID under the Unidad Popular is to be found in its Director, Deane R. Hinton, one of the few specialists in place in Chile before Allende's election...
...During the last month of the UP Saenz was also used as a go-between by General Carlos Prats, head of the Chilean Army, and the U.S...
...While it is generally acknowledged that State, especially under Secretary William Rogers, was something of a lame duck department, this is the only agency whose opinions on matters of foreign affairs are generally made public...
...Information compiled from the U.S...
...See also...
...The Alliance for Progress, carried out in large measure through the State Department, accentuated many of the social democratic sectors of State...
...Ruiz had been well tutored in a U.S...
...Townley, with the aid of Manuel Fuentes, began broadcasting-with the use of highly sophisticated equipment-a plan for the overthrow of the government...
...Patria y Libertad leader, Pablo Rodriguez, and his cohorts in the organization were revealed as the instigators of the action...
...The machinery was put into motion...
...See "The Story Behind the Coup...
...A group of socalled "loyal officers" led by Augusto Pinochet, met with Allende to convince him that Prats' resignation would "calm down the demands against him of the Air Force and the Navy...
...As the Right was quickly to learn, mass support for the UP government was too strong to allow it to be overthrown by an individual terrorist action...
...Revolutions cannot succeed without the defeat and destruction of the reactionary forces...
...government, and its representative in Chile, the U.S...
...Army officials, and there were many rumors of a U.S.-run training base for Patria y Libertad in southern Bolivia...
...War without End (New York: Vintage Books...
...If the U.S...
...military advisory programs and the training by the U.S...
...This result was foreseen by the above-mentioned Foreign Service Officer who remarked that the "divided loyalties" resulting from a CIA operative's placement in the Consular Section would result in serious consequences in the event of a coup in Chile...
...In Chile, the black market was used not only to support covert activities, but also to drain money out of the economy...
...military of Latin American officers and enlisted men has been well documented.' It is important, however, to look behind the statistics on dollars spent and numbers of officers exchanged to the quality of U.S...
...The organization is primarily known for its use of terrorism to create chaos within Chilean society and thus to provoke military intervention...
...The Hearst Empire, that bastion of reactionary ideology in the United States throughout the century, has also penetrated and made class alliances with its counterparts in Latin America...
...Others were met in "safe houses" in Miami or Mexico City...
...September 24, 1972 17 Washington Post...
...Needless to say, Ruiz was not overjoyed at being chosen to control the subversive economic tactics his mentors in the U.S...
...The people must be well armed ideologically to fight this battle...
...The strategy involved both covert and overt actions, and CIA specialists were crucial to the carrying out and coordination of the two levels...
...Right-wing Brazilian groups, with close connections to the United States, offered $8 million to Patria y Libertad and a force of some 500 men...
...He had ordered provocations in districts where Air Force enlisted men resided and blamed them on the Left in order to bring anti-government sentiment down to the bottom ranks of the Air Force...
...An organization that could infiltrate, influence and organize large sectors of the armed forces had to be created...
...Found in the back of the car, along with some weapons, was $50,000 in cash...
...heinl b. kpo...
...On the other hand, however, State did serve a useful function in regard to Chile policy precisely because it was cut out of a major policy role...
...Attempts to tie particular officers of the U.S...
...Thus, the question of whether the dominant sector of the U.S...
...During 1973 Wyant made several trips between Sao Paulo and Santiago...
...By 1970, however, the situation had changed and called for different skills...
...Suddenly, he is surrounded by four other cars and, within moments, shot and fatally wounded...
...Embassy, asserting that the Cuban people would accept no more than 11...
...Unlike other areas of the government, the vast bureaucracy of State protected many liberals during the McCarthy purges...
...The class war which was being waged between 1970-1973 was not primarily characterized by armed struggle, but rather was an ideological war supported by tactical offensives in the economic and psychological arena...
...When MILGROUP or mission officers arrive in Latin America they are not dealing with men who are uninitiated in the ways of the United States military...
...Rather coincidently, the Council closed down its offices in Latin America this year and many of its activities have been transferred to the Chambers of Commerce in various countries...
...When the coup in Chile happened Del Solar revealed that the game using data from Project Camelot had been played for Chile after becoming classified in 1966, and that in his opinion it had been an element in plotting how the coup would take place...
...interests abroad and, often, serve as cover for FBI agents...
...Patria y Libertad included in its membership a large number of retired military officers who while they knew the ins and outs of the military hierarchy, were not subject to the institutional discipline imposed by strong constitutionalists in the high command and an officer corps that at least had to pay lip service to the support of the democratically elected government...
...Copyright 0 1974 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...Embassy...
...However, the situation again changed with Allende's election, and the United States had to quickly modify its "public" relations with the conservative forces, now grouped in the National Party...
...Berrellez must have seen in General Schneider what seemed to be the perfect opportunity for a "provocation...
...Furthermore, the terror squad had hastily bound and gagged the night watchman at the center and he suffocated to death, creating tremendous public indignation against the attackers...
...military, conjured up the threat of Soviet military installations and the tying of Chilean Armed Forces to Soviet military aid under the pressure of a Marxist president...
...If the Consulate's major purpose is to protect U.S...
...It appears, however, that military spies for the U.S...
...The men of the Technical Services Division arrived and distributed the tools of the agents' trade: disguises, new codes, bugging equipment, weapons with silencers and lethal drugs...
...ruling class and its allies in the Chilean bourgoisie to use as a lever in convincing the armed forces to act...
...Embassy intelligence operatives quickly placed their unique collection of highly documented files on the Chilean and foreign Left at the dispositon of the Junta's Military Intelligence Service (SIM), whose less-complete files had been partially destroyed in the coup...
...Another aspect of the U.S...
...Another means of getting arms into the country covertly is to use a U.S...
...He ostensibly re- presented the Frei-wing of the Christian Democrats and was to become an important leader in the gremlo (right- wing trade association) movement...
...Given his past experience and long history of relationships on a covert level with the industrialists of Sao Paulo, one must ask what role Jack Wyant played in the Brazilian connection...
...involvement was forced to admit that the CIA had put up S400,000 for anti- Allende propaganda, but this was but a small part of what we can imagine really happened...
...citizens and full-time employees of the Agency...
...equipment used to bomb Chilean workers in their factories, level poblaciones and transport Chilean troops on their death missions were "an important means of demonstrating our continuing interests in the well being of the Chilean population and of maintaining long standing and friendly relations between the U.S...
...Millalonco was a right-wing peasant killed during a land take-over near Puerto Montt in southern Chile...
...C. Funding An essential requirement of these paramilitary activitie-as well as the other varieties of subversion carried out by the Chilean right-wing--was funding...
...It is no mere coincidence that the same group of both Brazilians and North Americans were key in the orchestration of the coup in Brazil in 1964...
...He was known to trek endlessly through the Chilean countryside, drumming up support for Frei's meager agrarian reform program...
...From 1960 to 1973 tens of thousands of Chileans participated in these exchange programs...
...Viaux had been in steady contact over a period of time with the United States and, in particular, Berrellez and Hendrix...
...Abt Associates, a private think tank well-known for doing the Defense Department's work, began to research what became known as the Politica Game...
...The power that was best able to analyze the situation would ultimately arbitrate between the different interests of the Chilean bourgeoisie to consolidate the forces of reaction within the military...
...Viaux was later arrested for his participation in the crime...
...All Air Force units were put on first grade alert as were units in the Navy...
...In the first place, direct U.S...
...citizens, Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi, Jr., and the harrassment of countless others...
...Project Camelot is a reflection of the change in the mode of warfare internationally and the best example of the methodology and objectives of the U.S...
...The Inter-American Press Association (IAPA) is another tentacle of U.S...
...7. Place resistance tasks above any personal interests...
...In April of this year, fiftyseven Air Force officers went on trial for "Treason...
...ruling classes could hope to crush this movement only through the most ferocious and cowardly use of violence-violence perpetrated not only against those who looked toward a socialist Chile but toward anyone who refused to join the fascist offensive...
...Eight Methods for Overthrowinl the Government I. Unite in the face of the common enemy...
...Ambassador Davis had frequent meetings with both Orlando Saenz and Pablo Rodriguez...
...The CIA is-also unique in-that it receives information from all the other agencies as its scope of activities is total and not limited to one particular field of interest (e.g...
...The simplest strategy was that attempted in the Schneider assassination...
...Such was the case of Ambassador Dungan...
...He returned on the 10th, just in time...
...A careful study was to be done on the effects of specific governmental actions...
...B. The Ice Begins to Melt In addition to these embassy contacts the U.S...
...B. Aid and the Economic Section The two sections in charge of economic and commercial relations between Chile and the United States also underwent major changes after Allende's election...
...The United States was at a distinct disadvantage following the rupture of relations with Cuba...
...While he was not pro-Marxist, Schneider refused to permit any military intervention in the democratic process in order to prevent Allende's confirmation as President...
...But, despite his efforts, most countries in Europe have either broken off diplomatic relations, or aid to the Junta or have otherwise reduced their presence in Chile...
...Diplomacy aside, multilateral lending institutions and international organizations are clearly seen as mere pawns for the U.S...
...6. Give your unconditional solidarity to the nationalist fighters...
...former Secretary of State...
...4, For analysis of U.S...
...This enclave can serve as a training, recruiting and hiding place for local and foreign agents as well as a source of funds, materials and communications...
...hegemony in the Western Hemisphere since the Cuban Revolution...
...The new ambassador dedicated hundreds of schools, community centers and bridges, all built through the joint cooperation of the Alliance for Progress and the CDP government...
...a Ift.l, a par Cmbine hi, ll-to-air ltoin- of the e etiv i technolp that orit with a .ilnifoan l oot in spaned the F-$ The T-3- The Payud artk pa.li6, Cap -h po- Ptho Th e USAF YF-i7 Stop peetd f Mach 16 All t- The YF t pd=Tw- T U akr.a.&d.U.r The ough et family of lith, flhre in th- nma...
...John Tipton, was the wife of yet another intelligence agent for the CIA...
...And it was their strategy toward Chile, that of viewing long- range political interests as primary, which won out...
...As it came time for the Ambassador to write up his periodic summary of events, he commissioned Wheelock to draw up an extensive work report on a given aspect of the political reality...
...Much of the initial resistance against the coup came from units of the armed forces...
...1962...
...Within the context of current U.S...
...Martin, was also a "student of Marxism-Leninism...
...This group, which consists of about 30 men drawn mostly from the CIA, is headed by George Carver, but is directly responsible to William Colby, the Director of the CIA...
...ruling class...
...As significant as the appointments of Dungan, Korry or Davis, David H. Popper's selection to replace Davis was indicative of new conditions in Chile...
...see Michael T. Klare...
...in other words that the proposals of overly eager military hawks are tempered by civilian officials.' More specifically, according to representatives from the two departments nominally responsible for U.S...
...3 Leigh, with great emotion, accepted the post from which Ruiz had been dismissed and Ruiz himself retired to the El Bosque air base to plan for a military take over by the Air Force...
...Richard Bissell, Ex-Deputy Director of the CIA...
...This side of the organization was run similarly to early Nazi groups in Germany...
...IAPA held its annual convention in Santiago in 1972 and used that forum to mount attacks on the UP government and give the rightwing credibility...
...They were, of course, principals in the Bay of Pigs invasion and then mercenaries in the Congo...
...As he sat ensconced in his hotel room that Friday and Saturday night, Bernard Barker, Frank Sturgis, Virgilio Gonzales and Eugenio Martinez were just across town...
...To be sure the Chilean bourgeoisie was capable of financing a good part of it...
...ruling class...
...Massacres of workers such as the 1966 bloodbath in the Salvador mine, and the apparently senseless murders of working class women and children by the military, were primary weapons in the traditional strategy of military gorilm to create a large enough reaction on the part of the Left to prove to all military commanders that civilian power was ill-equipped to maintain order and thus to convince the divergent sectors of the armed forces that it was their institutional and partiotic duty to intervene...
...or the skilled technicians who helped train the paramilitary Edcona in Mexico or the Mmo Bba in Guatemala...
...He could not afford to become a controversial figure...
...its newsreels have been distributed through USIA, and United Press International (controlled by Hearst) reaches every country in Latin America...
...Daniel Yankelovich, the President of Daniel Yankelovich Inc...
...On this visit Ruiz also arranged the purchase of sixteen F5E jet fighters," according to U.S...
...The first attempt at founding an anti-government "Radio Liberacion" occurred during the October 1972 strike by the gremlos...
...policy, however, where the Brazilian model has shown that the Latin American armed forces can be used effectively not only to protect U.S...
...Ruiz, as commander in chief of the Air Force, was named Minister of Transport, the agency responsible for finding a solution to the truckers' revolt...
...There he picked up his ticket for Buenos Aires which earlier had been reserved for him in the name of Robert Berrellez...
...It cannot defend all of its empire militarily...
...The actions of the U.S...
...The clandestine front involved paramilitary training...
...The actions of ITT and, to a lesser extent, Kennecott and Anaconda during 1970 reflected a lack of unanimity within the bourgeoisie on this decision...
...They maintain offices both in a joint services headquarters and in the Chilean Ministry of Defense...
...To confront this threat the United States was forced to employ every imperialist apparatus, every mechanism of subversion (short of direct military intervention) to attempt to stem the advances of the Chilean people...
...The economic offensive was designed to achieve these goals...
...All possible allies had to be bolstered and encouraged to move with exacting determination...
...Embassy in Santiago from 1969 to 1971...
...In reality...
...Embassy in Santiago maintained direct contact with Patria y Libertad...
...Labor Attaches, crucial in the penetration, monitoring and subversion of foreign labor movements as well as in the export of AFL-style business unionism...
...With Headquarters in Miami, SAT received its funds through a conduit called Actus Technology...
...What is more, the administration argued that it actually constituted intervention into the Latin American armed forces for the United States to refuse them what they saw as their military needs.' Furthermore, the Nixon administration has proposed taking the professional (as opposed to technical) training of Latin American officers out of the Military Assistance Program where it often falls prey to liberal congresspeople and putting it on a "firmer footing" within the Foreign Assistance Act...
...Rockefeller, since his celebrated trip to Latin America in 1969 has advocated support for military regimes as the most viable means of protecting U.S...
...While it has at times been able to place long-term agents in some working class and Third World movements, this is difficult simply because anyone working for the CIA must be motivated by property/material interests and is unlikely to live out his/her life in a poblacion (slum) in Santiago, for example...
...Wyant, who has a reputation for being both extremely intelligent and dangerous, had previously worked with the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency before joining the Foreign Service where he was "discovered" by Gordon...
...flows not from the conscious analysis put forth by various sectors of the bourgeoisie, but from the clogged and inefficient diplomatic pipelines...
...Recruits are gathered from a variety of places...
...The most important aspect of this, however, is that the United States was deprived of its seditious outpost at a critical point: when revolutionary consolidation and internal class war still persisted...
...6. U.S...
...The ultimate usefulness of IDF to the intelligence network in Chile was summed up by Edward Cohen, the Chilean representative of IDF...
...In the early days messages were quite simple...
...Hinton was brought to the White House in 1971 to serve as Deputy Director of the Council on International Economic Policy...
...Because no one wants the system evaluated-and funds consequently duced-a fully coordinated plan cannot be put into action for the long-run, and large gaps exist both in information and analysis...
...For example, some eight Carabinero generals had to be replaced after the coup...
...4) strengthening of right-wing4 sectors through covert funding, advice and resources sup- plied by the United States...
...Shlaudeman, according to former Ambassador to the Dominican Republic, J.B...
...Furthermore, Prats understood the implications of the abortive coup of June 29th...
...But this recognition did not mean eschewing their usefulness in the formulation of counter-revolutionary plans...
...supplied missiles directed toward the workers in Chilean factories...
...forces in Latin America and indeed for the whole Western Hemisphere...
...It is headed by the Resident whose cover is generally that of an executive with a multinational company--a natural and universally usable cover for U.S...
...The Alliance for Progress, was the U.S.' response to the successful Cuban Revolution...
...Embassy complex...
...The political line of Chile La Verdad was that of Patria y Libertad...
...The original game was played out and tested by em- ployees of Abt and students from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy under Professors William Barnes and Dean Charles Shane...
...In August of 1973, Allende, under the combined pressure of work stoppages by the truckers and demands of the Christian Democratic Party, attempted to reintegrate the military into his cabinet...
...At least three elements made up this offensive: the "invisible blockade," the manipulation of the world copper market and the priming of the black market within Chile...
...The In-Country Team During times of crisis the United States is still forced to shuttle Latin American officers and Depa rtment of Defence officials back and forth between Latin America, Washington and the Canal Zone...
...The U.S...
...Air Force planes in the Santiago area were flown to more distant bases to avoid being grounded...
...HOWEVER, it has many inherent weaknesses...
...The second possibility for U.S...
...the Right was able to make gains...
...But the Consulate was also used to coordinate a mass of data on many other foreigners living in Chile during the UP government...
...The Chilean Air Force was made up of more petit bourgeois but equally reactionary elements...
...A good "team" can satisfy the need for coordination, cooperation, and an overall unified direction which, in the end, will greatly influence the success or failure of a given operation...
...Where did all that money come from...
...Ellis Carrasco, who succeeded Davis as head of the Peace Corps, was himself accused of gun-running...
...Despite the demise of the Project due to revelations and the accompanying protest about its content, it is still important to study as a model of what information constitutes intelligence material...
...Truitt, then president of the IDF, also worked for two other CIA front groups: the Free Europe Committee and Radio Free Europe...
...The official duty of a mission officer, here again an officer from each of the armed services, is to collect military intelligence for the U.S...
...During the 1970-73 period, USIA continued to distribute its material to the right-wing media, in particular, Channel 13-TV (the Catholic University's station) and El Mercurio...
...The message: if you don't vote for Frei, Chile will turn into another "Communist dictatorship" like Cuba...
...And they would have to be coordinated with the opposition's mass agitations...
...intelligence agent is a class enemy of the people...
...Army Special Forces...
...They had been active in doing the dirty work of the Chilean bourgeoisie, brutally repressing the workers...
...FOOTNOTES 1. According to Earl E.T...
...1973...
...The plotting of the technicians and experts can only be seen in proper perspective when placed in the context of dialectical materialism, when the forces of both imperialism and the people are placed side by side...
...The Fourth Floor An Account of the Ccstro Communist Revolution (New York: Random House...
...NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, Vol...
...participation in counter-revolutionary movements in the future would have to be less visible, more camouflaged, and highly coordinated...
...specialized military and equipment technician experts had to be given the green light to fly down...
...Los Angels Times...
...The United States could not bear the entire burden of Chile's reconstruction...
...Shortly thereafter arrest warrants were issued for Viaux, Bulnes and others involved in the plot including the two sons of Guillermo Carey, a vice president of Anaconda Copper Company...
...The monopolies tried to corrupt the workers in their mines...
...Some thought they were merely trying to rescue a few right-wing terrorists imprisoned by the Allende government...
...Embassy in Santiago...
...planners: an opportunity to observe the habits and activities of the exiles-many of whom were members of Latin America's most advanced revolutionary movements-and increased coordination with other embassies in Chile...
...The organization saw its task within the Army as creating a counter-revolutionary base among middle-ranking officers...
...In 1964 the Cuban Revolution had succeeded, based, to a large extent, on rural guerrilla warfare...
...money...
...It was at this point that Michael Townley, Peace Corpsman in the sixties, was recruited to enter the Agency...
...These interests have achieved a dominant position within the U.S...
...policy-the memo states-if we find totalitarianism to be the likely outcome, is exactly the same as the first (economic blockade) except that while following such a policy, the U.S...
...The CIA The Central Intelligence Agency is, by far, the most important unit in the Intelligence Community...
...Central Intelligence Agency, hoped that their assassination of the constitutionalist General Schneider would either implicate the Left or provoke a violent response from the Left that would in turn provoke a military takeover...
...After arranging things in Santiago, he flew to Washington, D.C...
...Ideological warfare is one of the battle fronts with imperialism...
...interests militarily but to administer an entire nation in accordance with U.S...
...He made no overtures to the CDP-in fact, he often infuriated them" -and was sent to Chile primarily to play ball with Conservative Party leaders...
...He would need a lot of people-it would be a long job and a multi- leveled one...
...In case of disagreement the matter at hand goes to the Committee of the Under Secretary of State, a part of the National Security Council apparatus which includes representatives from other government agencies including the CIA and the USIA...
...At this point the propaganda machine of the Chilean bourgeoisie went into operation...
...And, in essense, this is the role which U.S...
...It all depends on the specific situation...
...Army in its contacts with the Brazilian military during World War II...
...He became the CIA's station chief in Chile...
...One of the obstacles to this "success" was Army Commander in Chief, General Rene Schneider...
...Imperialism tried to corrupt the Chilean people...
...His brother was an official of the reactionary National Party...
...Fidel Castro in Santiago...
...corporations and financial institutions...
...At the time of the coup, the number of foreign residents in Chile approached 15,000...
...Between 1970 and 1973 the resident structure in Chile carried out a wide range of "projects": one case officer was in charge of overseeing the U.S...
...For example, See Susanne Bodenheimer...
...Nixon and the Elections...
...Ex-military officials, many graduates of the International Police Academy or the Army School of the Americas, gave the classes...
...7. This is evident in Nixon's own autobiography...
...Smith, U.S...
...Secondly, attempts to isolate revolutionary governments by means of withdrawal of diplomatic recognition can no longer guarantee their downfall because of the growing strength of the socialist world...
...The United States military's demonstration of continued faith in the Chilean Air Force paid off in a number of ways...
...According to its own brochure, Zeta is a firm of "anns merchants and geopolitical consultants...
...Political Officers, charged with overall political analysis and, therefore, highly subject to CIA penetration...
...As the United States is placed more and more on the defensive, it is forced to rely increasingly on the Watergate tactics of foreign policy: covert warfare and covert subversion...
...HE WHO IS A SLAVE WITHOUT WANTING TO BE ONE IS A COLLABORATIONIST...
...CIA through such Chilean civilians as Miranda Carrington.' 4 They were thus able to devise a strategy based on an analysis of the situation within each branch of the armed services...
...The French court reached its decision-affecting almost $1.5 million worth of copper-on September 30, and announced it 4 days later.'" On October 1, 1972, right-wing forces began their month-long "bosses' strike" in the south of Chile...
...Although their stated purpose is to administer the State Department's Military Assistance Program, they answer directly to the U.S...
...involvement to proof of these particular allegations...
...Rather, we do this to expose its structure, functions and manner of operation, all of which are necessary if it is to be understood and defeated...
...The project was to be carried out under the guidance of the Defense Departments's Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA...
...This was particularly evident when the Department was under the direction of William Rogers...
...naval vessels slated for UNITAS maneuvers with the Chilean fleet advising the Chilean Navy in the operational aspects of the military takeover...
...it is necessary to stimulate the sense of property among workers, a feeling which already has been shown among the peasants...
...Once the counterrevolution had begun, within the military as within the larger society, the forces of moderation would cease to be heard...
...military presence and vehicle for continuing effective military-to-military dialogue and rapport...
...It is highly likely that the legal experts at Kennecott who began charting the course of the embargo months before it was finally presented knew of Chilean reactionaries' plans forthe months of September and October...
...proposals for curtailing the growth of popular discontent...
...Now, the United States had to be active in providing financial and military assistance to the new government...
...Foreign Policy Formulation: Who's Got The Soft Line...
...for he had previously accompanied Roberto Thieme on his "plane crash" trip to Mendoza...
...The response on the part of the Chilean people was immediate...
...Those arms not donated by the United States and Brazil had to be purchased and radio stations had to be funded, all of which was expensive...
...bourgeoisie was able to come to the aid of its counterpart in Chile, an elaborate covert nexus also existed which ran parallel to the surface...
...Cultural Attaches...
...What this would mean in the conception of the social scientists working on Camelot, was a study of the family and religious institutions in Chile, the economy, corporations, unions, the legal system, the military, diplomats, all political parties, the media, the educational apparatus and technology...
...New Chile (Berkeley: NACLA...
...The 60's: Laying the Base The single most significant, inescapable fact about modern day counterterrorism is this: it requires offense, not defense...
...General Prats was not a Marxist...
...Committee on Foreign Affairs...
...policy makers opted for the "invisible" route, one which could "prove," in the process, that "socialism does not work...
...In December of 1973, with the help of Walter Rauff, a former Gestapo chief and the creator of Hitler's gas chambers, the Department of National Intelligence (DINA) was set up...
...The majority of this work is classified "Top Secret...
...Los gremios patronales (Santiago: Quimantu...
...If we act intelligently, not only will we be able to neutralize Marxist actions, but also we will be able to control the most important organizations in the country...
...The capacity for the United States to implement such a plan rested upon the dependent capitalist structure of Chile vis-a-vis the United States and the strength of U.S...
...William Merriam wrote John McCone (ITT executive and former head of the CIA) in October 1970 and referred to his last meeting with people from the Agency...
...The nature of U.S...
...The United States Intelligence Board, composed of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, Bureau of Research and Intelligence of the State Department, the National Security Agency, Atomic Energy Commission, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Treasury Department, sets priorities for the community as a whole and issues what are known as "national intelligence estimates...
...Thus, at a time when the Chilean economy was being strangled by the seditious bosses' strike, Kennecott placed an embargo on the sale of its copper in European markets and deprived the UPof much-needed foreign exchange...
...They would need someone to direct an assassination team, one or two specialists in black propaganda, several experts in ~om~unications and transportation, a good contact person for high-level labor leaders, specialists in covert funding and the establishment of front groups, a few economic experts to manipulate the copper market and a small team from the CIA'S highly experienced army to train Patria y Libertd, the fascist shock troops of the Right...
...In Victor Marchetti's words, SAT is, "the Agency's air arm for potential Latin American interventions...
...His time was occupied by meetings with prominent Latin American politicians, many of whom promised to be future leaders of their respective countries...
...Public relations experts have not cleaned up the image of the Chilean Junta...
...Although production in many areas increased during the years of the UP government, its full growth was impeded in11 many sectors of the economy because of a lack of spare parts and capital, withheld by the invisible blockade...
...A simple coup d'etat would not reimpose the power of the Right...
...imperialist domination...
...The car ran off the road and he and a passenger were seriously injured...
...agents and analysts recognized the battle that lay ahead: a growing, militant, class-conscious people and a divided, disoriented right-wing...
...When Allende came to power in Chile...
...By 1969 King Features Service comics were translated into more than 30 languages, in over 100 countries and used in more than 5,000 daily newspapers...
...And they were selecting and training future agents...
...While maintenance of those ties was important, the U.S...
...June 24 and July 8. 1969 (Washington: U.S...
...Thus, whereas in the sixties conflicts between different government agencies either contributed to