CHILE: The Story Behind the Coup
NACLA
To Our Friends... As individuals and as NACLA staff members, we have experienced the recent coup in Chile as one of the most painful events of our lives. We feel this blow against the Chilean...
...For instance, the opposition parties blocked a government proposal to punish speculators and black market operators, thus giving them the full protection of law (or of the Congress) to continue their illegal acts which harm the entire population...
...To prolong this objective is to depart from the road that has already been covered...
...Economic disorder, extreme social and political instability have indeed made Chile a difficult place for anyone to live at this point...
...CDP rejects Allende's invitation to discuss crisis with him...
...Truck Owners' Federation, merchants, professional unions and Chilean Association of Manufacturers go on strike...
...Neither case holds in Chile: the military has taken an active role in the administration of some areas of the State economy, and the vast majority of military personnel hold political opinions...
...This group is willing to risk open civil war and the consequent rupture of military hierarchy and institutionality...
...Meanwhile, key "gremios," or entrepreneurial associations, in particular the Confederation of Production and Commerce, worked to build a front of gremios in strategic sectors of the economy, including transport people, store keepers, communications workers and professionals...
...SUBSCRIPTIONS: $6 per year for individuals ($11 for two years...
...Revolutionary honor to those who were stronger than their torturers...
...It won't be a gift from fascism...
...The left parties of Chile conscientiously explored a new road to social justice - the via Chilena - which was intended to provide a peaceful transition to socialism...
...8. NEW CHILE, Berkeley and New York: NACLA, 1973...
...Military court reduces sentence on ex-Gen...
...Through distorted and alarmist reporting, the news media can create economic chaos and bring about political havoc...
...Scores of joint economic development projects are now under way...
...Following 3 years as financial affairs officer in the U.S...
...This is why fascism is a new form of violence against the people...
...In 1968 he replaced John Gordon Mein, who had been killed by guerrilla forces, as U.S...
...Sabotage attacks against UP supporters multiplied...
...Government nationalizes major copper mines by unanimous vote of Congress...
...In the remainder of this article we hope to show how this conflict has reached a new stage in all areas of Chilean society: governmental institutions, the economy, the mass media, the armed forces, and the working class...
...From 6/67 to 5/71 (i.e., the period during which Kwame Nkrumah was overthrown with the help of the CIA), he was a political officer in Accra, Ghana...
...The Right was isolated and divided internally...
...Martin, U.S...
...JUNTA APOLOGISTS The military junta has just sent out on a good will tour 11 national leaders of the socalled free trade union (gremio) movement to travel through Latin America, the United States, Canada and Europe, explaining why "the military and police were forced to overthrow the marxist government" and also to convey to the world the "popularity" of this new regime...
...companies without "prompt and adequate" compensation...
...and "Facing the Blockade," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, January, 1973...
...The people lack even the most essential foods...
...universities, factories, campamentos, apartment buildings, and offices...
...2. For an analysis of the Chilean gremios, see Los Gremios Patronales, Santiago: Quimantu, 1973...
...Of the ten CIA operatives that have been identified (see biographies below) two participated in the 1954 Guatemala coup, two were in the Dominican Republic during the 1965 U.S...
...and Chile signed the "Inter-American Mutual Defense Treaty" designed to extend U.S...
...Sources in Chile and in the United States have confirmed that he was in New York on January *Augustin Edwards is the head of Chile's most powerful economic empire and has been one of the most bitter foes of the Allende administration...
...The land reform, in particular, had threatened the oligarchs of the National Party...
...They attack army for carrying out weapons searches in factories...
...and the CIA in 1958 as an intelligence research specialist, and was a "labor officer" in Mexico City from 5/60 to 9/62...
...The political motivation developed from the failure of the owners' strike in October, 1972...
...Although the original poem was about Caribbean dictators, with a few name changes it is very appropriate for Chile today...
...7 In previous publications, NACLA has analyzed the extent of U.S...
...Both these multi-national lending agencies are dominated by the United States...
...Alliance for Progress, which attempted to prove that capitalism was indeed flexible enough to provide a substantially better life for the oppressed...
...1 0 On January 19, 1972, Nixon announced the final result of the top-level planning: Thus, when a country expropriates a significant U.S...
...Military Aid to Chile The Chilean military has had a long and close relationship with the United States, and the Pentagon regards the 90,000 Chilean soldiers, sailors, airmen and carabineros (the national police force) as among the best armed forces on the continent...
...Mapuche Indians on farm are tortured to force them to reveal supposedly hidden weapons...
...and he admitted publically that the strike launched on July 26 was planned solely to overthrow the government...
...In that confrontation we suffered a termporary setback, starting from April 14, 1972 which was due mainly to our deficiencies and to treachery...
...Latin America (London), March 23, 1973...
...Acting in conjunction with the local military and U.S...
...With the crushing of the rebels, Shlaudeman assumed the post of Assistant Director for Caribbean Affairs in the State Dept...
...On June 23, the New York Times ran an article with the headline, "Court in Chile Shuts Paper Over Anti-Allende Ad...
...With its still large profits, the opposition has invested in speculation rather than production...
...Because of this, it could not build a base for its anti-Allende actions...
...The organizations that developed during this intense period of class struggle became increasingly important in subsequent months...
...4 For this reason they have imposed the military dictatorship...
...Providing the F-5E jets or the Skyhawks, would preserve a certain pro-American orientation in the Chilean military at a time of strain between the governments of the two countries...
...The process is still new and much remains to be done...
...Government Printing Office, pp...
...cit., pp...
...Broe urged ITT to "keep the pressure on, and suggested a run on the banks...
...As such, it plays a tremendous role in the Chilean economy which receives over 80% of its foreign exchange earnings from copper sales...
...The right wing leaders used their considerable resources (including private airplanes and sophisticated electronic equipment) to coordinate their forces...
...For more on the renegotiation of the debt, see NACLA, "Facing the Blockade," op...
...Right-wing opposition takes advantage of absence of Gen...
...The U.S...
...The focal point of right wing strategy was to create economic chaos, which would frighten and mobilize the considerable numbers of the petit bourgeoisie, truck owners, shopkeepers, as well as professionals and white collar workers...
...A.I.D...
...The people will soon settle accounts with them.' But against the treason of Amodio and Piriz, how many have withstood and are withstanding torture and death with courage and dignity...
...U.S.-dominated InterAmerican Development Bank grants $65 million loan...
...Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (present leader of junta) replaces Prats as Commander in Chief of the Army...
...The working class remains the social base of the UP government...
...In addition, as the opposition saw its economic privileges threatened, it openly created chaos in the economy by speculating, hoarding, sabotaging production, not investing, and fostering and supporting an extensive black market system...
...economic and military aid...
...Mar...
...Moreover, in contrast with the situation 19 years ago, when few Americans spoke out against U.S...
...And thanks to Alejandro Stuart fbr the use of his photographs...
...When Allende's popularity was broad, and the extent of the UP Program unclear, the Right was small and depended on isolated terrorist acts (the Schneider murder...
...Ambassador to Chile Edward M. Korry...
...People are arrested merely on suspicion of "presumed links with sedition" and are held for months without being brought to court...
...the Right feared that by then, the UP would get 75 percent of the vote...
...It also involved a lower-level team of CIA operatives (including E. Howard Hunt, of Watergate and Bay of Pigs fame...
...State of siege declared...
...He arrived when the guerrillas were at their strongest in a 12 year struggle...
...According to AIFLD president, corporate executive J. Peter Grace, the AIFLD's objectives are to "pro- mote democratic free trade unions...
...The reforms, like Frei's election, were mainly funded through the U.S...
...4 Late in August, one of the leaders of the golpistas, Roberto Thieme, acting clandestine head of Patria y Libertad, was arrested...
...October strike ends with inclusion of three Teaders of armed forces in cabinet, including Carlos Prats...
...Chilean copper tribunal rules Chile is to discontinue compensation payments to Anaconda...
...They have not criticized the Christian Democratic congressmen who have refused to talk with the government (even though the latter has shown itself willing) unless the UP totally discards its program...
...aid and that such aid will be forthcoming -- unless there is strong pressure against it in the U.S...
...For an excellent account of the formation of the policy, see Mark Chadwin, "Foreign Policy Report, Nixon Administration Debates New Position Paper on Latin America," National Journal, January 15, 1972...
...all murals and wall paintings obliterated...
...More recently, the armed forces were used to crush protest movements in Santiago (1946...
...Following two years as political consular officer in Freetown, Antigua, he returned to college (8/65-5/66) and received an MA in Latin American Studies from the University of Texas...
...invasion...
...The middle class - small and medium landowners, small and medium entrepreneurs, clerks, professionals, white collar workers, and public employees - has shifted its allegiance between these two antagonistic classes in accord with how it perceived its short-range interests...
...Navy...
...part of these funds were earmarked for AIFLD training programs...
...I NACLA mourns the death of Frank Terrugi, a member of the group which wrote this article...
...VI, No...
...The "establishment" press, in fact, cultivates a sober, polished style which in itself conveys the impression of "responsibility...
...prospects of military intervention for the forseeable future are extremely small...
...company executives report they are studying possible investments...
...First, the very process by which the new regime must keep order is also a process which will isolate it progressively from all non-fascist forces in Chile (including some Christian Democrats...
...It is quite possible to have a State in which the military is non-political in the first sense...
...This refusal prompted Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield to urge a Senate investigation to determine whether the United States was involved in the overthrow of Allende, so that the allegations can be "laid to rest...
...Between 1950 and 1965 over 2,000 Chileans received training in the United States as part of this program, more than any other Latin American country with the exception of Brazil and Peru...
...The political nature of strike is revealed by sup- port it receives from associations of landowners and industrialists (SNA, SOFOFA), CDP, NP and Patria y Libertad...
...Second, the drop in copper prices occurred at the same time that the prices of Chilean imports, especially foodstuffs, went up...
...and from that moment on, the CIA and State Department decided that they could not "live with" Arbenz and worked to achieve his ouster...
...Stores closed, trucks and buses stopped running...
...4. Once Allende's election was confirmed, ITT officials (who, as it is now clear, were meeting frequently with Broe) continued to pressure the U.S...
...Nov...
...When the Chilean government sends spokesmen to the U.S...
...It is too early to be able to analyze and describe in detail the plotting and maneuvering that prepared the way for this coup...
...Statement from Barron's magazine, reprinted in El Mercurio, April 20, 1971...
...This "self-coup" was brought about at the insistence of the armed forces, who decided that the elected body had blocked their campaign against left wing subversion...
...people should know these facts: we should know the role of our government in the events which are currently developing in Chile...
...Pinochet is known to be a hard-liner and in 1971 he warned, "I hope the army will not have to come out, because if it does, it will be to kill...
...Washington Post (Jack Anderson), April 16, 1973...
...The picture changed fundamentally in 1970...
...Right wing bombs residence of former Socialist Min- ister of Finance and head of CORFO, Pedro Vuskovic...
...MASS MEDIA An important distortion which regularly appears in the U.S...
...Hinton preceded Davis to Chile as Director of AID in November, 1969...
...By the 1970 elections, Frei's Revolution in Liberty had been such a flop, that Christian Democratic spokesmen edged closer to socialism to hold onto their worker and peasant bases...
...This term is less than peasants regularly receive for stealing chickens...
...Vasile was then transferred to Vietnam where he worked with the pacification program...
...Even as we see the violence with which the Chilean Right is lashing out, we can also see the tremen- problems it faces in attempting to reverse a long process of social revolution in Chile...
...By now it is publicly acknowledged and proven beyond doubt that the CIA and other U.S...
...more expensive items like radios, tires, cameras and film...
...What has brought Chile to this point...
...continued its aid to the Chilean military, granting it a total of $45.5 million in aid from FY '71-FY '74...
...was faced with a difficult problem: how to overthrow a democratically elected government which had extensive popu- lar support...
...more are prevented from doing so after troops posted around embassies...
...companies before negotiations can continue...
...Kennecott attaches New York accounts of CORFO -Chilean State Development Corporation) and CODELCO (Chilean Copper Corporation...
...in the face of the expropriatory circumstances just described, we will presume that the U.S...
...and the CIA as an intelligence research analyst from 10/60 to 3/62...
...Time, September 24, 1973) 10...
...The piecemeal reforms which actually were carried out mainly benefitted the middle classes, increasing the gap between them and the working class...
...A former ambassador to Chile has privately estimated that the far-flying covert program in Frei's behalf cost about $20 million...
...Thus, we see many opportunities to act with a wide variety of constituencies, including labor, churches, community organizations and Congress...
...We can cite many examples of what this system of "class justice" has come to mean...
...And precisely to confront this combative presence of the people, who no longer question the men that the oligarchy puts in the government, but the oligarchy itself...
...Thayer reports from well-informed sources that the CIA has developed a master plan for overthrowing six South American governments with Bolivia first on the list...
...Orlando Saenz himself has expressed his preference for the "Brazilian model" of economic development, and would like to become the Roberto Campos of Chile...
...Donald H. Winters received degress in 1958 from Ohio State (BA) and in 1964 from San Carlos University in Guatemala (MA...
...These similarities in the U.S...
...Coup crushed...
...news media is that the UP government is determined to destroy freedom of the press in Chile...
...protests by writers, labor organizations, academics, community organizations, church leaders and members of Congress...
...Hoarding and illegal black market prices seriously threaten workers' consumptive power...
...And on the other hand, for this confrontation we did not correctly evaluate the people's tremendous capacity for struggle, and we had excessive confidence in our own forces...
...denies Chile Export-Import Bank credits...
...Gremialismo, best translated as free-trade unionism, was the banner under which massive opposition to the UP was mobilized...
...and that Henry Kissinger, and presumably Nixon, were informed of these negotiations...
...Realizing the odds against them, many leftists go underground to prepare long range resistance...
...Moreover, by maintaining military missions in the country, the U.S...
...ASYLUM DENIED Over 1,000 Chileans and foreigners take refuge in foreign embassies in Santiago...
...3) U.S...
...According to the New York Times (September 14), the Santiago Embassy received a report that the coup would take place on the llth...
...We are also learning a great deal about our own role and responsibilities as North Americans...
...military and right- ist) forces throughout Latin America the kind of support they could expect if they moved against a leftist gov- ernment...
...A minority sector believes that a military coup followed by a prolonged period of period of open military dictatorship is necessary if they are to regain full control of the State and protect their economic interests...
...But the Right offensive increased the militancy of the workers and convinced them of the necessity to strengthen their organizations...
...This amounted to about 10 percent of Chile's total defense budget in the same period...
...Immediately the extreme Right began pressing for military intervention to prevent Allende's inauguration...
...company made $744 million in excess profits on Chilean operations, and that since 1955 average rate of profit on investment of U.S...
...9) Various CIA agents acting in Chile are implicated in the activities of openly seditious groups...
...Jul...
...He also fought against the Portuguese, and later Brazil and Argentina who struggled for control of the country and have a long history of interfering in Uruguayan political life...
...There were still divisions within the military and the civilian Right about how to get rid of Allende...
...2. International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, which had investments of around $200 million in Chile, met with CIA and other Nixon Administration officials from mid 1970 through 1971 to convince them to intervene to (a) stop Allende from being elected, (b) convince the Congress to block his confirmation, and (c) once he was confirmed, to create economic chaos in Chile so that Allende would be overthrown...
...This last factor is important to understand...
...business interests...
...It included the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Radical Party, the Social Democratic Party, the Independent Popular Action Party, and the United Popular Action Movement (MAPU).4 Industrial workers' ad in Chilean magazine: "Workers of Elecmetal against the bosses' strike...
...For some time, Saenz has been a friend and admirer of Roberto Campos, economic "czar" of Brazil, and advisor to a military junta which now has close ties to the Pinochet junta in Chile...
...From this historical perspective, we can see that both U.S...
...neither can they be expected to act as a unified institution...
...The UP's attempt to advance towards socialism by legal means, to use the existing legal system to create new laws benefitting the working class, has run up against a solid wall of opposition...
...The largest amounts of aid were supplied prior to the elections of 1964 and 1970 to placate discontent in the military that might otherwise have been exploited by the strong Leftist parties...
...After language training he moved in 1959 to Bulgaria...
...Clandestine sources in Santiago announce formation of Council of National Resistance...
...ECONOMY Junta returns control of more than 350 factories taken over by UP government to previous owners...
...Instead of pouring into the streets to protest the right wing strike as the opposition had hoped, workers, students, community supporters and UP professionals retrenched in factories, set up a network for direct distribution of goods to the people, kept production going 24 hours a day, and organized defense groups along the industrial strips and in working class and poor neighborhoods...
...military aid on the continent...
...another large number of people were living slightly above what we would call the poverty level...
...Military Assitance Program (MAP) began in 1952, Chile quickly became one of the prime recipients of U.S...
...The AIFLD urges cooperation between labor and manage- ment and an end to class struggle...
...interests - such as the Dominican Republic and Guatemala...
...that it is economically and politically stifling the opposition's news media...
...Davis has a BA from Brown University (1944), and served as a lieutenant in the Navy (1943-46...
...He was assigned to Bogota as a political officer late in 1960 where he served for five more years...
...See box on The Military, below) Finally, the U.S...
...INITIAL RESISTANCE While defending the Presidential Palace, Allende, his aides and guards are killed after refusing to surrender...
...restructure wage patterns to produce equal pay for equal work...
...In fact, the Secretary of the National officer, Arnold M. Isaacs, one of the CIA Command for Gremio Defense, militant right people who had previously been in the U.S...
...In 7/66 he was transferred to Santiago, where he was listed as a political officer...
...By last year, only $35 million in short term credits were available from private banks as compared to about $220 million in past years...
...In addition to the traditional three branches of government, there is a fourth institutional power in Chile, the office of the "Controloria" or Comptroller, which oversees the financing of all government projects...
...One of the most spectacular cases of "class justice" was that of Roberto Viaux, tried and found guilty of planning the kidnap operation which took the life of General Rene Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, just before Allende took office...
...government statements and recep- tive to more critical explanations of U.S...
...General Pinochet, the head of the military junta, served as military attache to the Chilean embassy in Washington D.C...
...some consumer items like yarn, textiles and medicines...
...The intensification of the class struggle which split the PDC has, over the course of the past few years, divided the entire country into two camps...
...Or against the Christian Democratic youth groups who burned Socialist and Communist party headquarters...
...Dec...
...Forces of left within and outside UP call for People's Assembly, to coordinate and give direction to "Consejos Comunales," neighborhood boards, throughout country...
...He then went to Amman (9/56-6/60) as a political officer...
...See page 32 for footnotes.13 -- ,i'.u 'in's a 1 m. FEEh..dm t' 'I...
...DISCIPLINA CIUDADANA -LAS ACCIONES QUE REALIZAN LAS FF...
...6. On April 15, 1972, shortly after 15 Tupamaro prisoners escaped from prison, and a day after they assassinated four leaders of the Death Squads, the government of Juan Maria Bordaberry declared a state of internal war against the Tupamaros and turned the command of this operation over to the military...
...ambassador at the time, considered Shlaudeman to be a "student of Marxism-Leninism," and depended on him for contacts with the Dominican left...
...Davis was previously ambassador to Guatemala during the period when U.S...
...and the CIA in 7/53 as an intelligence research analyst...
...One year after Allende's election, he joined the U.S...
...Embassy, foresaw violence...
...Liberal faction of CDP (led by Tomic) seeks compro- mise with government...
...He then served as an economic officer in Caracas for one year before shifting to Santiago for five years in the same capacity...
...support to the Christian Democrat regime...
...On an institutional level, the conflict is primarily the product of the 1970 elections which gave control of the executive branch of the government to the representatives of the working class, peasantry, and poor, while the legislative and judicial branches remained in the hands of the old ruling class...
...The government's economic program called for (1) nationalization of the U.S.-dominated mining industry, (2) socialization of key sectors of the economy such as the banks and strategic industries, (3) expropriation of large land-holdings, (4) redistribution of income in favor of the working class and the poor in general, (5) lowering of the unemployment rate, (6) reactivation of the economy after the severe recession during the final years of the Frei regime, and (7) the redirection of production toward the needs of the masses rather than the upper classes...
...From 1963-67 he was Director of Atlantic PoliticalEconomic Affairs and received a superior honor award...
...and by Chilean conservatives, the Christian Democratic Party promised the electorate a "Revolution in Liberty...
...Officials and bankers have admitted that under ordinary conditions, the renegotiation would be automatic...
...In fact, last Spring the United States offered to give credit to Chile and four other Latin American countries to purchase F-5E Freedom Fighter jets...
...in addition, tourists from Brazil are flocking across the border these days, and some Brazilians have predicted that Uruguay is on the way to becoming nothing less than a client state of Brazil...
...Jack Anderson reveals ITT memos implicating ITT in the assassination of Gen...
...In Chile, Saenz met daily with gremio leaders and communicated secretly with Benjamin Matte, one of the executive heads of the national (right wing) organization, Fatherland and Liberty (Patria y Libertad...
...Dec...
...what was to prevent Chile from becoming a focus and example for revolutionary action all over Latin America...
...After the Allende government in Chile announced that there would be no compensation to nationalized U.S...
...the working class and the people, with their mobilizations, with the occupations of the work centers, have given an historic response...
...diplomats arqued that it was important to give this aid to Guatemala, to show pro-U.S...
...But, the victory of the UP also aggravated the struggle for leadership among the different factions of the ruling class...
...The bourgeoisie called in troops to put down the 1907 Iquique strike...
...During 1972 and 1973, however, loans from the socialist countries have partially alleviated this problem...
...Shortly before this, 68% of the nation's workers were earning less than what was officially defined as a subsistence wage...
...Fatherland and Liberty" organization blows up electric pylons in Santiago disrupting nationwide television broadcast by Allende...
...Senate, by the Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, June 21, 1973, U.S...
...In 3/64 Wheelock returned to Washington as an intelligence research specialist in the State Dept...
...Constitution abrogated...
...Sometime after 6/73 he returned to Washington to become the Chile desk officer at the State Dept., and was in that key position when the coup took place...
...The vast majority of these debts were contracted long before Allende took office...
...All to be brought about in "Liberty" - that is, without class struggle...
...In Chile too, there were close ties (see box, "U.S...
...For a discussion of this, see "Foro Sobre Poder Popular," Chile Hoy (Santiago), August 3-9, 1973...
...Following a few months in Bolivia, he was trained in labor relations and served in that capacity in Guatemala (8/65-9/68...
...copper companies, the U.S...
...For us this is a time of exposing U.S...
...Actually, this was somewhat of a victory for the government, at that...
...It will be implemented in Oct...
...According to Broe's and Gerrity's testimony, Broe proposed a plan to accelerate economic chaos as a means of putting pressure on Christian Democratic Congressmen to vote against Allende in the upcoming Congressional confirmation vote...
...FROM HERE ONWARD The people face a difficult challenge: either to take the road of revolutionary arms in order to construct and defend the homeland of Artigas, of the exploited, or to convert it into a huge estate at the service of the Brazilian "gorillas...
...L cha Professional unions (Confederaci6n Unica de Profes- ionales -- CUPROCH) join truckers' strike, call for Allende's resignation and military intervention...
...Since they cannot learn the full story from the U.S...
...Jul...
...aid program in Chile, see "Facing the Blockade," op...
...In both cases, understanding the importance of air power, the U.S...
...banks, corporations, the press and government agencies such as the CIA have sided with the Chilean upper class...
...Even during the heaviest attacks by the military, thousands resisted, and reports indicate that a long-term resistance is developing...
...Time correspondent Rudolph Rauch also reported having recently visited a group of strikers near Santiago who were enjoying a "lavish communal meal of steak, vegetables, wine and empanadas...
...Without the participation and the direction of the working class, revolution is impossible...
...A majority of high ranking officers believe that some form of open political intervention is necessary, but want to do it in such a way as to preserve their institutional interests and avoid a prolonged period of outright military dictatorship and civil war...
...In February the military issued a program for the solution of Uruguay's economic problems, stating that "the armed forces would oversee the running of the country in close contact with the executive...
...The credit blockade and the Right's economic sabotage, contributed to an economic situation which prevented the UP from marshalling the support that it needed to carry through its Program.138 At the same time, the U.S...
...When the Unidad Popular took office in 1970, the class struggle obviously intensified, and this struggle continues to remain the dominant theme underlying present crises in all areas of Chilean life...
...Hinton's next job, supposedly as Director of the U.S...
...In the Chilean case, CIA operatives with past experience in "special operations" converged on Chile to work toward Allende's overthrow...
...FOOTNOTES - "GREEN LIGHT FOR THE GENERALS" i. "ITT Memos," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, April, 1972...
...For this reason, they didn't hesitate in implanting the Dictatorship: applying prison, torture and murder, transforming the country into a huge concentration camp...
...Berkeley (1950...
...Now, however, with the executive branch of the government in the hands of an administration which represents the working class and the legislative and judicial branches still controlled by the old ruling class, the matter of determining just what is "constitutional" gets increasingly difficult...
...As already pointed out, their efforts failed and the strike at El Teniente slowly petered out...
...ships (3 ships and a submarine) were participating in the same maneuvers during the October 1972 "strike," which was the first well coordinated attempt to overthrow the Allende government...
...In the pages that follow, NACLA lays out some of the evidence for direct U.S...
...This "revolution" contained many measures traditionally promised by socialism: redistribution of the national income, massive social welfare programs, agrarian reform, bank;-a and tax reform, an end to unemployment and i_.lation, an attack on monopolies, increased economic independence...
...but it also shows us the desperation of the Latin Amer- ican Right and the U.S...
...In the subcommittee hearings, William V. Broe of the CIA testified that he saw the cable from Hendrix at the time it came and "that the report was accurate and the recommendations it contained were good...
...schools in the Panama Canal Zone...
...By 1970, torture was being routinely applied, which led to a public outcry in the Uruguayan Congress and around the world...
...THE INSTITUTIONAL CONFLICT Why is there such confusion and instability...
...THE WORKERS "Much of the labor force is striking against the government for higher pay...
...Jun...
...Junta announces intention to replace all university rectors with military appointees by Oct...
...private bankers and suppliers that Chile would be provided the dollars necessary to pay off their credit lines...
...press is that the economic chaos and political instability created by the UP have broken down existing structures to a point that only drastic action by "democratic" forces can restore the peace and well-being which supposedly characterized pre-UP Chile...
...At the center, maneuvering between the two forces was the head of the Armed Forces, General Carlos Prats, then in Allende's cabinet, who worked to slow down the UP Program and stabilize the political situation...
...Low ranking officers refuse substitution...
...In the first minutes of the recent coup, Radio Agricultura, owned by the national association of large landowners (SNA), proclaimed the coup to be, "without doubt a definitive move to bring about the changes which the majority in this country has been waiting for...
...There were no other major strikes involving large numbers of workers at that time...
...Air Force Mission in Santiago over the last 20 years...
...Recognizing that the policies of the Allende government were generating middle class discontent, the U.S...
...They were opposed and finally denounced by the lowranking officials and the soldiers...
...and Chilean dailies such as El Mercurio...
...One is the creation of a worker-controlled industry through peaceful, legal means - a prime objective of the UP program...
...The gist of these is that either the UP renounce its basic program of transition to socialism or "accept the responsibility for any violence which might occur...
...Large opposition "March of the Democracy" calling Tor action and not words against Allende Government...
...For a full discussion of the Council and the development of the hardline policy toward Chile, see the NACLA Report, January 1973, reprinted in NEW CHILE...
...6 The strategy of the Right could not have succeeded without the U.S...
...Contacts between ITT and the CIA previous to this were initiated by ITT...
...This road was blocked by the upper class, using its congress, its courts, its economic power and, most recently, cooperative sectors of the armed forces...
...As Sergio Onofre Jarpa, President of the National Party, said at the time, "the struggle now is not in the ballot box, but in the streets...
...citizens, we will presume that the U.S...
...Davis suggested that before ITT is likely to get its military coup, public opposition to Allende would have to become "so overwhelming, and discontent so great, that military intervention is overwhelmingly invited...
...During the Senate hearings on foreign assistance, Senator Inouye (D-Hawaii) also question- ed the logic of granting military credits to a country which had expropriated U.S...
...4. Latin America (London), August 31, 1973...
...The possibility of a cutback in these military credits due to the UP's "intransigence" on the issue of compensation, must have worried the Chilean military...
...Mary's College of California (1950) and MA at U.C...
...3. This information, as well as the analysis of the strategy of the Chilean Right, comes from several sources: back issues of Chile Hoy...
...They moved continually throughout the country, met with "exiles" in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil, and traveled repeatedly and openly to the United States...
...The "invisible blackade" fit perfectly with rightist strategy in Chile...
...1972...
...One piece of evidence is that during the October strike, the price of the dollar on the black market dropped for the first time in months, indicating an influx of dollars into the country...
...However, the legally stamped documents that rush from one house of Congress to another, from the courts of Justice to the Presidential Palace and from there back to the Congress are not writing Chile's history...
...The coups, directed and financed with $14 million by the CIA, would be planned by an international "brain trust" which included four former presidents from the target countries, prominent Catholic Church leaders and conservative military officers...
...copper companies...
...to break the backbone of the latifundio system and to eliminate the oppression of the people by the oligarchy...
...and increase the participation and control of the mass organizations in the economy...
...Copper miners, it should be noted, already receive at least 4 times the average industrial wage...
...government policy-makers towards Allende...
...In the 1970 presidential elections, key political parties to the right of the UP (the Christian Democrat and National Parties) ran separate slates, reflecting the antagonisms between them, caused partly by the Christian Democrats' reforms of the late 60's...
...Keith Wheelock, for example, a CIA agent who "officially" held a post at the U.S...
...2 The Confederation of Production and Commerce is the major organization of business and industrial interests in Chile...
...John B. Tipton joined the State Dept...
...On September 20, a House subcommittee questioned Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, Jack Kubisch, about U.S...
...They also used their media to create shortages of goods by instigating panic buying...
...In 1951, in the strike of the "united guilds" they showed their true repressive face...
...Jack Anderson has reported that over 1,500 CIA personnel are being carried on State Department rolls...
...How many have confronted death boldly, without hesitation, like true revolutionaries...
...This is not a mere legal tangle, however...
...As polarization increased, portions of the Left placed greater and greater emphasis on the strengthening of the Cordones and Comandos as the most effective means of pushing back the right wing offensive...
...When Moises Huentelaf, a peasant leader, was killed by a landowner during a land takeover in the south of Chile, his murderer was allowed to go free...
...in 1/71, two months after Allende's inauguration...
...Decision follows government attempt to nationalize the Banco de Chile controlled by CDP members...
...Clearly, that advice was taken seriously...
...Rather, the crisis arose when Allende began to dismantle the structures of the capitalist economy, and the Congress and other institutional opposition20 forces prevented him from putting anything in their place...
...THE UNITED STATES AND CHILE The Senate hearings on ITT's activities in Chile showed that U.S...
...As result of another UP conference (in Lo Curro), conversations begin with Christian Democrats to negotiate constitutional reforms, though left is internally at odds on course to take in revolutionary process...
...3 THE OCTOBER "STRIKE" In October 1972, truck owners, shopkeepers, and professionals went on "strike" in the first mass action of the anti-Allende forces...
...A discriminatory wage increase in their favor would only raise this ratio higher...
...24, 1973, the other members of the Chilean junta, Gustavo Leigh of the Air Force, Admiral Toribo Merino of the Navy and General Cesar Mendoza Frank of the Carabineros, have all spent some time in the United States...
...Anaconda embargoes other Chilean assets in New York...
...From its socialist-sounding 1970 campaign platform, it shifted to support the National Party candidates in various local elections, to full alliance with the PN in the March, 1973 congressional elections, to its current position of threatening the government with a military take-over...
...Allende attempts to replace head of Air Force...
...The "Cordones" are based on the industrial workers who are concentrated in various "bands" of large factories that surround Chile's major cities...
...Workers refuse to vacate factories they took over after June coup attempt...
...companies operating the mines before 1971 were able to offer the miners higher wages and benefits and still maintain what they later admitted to be an average rate of profit over 50% a year...
...Through these actions, we can show concretely our support for the resistance in Chile...
...7) The United States tried to pressure European creditors ("The Paris Club") into forcing Chile to immediately pay its foreign debts...
...Gerrity, vice president of *It is interesting to note that Mendoza later became an intermediary point through which the Right brought guns and ammunition into Chile...
...Since that time he has become well known for his efforts to penetrate the North American left community there...
...Under that system Chile, a nation blessed with vast reserves of natural wealth, has been unable to provide the majority of its people with the basic necessities of life...
...Also, one now frequently sees smiles of approval on the faces of many soldiers when the Left chants, "Friend, soldier, the people are with you...
...government intervention in 1964 was blatant and almost obscene" said one strategically placed intelligence officer...
...The workers, now convinced of the imminence of civil war, began to organize to defend themselves in their factories...
...Caamano...
...wing coordinating committee for the two Embassy in Santiago...
...It is also the site of a U.S...
...10) U.S...
...4. Over the last few years, more than 4,000 political prisoners have been arrested, ranging from members of Congress to Tupamaros and their sympathizers...
...Just as there are two dominant tactical positions in the Chilean Right, reflected in the positions of the National and Christian Democratic Parties, there are also two anti-UP trends within the military hierarchy...
...The next elections were not until 1976...
...In both cases, this discontent was nourished by a well- orchestrated scare campaign, capitalizing on middle class anti-communism and playing on such themes as Marxist mismanagement of the economy and the use of the country as a base for International Communism and foreign ex- tremists...
...They spoke carefully of a "non-capitalist" way to development and even of " communitarian socialism...
...THE ARMED FORCES "Under the watchful eye of the traditionally non- political armed forces, Chile's democratic system has survived . .. " New York Times, editorial, April 3, 1973...
...In 1968 and 1969, it was the armed forces who jailed thousands of workers, beat the UTE and ANCAP workers in the CIM (military intelligence and interrogation center), confined thousands of workers to the Isla de Flores and in the barracks of the interior, invented the "paseos" and the "plantones en la Rambla" (forms of torture...
...2 misery is the order of the day...
...Role The strategy of the Right depended on U.S...
...9-11...
...Hundreds of Bolivians deported to Bolivia and an unknown fate...
...There are 12,750 workers at the various mines and foundaries of the Teniente complex...
...duties in Monterrey, Mexico as a political officer (3/62-3/65...
...Sep...
...Massive cleanup carried out to conceal signs of massacre...
...Canales from Army forces postponement of right wing offensive scheduled for September...
...investment in the country...
...2. Comandos Comunales: The Cordones initiated a mobilization which led to the creation of broaded-based neighborhood Comandos made up of all mass organizations in the community: industrial unions, health boards, neighborhood committees, distribution and price control groups, mothers' centers, student groups and farm-worker boards in suburban and rural areas...
...CULTURE, UNIVERSITY, PRESS Effort to wipe out all traces of left culture: public burning of books, posters, newspapers...
...As the article, " Collision Course- Chile Before the Coup," below, explains, the right opposition also worked on other fronts to delegitimize the UP, preparing the ground for a coup...
...will not extend new bilateral economic benefits to the expropriating country...
...1972 to enroll in the advanced course in labor AIFLD AT WORK The American Institute for Free Labor Development's back door support of the right- wing opposition against Allende is in fact part of its "labor" policy in Latin America...
...Viaux first received a 20-year sentence, but this was later reduced to 2 years by a higher court...
...Known as "Plan Septiembre," plot was the final stage of plans set in motion March 1972...
...Shortly before his party's term was up, one Christian Democratic congressman summarized its failure in the following words: "We have a historic responsibility and we have done very little for that 85% of the population which voted for a revolution, while we are making continual concessions to an18 oligarchy and a bureaucratic minority of 15...
...Despite other, more subtle levels of attack, in the end the U.S...
...aid had helped finance Chile's imports and had guaranteed to U.S...
...Salvador Allende, similar to Fidel Castro, is conducting his country rapidly to bankruptcy and ruin...
...The 21 peasants involved in the takeover with Huentelaf, on the other hand, were kept in jail for six months...
...interest without making reasonable provision for such compensation to U.S...
...plays a decisive role) were quickly cut off to Chile...
...but his primary allegiance was to the Chilean upper class...
...William C. Doherty of the AIFLD told a Senate subcommittee in 1968: "As a matter of fact some of them (graduates of the AIFLD school from Brazil) were so active that they became intimately involved in some of the clandestine operations of the revolution before it took place on April 1. What happened in Brazil on April 1 (1964) did not just happen - it was planned - and planned months in advance...
...I wouldn't want to give a misleading impression abroad" with an answer in public, he said...
...See the biographies of these men below...
...What little remains of the country's wealth has traditionally been concentrated in the hands of a privileged few...
...Among corporate supporters are ITT, Kennecott Copper Company, Chase Manhattan Bank, United Fruit Company, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Pan American World Airlines, First National City Bank, and W.R...
...built up particularly close ties between the head of the local air force and the U.S...
...At the same time, the more conservative sectors of the CDP and the National Party (NP), defeated in the ballot box, began to plan a counterattack against Allende...
...During 1962 he was acting Peace Corps Director in Chile...
...sources for the truck owners...
...private banks also curtailed loans...
...International Telephone and Telegraph and Chile, 1970-1971, Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S...
...One justice minister, 2 labor ministers, 2 economy ministers, 3 interior ministers (responsible for domestic security and police), and 1 minister of mines have all been removed from their posts by the Congress on politically motivated and highly questionable charges...
...In some missions their numbers constitute only 25 percent of the entire staff...
...His intelligence and counterinsurgency background served him well for this role...
...ITT also approached the CIA, beginning in mid 1970...
...As many as 500 workers are killed at Sumar textile plant and at Technical University at least 200 students die under fierce aerial bombing and shooting...
...Progovernment groups and parties publish only 5 Santiago dailies with a circulation of 312,000...
...In its 1964 presidential campaign, heavily financed by the U.S...
...Traitors have always appeared when the people rise up to fight for their destiny...
...Entire leadership of left is either dead, in embassies, in detention or underground...
...Or the leaders of the National Party, who have threatened Chileans with a civil war unless its demands are unconditionally met...
...Needless to say, a charge of that kind more resembles blackmail than a responsible action by the largest congressional party...
...Davis next became First Secretary of the Caracas embassy (1960-62), and then joined the Peace Corps (1962-65), rising to the position of Deputy Associate Director...
...The UP Program did not actually threaten the interests of most of these people, but a chaotic economic situation did...
...In Chile, the same word is used to refer to a trade union of workers or a trade association of owners...
...Junta issues list of 12,000 aliens sought for questioning...
...A headline stating that "Opposition Parties Claim Allende is Curbing Press Freedom" misinforms millions of newspaper readers around the world...
...Mission to the European Communities, he attended the National War College, 196162...
...Brazil...
...He joined the State Dept...
...Winters has been serving as a political officer in Santiago since 5/69.16 Collision Course: CHILE BEFORE THE COUP The following article was sent to us in July 1973 by members of FIN, the Fuente de Informacion Norteamericana, a research and publishing group of North Americans in Santiago...
...The plotters hoped to blame the kidnapping on the Left, providing grounds for military intervention before Congress could confirm Allende as president...
...Neruda died in Santiago on September 21st, 1973...
...This "pastel de choclo" plot involves weakening the economy through various forms of sabotage, mobilizing a mass base in opposition to the government, culminating in a national lockout in September, paralyzing the country and hopefully bringing on a military intervention...
...involvement in the coup and of learning about the struggle for socialism and human dignity in Latin America...
...On August 22, the Congress passed a resolution declaring that the conduct of the government was "illigitimate," and urged the four military ministers in the cabinet to insist on a fundamental change of course...
...Translation: CITIZEN DISCIPLINE -- The actions being carried out by the Armed Forces and the Carabineros are only for the good of Chile and Chileans and because of this they depend on citizen support...
...government, the CIA took the initiative in contacting ITT...
...As such, it became a kind of model for U.S...
...Unemployment spreads, inflation devours the salaries...
...THE ECONOMY "Dr...
...Country closed to outside world for a week...
...1973 Jan...
...Air force units raid a state farm in Southern Cautin province, a major focus of agrarian reform program...
...Two right wing vigilante groups are organized in wealthy areas of Santiago: Protecci6n Comunal and Soberania, Orden y Libertad...
...Resolution of Chile's economic problems depends, to a large extent, on the prior resolution of the question of political power...
...BEHIND THE SCENES At the same time, the United States government directly aided the Right Wing forces conspiring in Chile...
...Without this aid, the Castillo Armas government could not have survived...
...This figure is double the corresponding total for the previous 4 years...
...As a June 25 New York Times editorial said: "'Civil war must be avoided,' declares President Salvador Allende...
...Furthermore, the owners were aided in their dealings with the miners by the historic division that has existed within the Chilean working class: that between "obreros" and "empleados," a division roughly corresponding to the blue-collar/white-collar distinction...
...As in other countries throughout the world, the Chilean police have emerged as a strong paramilitary force engaging in counterinsurgency activities for the new regime...
...Both parties joined the UP coalition...
...New York Times, September 14, 1973...
...They are creating hatred between workers, and this has never existed before...
...Loans (both bilateral and from multinational organizations in which the U.S...
...There are two important issues at stake...
...James E. Anderson joined the Air Force at 19 and served overseas (1953-57) with the Air Force Intelligence Service...
...copper companies, especially Kennecott, have attempted to block Chilean shipments of copper to Europe, thus cutting off a vital source of foreign exchange to the country...
...Air Force has a particularly close relationship with their Chilean counterparts, built up by the U.S...
...Air Force mission...
...corporations and government officials worked to defeat the Unidad Popular in 1970 and tried to prevent Allende from taking office after he won the presidency...
...This high level has been maintained throughout the last three years which, including projected grants for 1974, total $45.5 million...
...These shortages were exacerbated by the Right Wing's sabotage of the economy (see "Collision Course - Chile Before the Coup" below...
...Agricultural production probably will decline in 1973 because the October owners' strike prevented seed and fertilizer distribution, and bad weather conditions damaged the crops...
...funds were also used in the 1964 and 1970 election campaigns - both times against Allende...
...The answer would be "no...
...visit): Perhaps what is significant now is growing conviction in opposition parties, private sector and others that opposition is possible...Even more important is increasing realization that opposition is necessary...
...1, 1971...
...1 2 Without the aid, and without private credit, the UP had less dollars with which to pay for imports, thus cutting into the middle class's power to consume...
...For it is clear that this massive brutality is their only response to the mass politicization and mobilization that occurred during the past three years...
...Already now, in the first weeks after the Chilean coup, there are indications that the junta is expecting massive U.S...
...Schneider in October 1970...
...Nevertheless, it is necessary to publicize now the available evidence for U.S...
...ambassador to Guatemala...
...But the Times has not written editorials against the Congressional opposition which has blocked every government proposal designed to help the workers...
...it is impossible to find a State where the military is non-political in the second sense...
...In particular, we must wage a long-range campaign against military and economic aid from the U.S...
...Workers occupied factories, students took over the schools, and the port and only oil refinery were shut down...
...Long live the example of the fallen fighters in the memory of the militant people...
...Freda Kirchwey in The Nation, July 10, 1954 This prophetic warning was written a few days after the June, 1954 ouster of the left-leaning government of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala...
...Only with a strong anti-aid lobby can we deny the Chilean government the foreign assistance it will need to survive...
...to "explain" the coup to the American people, for example, we will have many opportunities to present the other side of the picture...
...His first foreign experience was in Phnom Penh (10/54-8/56) following the French defeat in Indo-China...
...The government, opposed to increasing the wage differential between workers, obviously could not accept this measure...
...10027...
...These speculators purchase everything from cigarettes to houses and sell them a few months later for two or three times their purchase price...
...and U.S.-dominated "international" agencies, making clear that these are but the support structures for private corpor- ations...
...Once having decided that the leftist government was intolerable in Chile, as in Guatemala, the U.S...
...invasion and three were active in the brutal pacification operation against the liberation movement in Guatemala (1966-69...
...The agricultural and cattle-raising production is at a stand-still, industry is paralyzed for lack of raw materials...
...Arturo Araya, Allende's aide-de-camp...
...Thus, quick and decisive action was necessary to get rid of Allende...
...But last month, when Bordaberry's regime was threatened by a massive general strike, Brazil sent 300 truckloads of supplies and gave a $30 million emergency loan to the Montevideo government...
...The tele- Development (see box, below), which has been gram tipping off the U.S...
...to July 1971: UP moves to complete much of its announced program, nationalizing major copper, coal, nitrate and iron-ore mines, incorporating many industries into social sector of economy, and accelerating agrarian reform...
...if the wages of the workers aare raised, the salaries of the wealthy should be increased proportionally...
...For more on this see Senate Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations concerning Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriations, FY 1974, and Hearings before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs on the Mutual Development and Cooperation Act of 1973.10 soon after the meeting indicate that the committee decided the CIA should act to prevent Allende's election: -On September 16th, shortly after the "Forty Committee" meeting, its chairman, Henry Kissinger, told a group of newspaper editors in Chicago that an Allende presidency would create massive problems for the United States and for "democratic forces" in the hemisphere...
...Together with Leon Vilarin, the truck owners' leader, and members of the National Party, he had several meetings designed to coordinate the sabotage attacks of Patria y Libertad with the activities of the strikers...
...Given the conditions in Chile, an accurate picture of what happened will be months in emerging...
...Washington Post, January 29, 1971...
...Unlike most Chilean workers, they were able to win significant economic battles before the UP government took office...
...It was apparently for- participate in training programs in the United warded to the State Department's Chile desk States...
...Any project which is financed by increased taxes on the upper classes, e.g...
...In the same cable Hendrix said, "We will be advised what help we can contribute as present activites develop between now and early October...
...Aug...
...It was written just after the attempted coup of June 29...
...So, the Congressional opposition removed them from office...
...will use aid in attempting to keep the rightist government in power...
...2) The Christian Science Monitor (June 25) reported that "much of the labor force" was out on strike against the government...
...Aug...
...Nixon, Frei, and Pinochet to this day to this bitter month of September of the year 1973 with Bordaberry, Garrastazu, and Banzer you are the hungry hyenas of our history the rats who, wallowing in their haciendas, gnaw at the flags conquered with so much blood and fire...
...Davis was transferred to Chile shortly after Allende was elected to office and brought a large "political" staff with him from Guatemala...
...policy-makers and corporate executives have adapted their tactics to the changing situation in Latin America and have become more sophisticated...
...Therefore, they remove his Cabinet ministers instead - which only takes a simple majority...
...The U.S...
...Shortly after the unsuccessful coup of June 29, a group of high-ranking officers in the southern city of Valdivia began preparations for a new coup to overthrow Allende...
...And while allowing millions of Chileans to live under such conditions, this system permitted foreigners to drain off vast quantities of the nation's natural wealth...
...In relying on large middle class demonstrations as an opposition force, the U.S...
...Hinton was still Director when Nathaniel Davis, the present Ambassador to Chile, arrived as Ambassador to Guatemala and turned the tide against the guerrillas following a massive terror campaign...
...In Congress, deputies blocked legislation...
...Literally translated, gremio means guild or trade union...
...The recent Congress of the UP made a series of recommendations: broaden government control of the economy by bringing the rest of the major production and distribution firms into the social area...
...18 killed), El Salvador (1966...
...The brutality of the Chilean coup shocks us...
...The U.S...
...We can expect much of this aid to come indirectly through U.S.-controlled "international" agencies and through Brazil, which has assumed the role of policing Latin America to protect U.S...
...When the peasants peacefully opposed this, the ex-landowners shot and killed four of them...
...A view prevalent in the U.S...
...11...
...UP-CDP talks, aimed at defining extent of social sector of economy, break down...
...l In fact, the AIFLD has been linked directly with the 1964 military coup against Brazilian President Joao Goulart...
...credit blackade: Kennecott and Anaconda attached Chilean assets in New York...
...Allende vetoes a congressional bill to finance wage increases from state sector rather than from profits of industrialists...
...10025, or Box 226, Berkeley, Cal...
...Prats, head of Armed Forces and Minister of Interior (on a trip to U.S...
...Many of the trade union leaders - some of whom were actually trained in our institute - were involved in the revolution, and in the overthrow of the Goulart regime...
...Betrayals also played an important part...
...Their evaluation of past mistakes and of recent events in Uruguay, and their understanding of Brazil's role in relation to the country, indicate that the organization continues to operate as a force within the society...
...in municipal elections, the UP won 51 percent of the vote...
...Strike is preceded by a large influx of dollars...
...A good deal of the part controlled by the private sector goes directly to the black market where prices are so high that the majority of the Chilean population cannot afford to buy through this channel...
...Against the few who have turned their backs on the people and the revolution, many have just opened their mouths to throw their hatred and rebellion in the faces of the executioners...
...Under Davis' direction they carried out a similar program in Guatemala that by 1971 had left 20,000 people dead...
...Arnold M. Isaacs worked for the CIA as an intelligence research specialist in 1959, one year after he joined the State Dept...
...international communications cut...
...This is the faction that acted June 29th and is supported by the fascist "Fatherland and Liberty" movement and the reactionary National Party...
...The rebel regiment fired on the "Moneda" for three hours before surrendering to Army Commander-in-Chief, General Carlos Prats...
...attempts to reverse the process of social revolution in Latin America...
...Sep...
...He was transferred to the position of second in command (Deputy Chief of Mission) in Santiago in 6/69...
...The UP, Meanwhile, was desperately trying to avoid civil war and was thus involved in a long series of negotiations with the Christian Democrats...
...President Nixon, "Policy Statement, Economic Assistance and Investment Security in Developing Nations," Press Release, January 19, 1972...
...5) U.S...
...AIFLD men also helped drive communists from control of British Guiana...
...Later (October 1, 1971), ITT vice president William R. Merriam, wrote to Peterson, proposing an "economic squeeze" on Chile, and proposed that the "CIA assist in this process...
...We are sad- dened by the brutality of the coup, heartened by the resistance, and more committed than ever to continue our work...
...l The plots of 1970 failed...
...But when the interests which it represents are under serious attack, as is now the case in Chile, this stylistic veneer of "objectivity" dissolves, and the press reveals itself for what it basically is - an immensely important political weapon...
...We would like to thank the following people who helped prepare this issue: Richard Feinberg, Stephanie Graham, Eric Leenson, Ruth Needleman, and Anna Marie Taylor...
...What government is doing goes beyond transactionalism...
...LEFT OUTLAWED & POLITICS SUSPENDED Marxist parties outlawed...
...Since that time, the real power has remained with the armed forces...
...During the owners' strike of last October, for example, two new forms of popular power sprang up: the "Cordones Industriales" and the Communal Councils...
...In addition, Congress has refused to appropriate any funds for the UP's redistributive wage adjustment program and reduced Allende's budget by 33...
...The following few months saw the arrest of hundreds of suspected Tupamaros and their sympathizers, including the founder of the organization, Raul Sendic, and the discovery of underground hospitals, communications centers, arms caches and the people's prisons...
...To override him, Allende must obtain an "insistence decree," signed by all government ministers...
...adopted the hard line policy tow- ard Chile and began to move against Allende on all levels...
...it will be the result of the protracted struggle of the organized people,31 which does not allow any concessions...
...Anderson began his State Dept...
...New York Times, March 20...
...Chile received the highest per-capita amount of military aid in Latin America between 1953 and 1966...
...Air Force placed on alert...
...3) Most papers reported wide backing for the strikers, implying that few people actually supported the government position...
...On the one hand, the nation's peasants, miners, factory workers, manual laborers of all kinds, the many sub- and unemployed, the vast majority of the population commonly referred to as the working class, has demanded a larger share of the nation's social wealth...
...Junta announces it will reopen negotiations on compensation for expropriated U.S...
...Any minister who acts against the will of the Congressional majority - rather than against the Constitution - is likely to lose his post...
...The most important advances have been in the creation of the seeds of popular power: worker control in over 300 socialized factories, peasant control of farms encompassing some 40% of farmable lands and neighborhood control of food distribution in working class districts...
...However, the publicity given to the "freedom of the press" issue serves an important purpose...
...Kennecott claims they have not received "just compensation" for their nationalized mines in Chile, even though since 1955 their average rate of profit on invested capital was 52.8...
...First, they actively intervened on behalf of the ruling class in the inter-class struggle by repressing many protest movements of the working class and poor...
...Furthermore, the orientation and composition of the Chilean armed forces has been heavily influenced by the United States...
...According to subsequent statements by Right leaders, the plan was to paralyze the country, provoke confrontations with popular forces, and once these began, to call on the military to intervene...
...THE CREDIT BLOCKADE The United States' strategy towards Chile had been clear since the 1964 elections, when, according to a former ambassador to Chile, the U.S...
...the rich have multiplied their wealth, while the people have multiplied their poverty...
...A White House spokesman11 said no effort was made to contact the Allende 8. The American Institute for Free Labor government or discourage the coup...
...See also, "Facing the Blockade," NACLA's Latin America and Empire Report, January, 1972 (reprinted in NEW CHILE, op...
...Our guess is that the Times never bothered to ask a Chilean worker whether he or she "respects" El Mercurio...
...From such a legal basis, the opposition could proceed as it wants: dismantling the "social area" and shortening the President's term or impeaching him...
...Orlando Saenz was looked upon by most leaders of the gremio movement as the key strategist...
...It was written during a year when Chile's GNP increased by 8.5 percent (compared to an average increase of 4.4 percent during the decade of the '60s...
...And this is the task of all the people together...
...The Palace and presidential residence are destroyed...
...If at first the ruling class was too shocked by its electoral defeat to prevent this, it soon re-organized and fought back with all the arms at its command...
...And, if the level of insult is astonishing in the press, radios are far worse...
...In fact, the support which the strikers did receive was so uncharacteristic that it clearly belied the opposition's position that this was an economic, not a political, strike...
...He next worked as a political analyst for the Air Force Intelligence Service (1952-53...
...3) Finally, the Congress has fought against the workers and the poor by blocking government projects designed to control the unstable economic situation that the opposition has helped to create...
...The heroic strike 3 launched against the Dictatorship shows this...
...During these periods the workers demonstrate an ability to learn and to organize themselves that often surpasses that of the UP government...
...Subcommittee hearings, pp...
...The shortage of foreign exchange stems from three economic trends...
...Before the demonstration CP withdraws its support of the move, revealing a split in political direction of left...
...8 killed, and 1957...
...Socialist Party come out against bill, and workers demonstrate condemning it as a step backwards in revolutionary process...
...Released prisoners report mass executions in the stadium...
...Together, the Christian Democrat's near-socialist and the UP's frankly socialist programs received 64% of the vote...
...In the past the Congress had always confirmed the candi- date with the most votes...
...The message gave him maximum authority to do all possible - short of Dominican Republic-type action - to keep Allende from taking power...
...He then became a Foreign Service Officer in Santiago de los Caballeros in the Dominican Republic one month before the revolution and U.S...
...Fatherland and Liberty" organization assassinates Capt...
...5. In 1811, Jose Gervasio Artigas initiated the revolt against Spain for the region now known as Uruguay...
...In April, 1971, people expressed their support for these measures...
...marines in 4/65, carried out negotiations with the rebel leader Col...
...CDP joins NP's United Democratic Confederation, a right wing coalition formed to oppose the Popular Unity Front in March 1973 congressional elections...
...While supporting the UP government, both organizations functioned independently in an effort to build a second power within the country...
...Centrist forces within UP blame incident on ultraleft provocateurs working in conjunction with opposition, while pobladores and workers overwhelmingly condemn use of repressive arm of state against the people...
...government may deny that it accepted this advice, but the facts prove differently...
...When the UP took office, 40% of Chileans suffered from malnutrition...
...8 killed, 37 wounded), and Puerto Montt (1969...
...Anderson arrived in Santiago under the cover of "consular officer" (an unheard-of demotion for a "political officer" in the State Dept...
...In addition, U.S...
...Overwhelming show of force for left along with removal of Gen...
...ships were en route to Valparaiso to conduct routine maneuvers, but turned back after a brief meeting with a Chilean vessel...
...Embassy has utilized at least ten CIA agents in Santiago...
...Junta refuses to grant safe-conduct passes for refugees in embassies, provoking diplomatic protest from Mexico...
...1. "An Address by J. Peter Grace," printed in booklet form by the AIFLD, September 16, 1965...
...A trend towards the Left may well develop as workers and peasants identify with other members of their class...
...2) Take all opportunities to expose the role of the U.S...
...The mobilization of the Chilean Right did not intimidate or divide the Chilean workers, but indeed stimula- ted their further political organization...
...As William V. Broe, Director of the CIA's Latin American Division of Clandestine Services, *Jonathan Kandell of The New York Times reported (September 26, 1973) that the "civilian groups which appear to have the most influence on the military government are the middle class associations - the truck owners, shopkeepers, businessmen, and professional employees - who vehemently opposed President Allende and now meet on a daily basis with military ministers...
...The use of the press as a political weapon is not simply a matter of the size of headlines or color of the vocabulary...
...It is not our impression that Chile is yet on brink of showdown...
...And in 1969, bank clerks were dying in the barracks...
...One of the recommendations was: assist in support of a "family relocation" center in Mendoza or Buenos Aires for wives and children of key persons involved in the fight...
...As the Christian Democrats have shifted to the right, they have lost many of their party members who sincerely wanted change...
...He remained in Honduras (in San Pedro Sula) until 6/63...
...William V. Merriam, ITT vicepresident in charge of ITT's Washington office, told the Senate Subcommittee investigating ITT's role in Chile, that he visited the State Department at least 25 times from mid 19701971, and talked with Kissinger and his staff for over a period of a year...
...2) The Congress has used its law-making and law-vetoing power to block every major government initiative, destroy the early advances of the UP, and return the economy to the pre-1970 situation...
...Swedish ambassador intervenes and prevents troops from storming Cuban embassy, arranging for entire Cuban diplomatic mission to leave the country within three hours...
...involvement in the schemes of the coup-makers...
...worker participation in management abolished...
...In ordinary times, when the bourgeoisie is solidly in power, it may do so without resorting to sensationalism...
...Allende's) objectives are increasingly seen as incompatible and as going beyond what can be accepted...
...The main problem is that, in order to carry out these goals, the UP must increase its political power...
...Much to the outrage of the ruling class's representatives in the Congress, the Judiciary, and the Comptroller's office, Chile's history is now being decided in worker-controlled factories and farms and in the community and labor organizations where Chilean men and women are struggling to create a just and non-exploitative society...
...When two workers were killed, 50,000 people gathered in the streets and were attacked by the military...
...and Dale L. Johnson, The Chilean Road to Socialism (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1973), pp...
...14, 1971, ITT president, Harold Geneen, met with head of the Council on International Economic Policy Peter Peterson and General Alexander M. Haig Jr...
...In Bogota Colombia (12/63-5/69), he was executive assistant to the ambassador and in the foreign affairs office...
...Centaur involved economic and psychowarfare against Chile,including introducing counterfeit money and disrupting the rhythm of crops...
...7. Hector Amodio Perez was arrested in March 1972...
...As such, it should be studied with care by the other American states...
...Warren arrived in Santiago as a "political officer" in 10/70, as Allende was being confirmed as President by the Chilean Parliament...
...Oct...
...INTRODUCTION The recent attempt by sectors of the Chilean army and the fascist organization "Fatherland and Liberty" to topple the Popular Unity (UP) government by means of a military coup made it apparent to both Chileans and foreigners alike that this nation's "peaceful road to socialism" is fast exhausting itself...
...In Guatemala, this included the installation of new Ambassadors, not only in Guatemala, but also in neighboring countries whose cooperation would be needed for the coup...
...Prior to the presidential elections of 1970, the Chilean armed forces intervened in the nation's political processes in two important ways...
...Oct...
...It is clear that U.S...
...Government announces right wing plot to over- throw it...
...In the provinces, the opposition press is far more widely distributed than the pro-government press...
...Senate, July 15, 1968, p. 4.12 economics at George Washington University in the spring of 1973...
...in the coup and its aftermath...
...leftist newspapers, radio and TV stations closed...
...9 The policy was refined and made official throughout 1971 by members of the Council on International Policy, working with top State Department and Treasury Officials...
...intervention in Latin America -- the first such intervention to be achieved without sending the Marines...
...taxes on corporate profits, high incomes, real estate value of second% and third homes, is immediately blocked by Congress...
...Kennecott asks French court to block payment to Chile for copper sold to France...
...The Comando was responsible for integrating large sectors of the population into the tasks of ds-tribution, political education and mobilization, as well as self-defense...
...Thus, he did not redistribute income, because that would mean taxing the monopolists...
...Frei promised a lot...
...I.mm1Uh "- U(:I , uaWARAUACb I; 1510 UW &JUK' A ,U L) UWAAA IPAULU -P Guatemala was chosen as a test case and a warning...
...After graduating from the University of Chicago (AB 1943) he served in the Army overseas 1943-45...
...Jun...
...9 killed, 30 wounded).23 Secondly, the armed forces have been used by various sectors of the ruling class in the intra-class struggle when all other methods of conciliation had failed...
...Peter Grace...
...Throughout 1970, ITT officials met with William V. Broe, then Director of the CIA's Latin American Division of Clandestine Services, to discuss how to defeat Allende...
...Navy attacks left for inspiring July revolt by sailors and low-ranking officers against superiors who had tried to swing Navy over to Army-attempted coup in June...
...The only party openly opposed to a sharp break with the past was the conservative National Party (PN), whose sole concern was to defend its members monopoly interests...
...During this strike, 99% of factory workers (blue and white-collar) remained on the job and many, along with students, did voluntary work to counteract effects of the strike...
...In response to the strike, which crippled the country, Bordaberry proposed a law which would bring to an end the autonomy of what were once among the most progressive unions in the hemisphere...
...Air Force base...
...Fidel Castro visits Chile...
...Each represented an attempt of one sector of the ruling class to displace another sector from a position of power...
...In both cases, for example, the CIA sent a specially prepared team to carry out the coup...
...With the unanimous consent of Congress, Allende began to nationalize the country's natural resources...
...profile...
...In the past, the UP's enemies have not balked at restricted and strategically timed use of violence...
...The next day, Andres Zaldivar and Juan de Dios Carmona, Christian Democrats, and Mario Arnello, Nationalist, flew to the United States to confer...
...Admiral Raymond Peet justified this policy toward Chile before the Senate committee...
...Shortly after Allende's election, he moved to the United States and became an international vice president of the Pepsi Cola Corporation, whose president Donald Kendall is a close friend of President Nixon.5 27 (1973), March 5-7, and July 23...
...Both are broad-based organizations composed of elected representatives which decide basic policies from defending the fac-25 tories against right-wing attacks, to pressuring the government for the socialization of new factories, to the distributing of primary necessities in their areas...
...Prices on a pound of copper fell more than 28 percent between 1969 and 1972...
...He appeared in the former Belgian Congo a year after the CIA assassination of Patrice Lumumba in 3/62...
...October strike costs Chile between $100 - 150 million...
...Fascism is the new form of violence of the exploiters...
...Grace & Co...
...And it is today that other revolutionaries and other people struggle in Latin America to win the total independence from their national and imperialist oppressors...
...In short, the severe repression now must be seen as part of the advanced and continuing class struggle in Chile...
...In Chile, this division has been given a certain legal recognition and has resulted in the establishment of two different legal minimum wages, two separate sets of unions with two separate contracts and with different benefits...
...The plans for the "invisible blockade" were first discussed in the well-publicized meetings between ITT executives and the CIA throughout 1970...
...cities...
...And in 1971, a high-level military mission from the United States visited with Chilean military leaders...
...copper companies in Chile was 52.8...
...The AIFLD offers training programs at its own institute in Port Royal, Virginia, as well as local seminars...
...As with all else in Chile, the deepening political and ideological crisis of the ruling class is pushing the armed forces into the center of an intensifying class struggle...
...Frederick W. Latrash served in the Navy (1942-46), and except for a brief interlude in India, he gained his initial experience with the Office of Naval Intelligence (1948-49 and 1951-54...
...In 1971, the UP took advantage of the Right's disorientation and moved ahead on its short-term economic program (to improve the lives of the people through such measures as wage raises and strict rent and price controls) and on its longer-term plan to nationalize foreign-owned industry and certain Chilean monopolies...
...Beyond Chile, we see the significance of this event for all Latin America...
...Addren all moll to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York, N.Y...
...Clearly, though, the military in Chile can no longer be conceived as neutral...
...It also bolsters the CDP-NP alliance: they successfully run a joint candidate in Valparaiso elections...
...Davis' background in anti-communist affairs was evidently expected to help him deal with the situation in Chile...
...126 Chronology of Events Before the Coup September 1970 - September 1973 1970 Sep...
...In preparation for his return to Phnom Penh as a political officer in 1959, he completed over a year of South-East Asian area language training at the Foreign Studies Institute and U.C...
...And, because of increased consumption of the lower class, the government was forced to import more agricultural products than usual...
...Providing hardware is only one tactic the United States uses to influence the Chilean military...
...government today must expect such actions to be met by loud pro- test at home...
...This is standard procedure in most foreign countries...
...He next served in Montevideo (4/57-2/58), at the same time that E. Howard Hunt was CIA station chief for Uruguay...
...Ambassador to Chile Nathaniel Davis traveled to the United States on Friday, Sept...
...most other newspapers reported that 12,000 workers at Teniente were on strike around this same time...
...Besides blocking a government proposal to enlarge the sector of the economy in the "social area," the PDC has proposed a constitutional amendment which would dismantle that sector, returning strategic industries to private hands...
...Thousands of political prisoners fill the jails...
...Water- gate and Cambodia have left many Americans skeptical about official U.S...
...From the CIA," the truckers answered...
...3) Become educators and take on special responsibilities to counter the public relations campaign that has already begun on behalf of the new government...
...New York Times, Septem- strikes, received an invitation in December ber 15, 1973...
...The political strategy was to cultivate and rely on two sectors of the population: the middle class and the armed forces...
...D 1973 by the North American Congreas on Latin America, Inc...
...EXILES Xenophobic campaign launched against the 15,000 foreign political refugees living in Chile -- mainly Brazilians, Bolivians and Uruguayans who fled dictatorships in their own countries...
...What the fascist opposition threatens is the completion of this process in accordance with our historical tradition, without the use of generalized physical violence as an instrument...
...Mayoria...
...At that time, in 1954, experienced U.S...
...That's what they tried to do with the El Teniente strike...
...Spare parts and raw materials which are crucial to the Chilean economy were withheld...
...On September 17, 1970, ITT operatives in Chile reported, "President Frei has stated privately to his closest associates, to Alessandri and to a State Department visitor...that the country cannot be allowed to go Communist and that Allende must be prevented from taking office...
...This massive repression, a setback for the Tupamaros, exposed the real forces in control of the country--the military...
...The Carabineros are playing an important role in the junta and will most likely come increasingly under the influence of the military...
...The United States did not stand apart from this process...
...Daniel N. Arzac, Jr...
...They are demonstrating once and for all that their fundamental role is to be the armed wing of the oligarchy, becoming the executioners of the people...
...In response to planning of a demonstration by opposition in Concepci6n, UP and MIR call for a counter-demonstration by the workers...
...Thus, the opposition-controlled Congress is in large part responsible for the rampant inflation which severely affects all workers...
...The attempted coup of June 29 demonstrated how deep the roots of the class struggle in Chile actually are...
...The present Comptroller was appointed to his 12 year term before 1970 when the UP took office...
...United States tries to block Chilean debt renegotiation with European creditors...
...ambassador to Chile...
...interests engineered the overthrow of Arbenz...
...government and corporate leaders, aimed at reversing the tide of history in Chile...
...Resulting document praises the accomplishments to date, calls for a unified direction and more mass participation in revolutionary process, but fails to outline concrete measures to deal with impending economic crisis...
...Junta outlaws 800,000 member Central Workers Confederation, country's largest labor organization...
...4-11...
...and it may provide leads for filling the big gaps in our knowledge about the Chilean coup...
...stra- tegy was to neutralize loyal or constitutionalist elements of the armed forces, while strengthening the hand of the golista military officers...
...In 1954 he participated in the CIA-sponsored coup in Guatemala...
...government for a "hard-line" against Allende...
...Homes of foreigners raided and ransacked...
...But now, for the first time, significant segments of the opposition advocate nothing short of a military takeover by the nation's "constitutionalist" armed forces...
...Junta declares itself the government, proclaims State of Internal War, imposes martial law, and carries out a brutal campaign to destroy areas of resistance...
...The commando operation was planned to create a state of political chaos which would have prevented the peaceful transferral of power to Allende...
...The workers are the driving force behind the UP government and they have continually demonstrated their desire and commitment to establish a socialist society in Chile...
...Once again, it shattered the myth that Chile's armed forces, traditionally, have been non-political...
...Embassy that the linked with the CIA in several important studies, coup would occur arrived at the Embassy the invited more and more "free-trade unionists" to night before the coup...
...Chile breaks relations with Cuba and North Korea...
...The opposition realized that if they were to bring the country effectively to a halt and, thereby, justify military intervention in the government, they would have to divide the working class...
...Nov...
...and Mark Chadwin, "Nixon's Expropriations Policy Seeks to Woo Angry Congress," National Journal, January 22, 1972...
...THE HOMELAND WILL NOT BE BRAZILIAN...
...Incident sharply focuses on division27 within UP...
...Other coups have been planned during the last three years, but this one actually reached the streets...
...In the past 20 years, over 4000 Chilean officers have been trained in the United States and U.S...
...Junta orders all leftist leaders to surrender...
...wage increases of up to 200% promised by UP government for Oct...
...Artigas set up his own government and wrote Latin America's first agrarian reform code which included expropriation and distribution of the lands of "bad Europeans and worse Americans...
...Jul...
...extremist leader Liberty", A r. UP leadership confers at Arrayan...
...The Right It took three years for the Chilean Right Wing to overcome internal differences, and then build a base large enough to legitimize a coup...
...protection" to Latin America in case of communist attacks...
...has pro- vided a sample of Washington's cold war strategy in the Western hemisphere...
...6. U.S...
...Copy of leaflet dropped by hundreds of thousands from planes and helicopters over Chile's main cities shortly after the coup...
...use of "compalero" (comrade) to address one another outlawed...
...Finally, the military government of Castillo Armas, which replaced Arbenz in Guatemala, received massive infusions of U.S...
...The U.S...
...This is the so-called "constitutional Right" which reflects the Christian Democrats' desire for a "constitutional coup" that would install a temporary caretaker government until a Christian Democratic president (presumably Eduardo Frei) could be elected...
...In 1970, according to a Washington Post article of October 1, 1970, the OPS advisor stationed in Chile, Joseph Vasile, was expelled for his involvement in a right-wing terrorist plot to discredit President Allende...
...In fact, on the day of the coup, U.S...
...in 1954, serving as a consular officer in Colombia until 1956...
...The UP needed majority support in order to legally carry out its announced Program...
...Over the years, the Chilean working class struggle has grown in strength and size...
...all borders and international airports closed...
...This means that all funds for these industries are frozen, curtailing plans and destroying production...
...MOVES VS...
...But both in Guatemala and in Chile, the turning point in U.S...
...This will involve about 50 families for a period of a month to six weeks, maybe two months...
...The government has been forced to print money for one basic reason: the Congress has refused to authorize financing for many government projects including wage readjustments to make up for increases in the cost of living...
...See NACLA Report, Vol...
...Clearly, the strike was politically, and not economically, motivated...
...involvement in the coup...
...State Department had cut most credits and economic aid to Chile, $1 million a year was set aside for special "technical assistance" programs...
...Warren joined the State Dept...
...They sense that the people, with their struggle, are questioning their way of life, but they won't give in to losing their privileges...
...In addition to the evidence above of CIA involvement, former Chilean Ambassador to Mexico, Hugo Vigorena Ramirez, claims to have seen documents outlining the CIA plan, code-named Centaur, devised to topple the Allende government...
...There is also a third group of "Left Constitutionalists" composed of high-ranking officers who believe that, since Salvador Allende was elected to a 6-year term of office, no movement could remove him from office before 1976 and still remain constitutional...
...And it is their example that must guide us permanently...
...Today the working class and the people take in their hands the purest flags of liberation that were raised by Artigas, and confront the same enemies as the artiguista people did at that time...
...July 1973 ANNOTATIONS 1. On June 27, President Juan Maria Bordaberry dissolved Congress, closed schools, imposed strict censorship and in other ways decreed the formal death of Uruguay's ailing Constitutional democracy...
...In fact, they were led by owners of industry, trucking concerns, commercial houses, etc...
...NO SE TENDRA CO-LPASION CON LOS EXTREXIISTAS EXTRANJEROS QUE HAN VENIDO A MATAR CHILENOS...
...While its newspapers predicted disaster in the Chilean economy, the government and U.S...
...The Communal Councils are coordinating organizations which, in addition to the representatives of factories and farms, include representatives of all community groups (women's organizations, food distribution cooperatives, students, etc...
...The first splinter group formed the MAPU party...
...Washington Post, September 21, 1973...
...For example, it is enough for El Mercurio to state that there is a shortage of toothpaste one day for there to be a shortage the next...
...Jack Anderson, Washington Post, 11/10/72) Deane Roesch Rinton played a pivotal role in the campaign of economic chaos against the Popular Unity Government...
...refused to renegotiate Chile's 1972 debt to U.S...
...Christian Democrats present HamiltonFuentealba Bill which would require annulling entire UP Program through Constitution reform...
...Yet, the opposition argues that since the miners already had an automatic 50% readjustment for inflation written into their private contract, they were entitled to this plus the 100% increase in the government bill, i.e., 150% rather than the 100% granted to all workers...
...Among the soldiers and sailors themselves, though, the situation is different...
...At least 20,000 are killed throughout the country...
...A poblador (slum dweller) is killed during night raid by police on Campamento Lo Hermida, supposedly carried out to search for "armed delinquents...
...Davis served in Prague (1947-49) at the time the socialist government came to power, and later was a political officer in Moscow (1954-56...
...WORLD PROTESTS Hundreds of thousands of protesters around the world demonstrate against the coup...
...Neither is U.S...
...But the people aren't passively accepting this situation: they are organizing and fighting...
...In 1971 he was called15 to the White House to serve as Deputy Director of the Council on International Economic Policy, the key subcommittee of the National Security Council which included Henry Kissinger, Peter G. Peterson, Sidney Weintraub, John Irwin II, Nathaniel Samuels and others.The Council was given the critical job of formulating U.S...
...He switched from a diplomatic to a civilian cover near the end of 1969...
...UP gets 51% of the vote in April Municipal elections, showing tremendous support for UP program...
...School and oil pipeline near Santiago also bombed...
...a We have already covered a long and painful road...
...The party which proved best at this strategy was Eduardo Frei's Christian Democrats...
...Harry W. Shlaudeman joined the State Dept...
...He died after the coup at the hands of the Pinochet junta...
...and Chilean opposition press reports, joined the walkout...
...press: the UP - the workers' government - has turned against the workers...
...is denounced around the world as sharing responsibility in the coup...
...This proposed sale (Chile has not yet bought the jets) was greeted with disbelief by Congressman Wayne Hays (D-Ohio) in recent hearings on foreign assistance, who wondered what Chile would do with these aircraft...
...Opposition congressmen see themselves as egalitarian: rich and poor should be taxed equally...
...El Rebelde...
...Strike at El Teniente Copper Mine (previously owned by Kennecott) by white collar workers and technicians...
...On the other hand, the nation's bourgeoisie, the large landowners, industrialists,17 bankers - those who own and control all major means of production and sources of wealth in the country, frequently as partners or representatives of foreign interests - has fought to retain its political and economic control of the society...
...The main problem with this view is what it leaves unsaid about Chile's past...
...Senate passes amendment to Foreign Aid bill barring aid to Chile until human rights restored.Tupamaro Document The following document of the National Liberation Movement of Uruguay, (the Tupamaros), was sent to NACLA in August of this year...
...Since then, U.S...
...This experience reminds us that there is no "safe haven" for anyone in Latin America until the entire continent is free...
...Secondly, by constantly pretending to be under attack itself, the opposition press distracts attention from the unprecedented way in which it attacks the government...
...48 hour strike of opposition small store owners...
...In an article in its newspaper, El Rebelde, (May 15-22), the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR) identified these people as members of the Central Operative Command of the anti-Allende forces...
...We feel this blow against the Chilean people, and against the estimated 15,000 Latin American exiles living in Chile, directly and personally as a blow against us all...
...El Mercurio, July 7, 1973...
...On a number of occasions it took the form of out-and-out massacres, the most brutal of which was the slaying of some 2,000 striking nitrate miners, portworkers and their families, all unarmed, in the town of Iquique in 1907...
...Opposition cannot longer hope to oust Allende peacefully by impeaching him with a twothirds congressional majority...
...After further training, he went to Santiago as a "political officer" in 1/72...
...95% of working force does not strike...
...2. Uruguay suffers from the second highest rate of inflation in the continent (after Chile), with an annual rate of 100...
...In its first two-and-a-half years, the Allende government has managed to accomplish most of these structural changes...
...The events of recent weeks seem to have answered that question...
...We will be with all those political positions that mean the advancement of the revolutionary process...
...Average rate in other countries where they own mines is 10...
...These men are presidents of the largest and most powerful industrial and commercial associations in Chile and were key figures in mobilizing an opposition to the Allende government...
...Combined with the lower price for copper in 1971, and with the rising demand of workers with higher salaries, this dollar shortage led to shortages of certain food stuffs (beef and potatoes for example...
...The U.S...
...was learning from the Guatemalan experience of the 1950's...
...The PDC union leaders at El Teniente went to the other large copper mines to try to generate sympathy strikes, while the PDC and PN press urged all workers to strike in sympathy of the 150% wage increase for the El Teniente miners...
...Military Aid to Chile"), giving rise to the Chilean saying that the country has "a Prussian army, a British navy, and an American air force" (Time, September 24, 1973, p. 38...
...Instead of nationalizing copper, Frei "Chileanized" it - buying up shares of stock at rates highly favorable to the U.S...
...Jack Anderson quotes a secret memo Ambassador Davis wrote to State Department...
...foreign journalists barred from inspecting any detention centers...
...Second, the junta has made clear its intention to reverse a long historical process of socialization of the economy -- a process begun long before Allende took power...
...He then became chief officer in charge of Soviet Affairs in the State Dept., which included the job of escort officer for Krushchev's 1959 U.S...
...At the instruction of CIA director Helms, Broe called E.J...
...Chile is only the latest in a long line of coups and coup- attempts spurred on by promises of U.S...
...A trusted friend of Agustin Edwards*, Sae traveled three times to the United States betwen January and May, 1973, to confer with him and other Chilean industrialists in exile...
...but, it also demonstrated that the Chilean ruling class is divided, for its failure called attention to the fact that the ruling class has not been able to decide when or how to use the armed forces to protect its interests...
...Korry, who had been a UPI correspondent in Czechoslovakia in 1948 (at the same time that Davis was also there), warned Washington as he left his Chile post that the situation in Chile was parallel to the situation in Czechoslovakia in 1948...
...Washington Post, September 22, 1973) CONCLUSION The full story of U.S...
...Groups of Tupamaros occupied factories where they handed out the leaflet and discussed it with the workers...
...Green Berets, AID/CIA forces began their pacification program modeled after Vietnam...
...As one El Teniente worker said: "Those who claim to be defenders of the workers are provoking an enormous conflict between the workers...
...Mexico does not recognize the junta, recalls its ambassador and offers asylum to any Chilean who seeks it...
...67.) Hal Hendrix, the ITT operative who had cabled news of the "green ligh