ARGENTINA: The Protracted Struggle
NACLA
Imperialism Rides Herd in Argentina England became a capitalist country before any other and in the middle of the 19th century having adopted free trade claimed to be the workshop of the world,...
...Private Bank Loans Financial groups often work through multilateral and U.S...
...We know that the safety and freedom of our fighters must be defended through mobilizations of the people and our own activity...
...Any other solution would mean another setback for the working class (see document by the Fighting Unions...
...Through their valuable invisible connections they serve as intermediaries to government agencies and political organizations...
...The authorities intend to follow a policy which will promote the financial recuperation of public enterprises, especially those in key sectors such as petroleum, railways, and electricity, and to this end they intend that any unplanned cost increases which occur during the course of the year will be duly compensated by further increases in current revenues...
...Agency for International Development (AID) Between 1953 and 1971 Argentina received $136.0 million from the U.S...
...Inevitably these two different interpretations of Peronism have led to wide discrepancies in the programs and objectives which each group has set for the movement as a whole...
...With the failure of the political plan elaborated by the top brass of the Armed Forces, contradictions appeared in the very heart of the enemy which, although they can be overcome in the not too distant future, erode the enemy's homogeneity for the moment, making it difficult for them to use the arms at their disposal...
...105-149...
...At the same time, especially in the case of England, the low consumption capacity of the proletariat could not absorb rising industrial production...
...5) it neglected the development of heavy industry (e.g...
...He has not left Peron's side since...
...an interest charge is included in total cost...
...Ex-Im loan...
...The failure of IAPI to consistently provide adequate sources of capital led the industrial bourgeoisie to waver in its support of the government and to look to foreign private and public sources to preserve its interests, assure continued industrial expansion and improve its technological base...
...The mere ranking of companies and their grouping according to nationality is essentially a bourgeois format...
...Workers participation in the running of all enterprises...
...To support the $850 million railroad modernization and improvement plan for 1971-1975, IBRD and Argentina signed an $84 million loan in 1971...
...Peronism and Foreign Investment During the war years, the general level of foreign investment fell off gradually...
...NACLA/East River Plate Project (see footnotes on p. 31) "*CGE: the General Economic Confederation is an association of small and medium- size businessmen...
...6) We have maintained that the objectives of the people's camp should be set in accordance with their capabilities (political, ideological and organizational) and should take into consideration the enemy's ability to impose his contrary interests...
...Project loans are tied to and only cover the cost of goods TABLE 7: U.S...
...THE LANDED OLIGARCHY'S LAST STAND General Uriburu guaranteed the interests of the landholding and commercial bourgeoisie...
...Compensation to the foreign firm was given in the form of shares in the local company...
...ERP: We recognize Ernesto "Che" Guevara as our greatest leader (Comandante Maximo) in the revolutionary war we are engaged in...
...Both Luis V. Sommi and Jaime Fuchs produced studies following this approach, but their data, though historically valuable, are now outdated...
...26th ad., 1966...
...2 1 In choosing Krieger Vasena as Minister of the economy, the Ongania military dictatorship clearly demonstrated who was running the economy, indicated its willingness to deepen Argentina's dependency, and assured the free flow of capital in and out of the country...
...Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Banco di Napoli, Banco Ambrosiano, Banco di Roma, Credito Italiano, Banco di Siciliq, Istituto Bancario San Paolo de Torino, Monte dei Paschi de Siena...
...GobainPont-a-Mousson Firestone Private Nestle Philips Motor Columbus CPC Intl...
...Timbo S.A...
...12 58.06 Transportation 8 113.18 Agriculture 10 129.52 Housing 2 42.20 Mining 1 32.00 Education 5 61.80 Elec...
...Operated under license from Peugeot (Fr) until 1964 when it was bought out...
...The elections were repeated in 1963 but this time the Peronist ticket was banned from the ballot...
...The Peronist Youth was formed out of the merger of several smaller groups within the movement representing a wide range of ideologies from nationalism to Marxism...
...Implementation of an infrastructure plan and creation of basic national industries that will make possible an in-depth transformation of our economy and revive it in the short run, eliminating unemployment...
...Ibid., p. 13...
...Ex-Im loans...
...On this terrain differences and contradictions will be exposed which should be resolved in the development of the process...
...Deltec is another good example of how the Top 120 listing misrepresents private corporate concentration and power...
...As of 1971, U.S...
...asst...
...Workers' control of production, transportation and distribution...
...It solidified the worker-student alliance (a significant factor given the apathy of students during the first Peronist era) and it spurred the radicalization of young priests within the Catholic Church...
...it is essentially anti-imperialist, antimonopolist and anti-oligarchic, as the first step in the transition to socialism...
...U.S...
...Produces 40%of energy...
...The strategy of the right had been mapped out by Lopez Rega, the Minister of Social Welfare and Peron's private secretary (see box...
...We know a parent can easily control a firm with only a small minority equity position if the rest of the shares are widely distributed in small holdings...
...These by-laws place the burden of proof of dire need on the borrowing countries who have little power but to go along with Bank policies...
...it is determined who are objective allies-although it might be difficult to make the alliance concrete-and who are not...
...5 (May 1973), p. 9. 30...
...211 patents...
...imperialism and the consequent shifts in dependency relationships...
...Wetters Aaericausa u (tope) L.-lw Seak of Nasmd leau do 11i Paisicano-C.F.C Win...
...June 30, 1971...
...This requires us to determine what are the forces interested in the change needed by our society and what are those opposed to change because they benefit from the present situation...
...These reserves were therefore used to buy up local companies which could not withstand inflation or compete with foreign interests...
...Part 1," NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...While the IBRD financing may somewhat stem TABLE 4: Loans to Argentina from the World Bank, 1961-1972 Amount Year [US$ mn] Borrower Purpose 1961 48.5* Vialidad Nacional road construction 1962 95.0 SEGBA electric power expansion 1967 15.3 Rep...
...Peron was a fascist and a dictator detested by all good men--except Argentinians...
...OSR 1,500 RLP Peehiney Fr) owns 40% of Indupa, joint venture with Clmet which is 45% owned by Phelps-Dodge (US...
...70) at no cost to the parent firms...
...L--qe Bank of London & South America Stockholms Enskilda Bank *nria ot s & Co., Chemical Oversne Fince Crporantins i m llsi Nationu Bank & Trat Compnr Cridit Sei...
...They will also act through business organizations that corporately represent them (ACIEL, UIA, SOC...
...In 1898, for example, it came to 40 or 50 percent of all overseas investment by the United Kingdom, then the major source of international capital...
...The people's side has great political strength in its favor which gives it the overwhelming majority character that was reaffirmed in the March 11th elections...
...Inmobiliaria y Ganadera -Tierras del Pilaga S.A...
...Between 1964 and 1971 unemployment averaged 5.9 percent in Buenos Aires, 6.8 percent in Cordoba, 6.2 percent in Rosario, 10.6 percent in Tucuman and 3.7 percent in Mendoza-the most industrialized centers of the country where employment op- portunities are greatest...
...lending agencies...
...During World War II this same factory had been used to manufacture airplanes and after the War Kaiser unsuccessfully tried to convert it to auto manufacturing...
...see also footnotes 27, p. 44, and 30, p. 11...
...The first gave foreigners the same rights as local investors, opened up new industrial sectors (automotive and petrochemical), granted special privileges to investments in the exploitation of raw materials (petroleum) and exempted imports of certain capital goods from custom duties...
...The first refers to the land owned or the surface actually covered by the plant...
...Within this context FREJULI reflects the present balance of forces between the right and the left...
...As can be seen in Table 2 the extremely high amount due this year i largely private sector debt...
...Ibid., p.63...
...The column also notes loans and credits received by local firms from public financing organizations...
...His magazine, Las Bases, serves as a national focal point for reactionary Peronist propaganda against the left (see right-wing documentt...
...In our reply to Dr...
...lheNthamri Cmp lpdk] da Bank SocMiChidG alpo1.m S.A...
...9 These "sound" fiscal and monetary policies thus cut back on public works and wages, putting the crunch on the working classes and unemployed...
...We maintain comradely relations with all fraternal, armed organizations...
...SNational Socialim Socialism degrades work by converting it into a simple factor N national Socialisof the economic process (historical materialism), thus eliminating the ethical character of political economy...
...14780...
...position grew because of the reinvestment of profits which could not be repatriated...
...Freight shipments by rail from the interior to Buenos Aires, which monopolized the export business, jumped from 2,257 tons in 1857 to 28,501,000 tons in 1917...
...6 (October 1970...
...14222 had given foreign capital limited access to the Argentine market...
...Often companies in the same industry concentrate on different products to reduce competition or even compliment each other...
...million while unnamed foreign banks lent $8.5 million and suppliers (foreign exporters) granted credits of $5.9 million...
...But it would lead to an immediate confrontation with the combined forces of the landed oligarchy, the commercial bourgeoisie and imperialism...
...Quimica Hoechst S.A...
...This figure also represented 33 percent of aggregate investment of the United Kingdom in the same region...
...In the last few months they have carried out several actions along these lines including the kidnapping of 2 military GLOSSARY: CGT: General Workers Confederation...
...Some foreign firms entered the Argentine market in association with local interests which often held a majority ownership...
...Even though the most backward strata of workers and the petty bourgeois sectors may have hopes that through elections the people can gain power, the majority, and especially the vanguard, understand that this is not the correct route...
...110) and Sade (347)specialize in using technological and scientific services to exercise influence...
...controlled funding...
...Dissatisfied with these restrictions, the industrial bourgeoisie broke its alliance with the working class and the Peronist government and joined forces with imperialism...
...By taking this path, we will discover the principal contradiction of this stage of the struggle...
...These arguments can easily be refuted if we compare the years 1939-1955 to the years 1955-1969...
...9. Ibid., p. 41-5...
...Thus Coca Cola (No...
...Win or die for Argentina...
...Nationalization of foreign banking interests and bank deposits...
...There are different tendencies in FREJULI, some progressive and revolutionary, and this will produce contradictions...
...The danger of a military coup will remain latent, but increasing in direct proportion to the growing mobilization of the masses...
...J. Vandor, a metallurgical union official who was trying to win the Peronist Movement away from Peron, had been holding secret negotiations with the military dictatorship...
...54 3 0.2 Motor 260c 10,0006 RLP (-36) Vehicle 2.8 Steel 132c 4,500 8 0.9 -1.1 Motor 554t 3.100 GPA BV (83) Vehicle 31 2 0.5 0.4 Motor 2,881 (116) 5.5 28 1.8 7.3 (170) 3.4 Vehicle Footwear 4.3 Tires 8 Footwear Paper & Chemicals 196c 10,000 6 L McE OF Refines 67% of petroleum...
...He was instrumental in organizing the recent massacre at the airport of Ezeiza when the right-wing Peronist security forces, under the command of exColonel Jorge Ossinde, Lopez Rega's close friend, fired on the masses of Peronist Youth and workers who had come to welcome Peron back to Argentina...
...receives tech...
...Both the United States and Britain resisted an immediate settlement of the debt in cash payments in the hope of eventually paying their obligations in capital goods once their economies were back on a peace-time production footage.1 2 Argentina pressed its case for prompt settlement, subtracted what...
...This alliance, which was to dominate Argentina through the first decades of the 20th century, first sought to weaken the small artisans and farmers of the interior who favored the domestic market...
...Luis Sommi, Los capitltes yanquis en Ia Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Monteagudo, 1949), p. 80...
...12, No...
...Ibid., p. 61...
...Nationalization of production and distribution monopolies...
...641 patents...
...cit., Part 1, p. 6. 7. While only one strike was reported in 1877, 19 were reported for 1895, 231 for 1907, 65 in 1915and 206 in 1920...
...or adjustment -1.3 - -38.4 -39.7 TOTAL 18.0 623.3 179.7 821.0 *Excludes refunding of $65.3 million in FY 1963 and $15.4 million in FY 1966...
...d) Agricultural and livestock production are of great importance although less than that of industry, because they continue to be the main source of foreign exchange with which the country finances its imports...
...of working for the Central Intelligence Agency...
...The ERP will actively support their struggle, insisting on unity among Peronist and nonPeronist revolutionary and progressive organizations and sectors...
...ERP: We have had some differences with this group which were initially methodological in nature...
...and services purchased from the United States...
...But as experience shows, both previous to and particularly after March 11th, there will be an intense enemy activity within FREJULI based on the traitorous integrationist sectors existing within it and at the heart of the Peronist Movement...
...FOOTNOTES 1. In 1958 the Peronist Liberation Movement (Movimiento Peronista de Liberacion) was formed and in 1962 the People's Guerrilla Army (Elercito Guerrillero del Pueblo) became active in Salta...
...and private lending agencies have been described separately...
...It bought the commodities at low prices and sold them on the world market at high prices...
...18061 The most important decision taken by Krieger Vasena was the liberalization of banking legislation through law No...
...It counts two million members and is controlled by the Peronist Movement...
...Down with repressive laws and complete freedom of expression and organization for the people...
...7. Ibid., p. 8. 8. Letter of April 12, 1972 to Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, IMF Managing Director, signed by C. Licciardo, Minister of Treasury and Finance, and C. S. Brignone, President of the Central Bank...
...50 Plecardol 51 Ledesma 52 Fate 53 Fasm 54 Lever 55 Molnos Concep...
...the British companies were valued at $ 96.3 million...
...Government Grants, Ex-Im Bank Loans and Other Loans to Argentina, FY 1946-71 [US$ million] U.S...
...y M. -Transvias Electricos del Plata S.A...
...3 5 This guarantee and backing of their government has already helped U.S...
...Ibid., p. 137...
...Arturo Jauretche, Reforno al colonialismo, 2nd ed...
...If compounded with interest payments the total drain for the 1960-71 period can be assessed at $1,936 billion (see Table 6...
...Since 1968, it has been IDB policy to restrict borrowers to buying required materials from those industrial countries which have contributed to the IDB's financial resources...
...Chemicals 37c 852 0.4 Toiletries 0.5 Publisher 248 1.7 0.7 (63) 1.1 Pharmaceutical 34c 1,392 YP 363 2.4 0.4 21.6 Textile (2.1) 83 0.7 0.5 0.3 Chemical (155) Pharmaceut...
...Min...
...In the case of the most recent financing operation consummated abroad, Carlos Brignone, the Central Bank President, met with foreign bankers late in 1971...
...one which definitively builds people's power and destroys the power of the dominant classes...
...The $ 10 billion figure is in 1960dollar value...
...The material is representative of the current situation with a few modifications in ranking, sales and income figures...
...BUENOS AIRES, January 16, 1972 Translated from RESPUESTA, Bulletin of the Centro Urbano Nueva Parroquia (Buenos Aires), No...
...We will broaden as much as possible the legal activity of the organization at the center and on all fronts...
...6 The widespread expansion of the country's infrastructure and production created a demand for greater labor reserves and new arable land...
...His objective was to secure credits to bolster Argentina's then sagging international reserves...
...IDB loan...
...ERP: No let-up for the oppressing army...
...Locally controlled companies were identified as private, state or mixed...
...controls 10% of paint and varnish market...
...metalurgical, mechanical and electrical appliances...
...As in any front of classes and class factions, FREJULI has internal contradictions which reflect the diverse interests of its forces...
...IV, No...
...until bought by Fr capital in 1906 and then by Corning Glass (US) in 1942...
...g) Reform of civil, commercial, criminal and labor legislation, to conform with the general plan for the revolutionary transformation of society, to one based on the value of work...
...accounts of loan commitment...
...1 1 The failure of the British to maintain complete control over Argentina's commerce (and by extension, over its politics), Britain's reduced world position and its limited technological and capital thrust were therefore key factors in the U.S...
...The petty and middle bourgeoisie, conscious of the fact that their interests would be subordinated to and absorbed by foreign monopolies, yet doubtful regarding future growth possibilities under Peronism, vacillated in its adherence to the government...
...the telephone, gas and electric companies...
...We must put the disloyal, as Peron says, "in a situation where it is no longer convenient to be disloyal," so that the unity, solidarity and organization mandated by our chief -fulfills his tactical mission within the general strategy for the seizure of power...
...For example, the level of economic concentration is revealed by the fact that the combined sales of these 120 firms amounts to 22 percent of the Argentine Gross Domestic Product and is 2.4 times greater than the entire government budget...
...RoyWet sokin Corporatioa The Stodrda sak I.Skaadiai s"a ks whamas, a & Co...
...There is no doubt that JUSTICIALISM agrees with certain "When the liberal stage has reached its culmination, the world truths that socialism has the boldness to put forth...
...OTHER SOURCES: scattered data was found in general publications from Argentina (Antropologla del Tercer Mundo, Cuestion and Primera Plana) as well as Quien es Quien en la Argentina and Consejo Tecnico de Inversiones, S.A., The Argentine Economy (Buenos Aires, Nuevo Banco Italiano, annual...
...corporations...
...Conoco- -0.5 Motor (6) Vehicle 28 65 0.7 0.2 0.4 Tires 3)13 116 (46)13 28 67 1.2 1.9 3.2 Petro- 307) (53) chemicals 27 43 0.9 2.5 1.6 Chemicals, 038) (158) Batteries 27 0.5 Food 26 519 (384) 26 519 (384) 26 6.8 6,8 0.3 1.3 Textile (21) 1.8 8.8 Paint, Var- (21) nish, Enamel 3.2 Food flRiL...
...There is some evidence to show different levels of association between groups of European companies which are then reflected in varying forms of cooperation inside Argentina...
...In 1971 he sat on more than 12 boards of directors of foreign subsidiaries, the most important of which are the National Lead Co...
...48 (May 11-17, 1973), pp...
...More importantly, these institutions with their vast stores of economic intelligence and the political influence of enormous sums of capital, serve as one of the most strategic nerve centers of private finance capital...
...The strength of the enemy camp lies in its economic and military power...
...Motors US 4 Kaiser Jeep US 3 19 Acaidar Private Ar 1942 76 20 Chrysler Chrysler2 US 99 1961 72 (7,999) 21 Mercedes-Benz Daimler Benz WG 100 1951 71 22 Alpargaas Private 23 Goodyear Goodyear 2 24 Celulosa Arg...
...Fortunately, financial group analysis enjoys some precedent with regard to Argentine capitalism...
...25 0.4 1.1 0.5 Petro(208) chemical 0.3 Rubber 0.2 Industrial (NA) Construction -0.1 Steel 236t 84 0.7 0.6 3.2 Food JWT AB (17) K/C 0.9 Publisher 199 1,2 -3,0 Industrial 24c 320 JP SO (36) Construction 0.7 Electrical 9c 600 Appliances 2.0 Food 0.9 Electrical Appliances 0.6 Food 220 1.3 -0.7 (91) Production and marketing element with 10 foreign firms which together hold over 1011 patents.l1 Large share of Cldlass Arg...
...4 This in turn forced the local bourgeoisie to seek a new base of power in land exploitation and rebuild an internal network of trade relations geared to satisfying international market demands...
...Determining the principal contradiction is a complicated matter of major importance...
...Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank, Nederlandesche Middenstandsbank, Bank Mies & Hope, Nederlanse Credietbank...
...The IAPI played a crucial role in the rise of the industrial bourgeoisie through its control over the exports of cereals...
...policy for both the peoples of Latin America and for those in the United States concerned with Third World liberation are clear...
...IV, No...
...37 through a social stockholder system, since it recognizes private (March 29, 1973...
...There is no one else left...
...In its leadership as well as its program and methods, the next parliamentary government of Campora-Solano Lima will essentially represent bourgeois and capitalist interests...
...We can conclude, then, that the program of FREJULI is to revive capitalism and to halt the process of revolutionary war developing in our country through "pacification...
...government for these payments...
...Normally, IBRD loans are made only to cover the foreign exchange costs of projects...
...and work and the united front, and how do you plan to combine (d) the increase of the real wages of workers...
...This could permit the country to build capital sources from within the country...
...companies which established themselves in this period were in textiles (United Merchants and Manufacturers, Dupont and Anderson Clayton...
...This partial alliance divided the landed oligarchy, alienated the breeders and forced them to seek new outlets in the Axis markets...
...and constr...
...Stabilization was described as maintenance of a satisfactory level of economic activity while achieving a reduction in the balance of payments deficit...
...Originally founded in 1966 to follow "Che" into Bolivia and later to act as the Argentine wing of the Bolivian National Liberation Army...
...Yet this general measure of foreign penetration understates the greater degree of monopolization achieved in certain vital branches of industry (see Table 5...
...5. Aldo Ferrer, The Argentine Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), p. 89...
...recovery of the remains of companero Felipe Vallese...
...the territories of their capital drain and investment activities and thereby their regular sources of income...
...share...
...La Prensa, August 4, 1972...
...Rogello Garcio Lupo, Mercenaries y monopolios (Buenos Aires: Achaval Solo, 1972), p. 79-83...
...Recently he was one of the key behind-the-scenes figures maneuvering for Campora's resignation and his replacement by Raul Lastiri, President of the Chamber of Deputies-who happens to be Lopez Rega's son-in-law...
...DICTATORSHIP...
...raises capital thru 3 US investment banks (Goldman Sachs, Wertheim & Co...
...12-13...
...In the last elections, and prior to the counteroffensive of the right, these three political forces had remained in opposition to Peronism...
...943 MDP BV 179 patents...
...panded to understand its new multilateral form...
...The government's declared objectives were anti-inflationary...
...Sold to Deltec (No...
...The March 11th triumph of the people made them retreat in order to take a breath, regroup their forces, and elaborate a new project behind which to reassemble...
...2 9 The Imperialist Round-up Between 1955 and 1972 net direct foreign investment totalled $1,313.2 million and the participation of foreign corporations in industrial production grew from 8 percent to 40 percent...
...20 Table 7 of Eximbank loans to Argentina, reflect the Bank's tendency to react directly to both changes in U.S...
...2 Obviously, in little more than one month's time the debt did not jump $700 million...
...After supplier credits the next largest part of the debt-17 percent-is to international organizations-the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the International Finance Company, and the Inter-American Development Bank...
...4, No...
...Formed in 1968 by militant workers to oppose the CGT which was under the control of collaborationist union officials dissolved in 1969...
...The collaborationists of this period, Vandor Alonso, Taccone and company, did not vacillate in their support of the military dictatorship and accompanied Ongania on his trip to Tucuman on July 9th, 1966, awakening and inspiring hope in broad sectors of the masses...
...The second led the landed oligarchy to launch a campaign against the "Indian peril" in order to expand the area of cultivated land under their control...
...The enemy's economic power is still intact, but their military power has been weakened by the activity of the armed24 organizations which have disputed their repressive capacity and caused a marked weakening in their political and moral fiber...
...Typesetting by Coty...
...It appears that the financial spokesman for the military government did not present a complete picture...
...Their operations are therefore closely scrutinized by these creditors and largely reflect the requirements of foreign capital...
...The purpose of the GAN is to halt the present revolutionary process and to mislead the masses, isolate the class-conscious trade-union vanguard and the guerrilla movement in order to repress them successfully, making possible their destruction by military force and/or deception...
...The first was filled by the massive immigration of 6.3 million Europeans (primarily Italians and Spaniards) between 1856 and 1932...
...Following the election, Campora called for a halt to all guerrilla activity...
...111) and Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz (WG) In DECA (No...
...VI, No...
...But we will not direct our attacks against governmental institutions or any member of President Campora's government...
...1,472 patents...
...The very attitude of the masses-even when they supported FREJULI-showed complete indifference to the electoral circus until a short time before the elections...
...Cia...
...These by these truths require...
...A look at Table 3 indicates that the foreign debt grew despite the increase in trade and independently of positive or negative trade balances...
...Other sources on Argentine labor history include Sebastian Marotta, Movimiento sindical argentino, 2 Vols., (Buenos Aires: Lacio, 1960-61), Diego Abad de Santillan, La F.O.R.A., ideologla y trayectoria del "movimlento obrero revolucionario en Ia Argentina, 2nd rev, ed., (Buenos Aires: Proyeccion, 1971), and Hobart Spalding, La clase trabajadora argentina...
...holds a substantial share of that monopoly...
...2) Sources published by: AID, Banco Central de la Republica Argentina, ECLA, IBRD, IDB, IFC, IMF...
...For background on the role of foreign aid, see Hector Melo and Israel Yost, "Fun- ding the Empire: Part 1" and "Part 2" in NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...cit., p. 11.32 33...
...Of the loans, $98 million were designated as "development loans" while one single credit of $20 million was disbursed as "contingency funds" 2 3 -to provide "emergency disaster relief" 2 4 in 1963...
...To demand the reappearance of all companeros who have disappeared during these 16 years of national shame...
...499 (August 22, 1972), p. 44...
...indeed it is certain that the people did not benefit as the burden of a massive devaluation was the result...
...This change was accomplished at the expense of thousands of European peasants who were thrown off the land and absorbed by the industries of the urban centers to produce surplus for the capitalists...
...5) cancelled in 1973 due to over- charging and double-pricing...
...What was the basis for this decision...
...But we have already said that these sectors do not make up the majority in either the Government or the Movement...
...Grace periods fluctuate from 2 to 4 years and terms to maturity generally vary from 10 to 15 years...
...share...
...Moreover it would increase the capacity of the revolutionary forces to take better advantage of splits in the bourgeoisie...
...They must be resolved by taking an unconciliatory, critical attitude...
...b) the repeal of repressive laws...
...World War II cut off foreign sources of capital and technology, offering the new industrial bourgeoisie no other solution but to seek support among the military and another disaffected sector of the population, the working class...
...corporations in maintaining a foot-hold in the highly sensitive petroleum industry...
...PERONISM AND THE NEW RULING ALLIANCE The early 1940's had seen a sharp rise in workers struggles...
...Participation by the Armed Forces in the tasks of National Reconstruction...
...A modern-day Rasputin, Lopez Rega also finds time to indulge in astrology...
...The Corporation requires annual financial statements and "stipulations regarding accounting and financial reporting are written into IFC investment agreements.,I8 Periodic visits, consultations and reports also help the IFC to keep effective control on the performance of the enterprise (see Table 5...
...Campora's request came as a result of certain guerrilla actions, among which were the kidnapping of Aleman and the execution of Iribarren...
...y F. -Cia...
...Socialism differs on this point, because the "dictatorship," This clarification of the difference between DOGMATIC although of the proletariat, does not recognize the rights of SOCIALISM and NATIONAL SOCIALISM is not only fitting, ! h others...
...This error began to be revealed when the politico-military organizations appeared in the movement...
...Filled tech...
...From that moment on, the working class found its political expression in Peronism, and carried out everywhere a stage of practical and theoretical training...
...Situated in this vanguard, we understand that the road to workers' and people's power in Argentina is prolonged revolutionary war...
...International Monetary Fund Argentina became a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1956...
...SOURCES: Moody's Industrial Manual (New York, annual) Who Owns Whom (London, annual), lane's Major Companies of Europe (London, annual), Gala de Relaciones Publicas (Buenos Aires, annual), Intervest Guide (Rio de Janeiro, 1971...
...1 0 Most of these subsidiaries imported semi- or wholly manufactured goods, or engaged in assembly and licensing operations...
...Some of the more important cases are (see Top 120 chart for details): Imperial CheomIcal Industries (UK) and Celulosa Arqentine (No...
...They included Clarisa Rosa Lea Place Ana Maria Villarreal de Santucho members of the ERP and the armed Peronist organizations who Alfredo Elias Kohon Jorge Alejandro Villa were being held in the Trelew naval prison...
...and automobiles.32 These sectors are precisely those which have been completely monopolized by foreign corporations (see Table 5) and the U.S...
...THE OLD ALLIANCE With the development of large landholdings for cattle and grain production geared to the international market, a new alliance was forged among imperialism, the local merchant bourgeoisie and the landed oligarchy...
...Compania Inmobiliaria del Rio de la Plata S.A...
...dollars until the beginning of 1972, at which time 1 SDR started to be valued as 1.08571 SDR US $1...
...I recall that in the year 1948 England lowered, by decree, in 30 percent the value of the pound: they were beginning to pay for the war...
...Over the last decade the United States has maintained its influence paradoxically by shifting its finance operations from U.S...
...Also included are PL-480 (Food for Peace) programs for $18.2 million active in Argentina in the 1953-1961 period...
...So that they were going to pay us in capital goods through the revaluation of manufactures...
...ties...
...Respecting these wishes, our organization will not attack thenew government as long as it does not attack the people or the guerrillas...
...mass media and has the backing of the military...
...ERP: As we have said, neither exploitation nor repression has stopped and therefore the armed struggle against these conditions and the dictatorship goes on...
...In keeping with IFC policy to "revolve its funds and bring other investors into partnership in its transactions," 1 5 an additional $27.1 million in foreign funds were lent to Celulosa: the U.S...
...public officials eager to recushion private U.S...
...The pressures of mass mobilizations by workers, however, destroyed these efforts and carried Peron to power in 1945...
...SJUSTICIALISM sanctifies work since it considers it inJusticialism1 or dispensable for the perfection of the person...
...What are the possible objectives that the people must consider...
...sentiment...
...50,000,000 Argentine Republic Floating Rate Notes 1977 Kohn, Loeb & Co Banse Commerciale Italians Cridit Lyonnais sakern Troat Cmpany Lazard Freres & Co...
...Much of this data however can only be acquired through an investigation of the key components of financial groups-the country's major commercial banks, investment banks, insurance companies, and law firms...
...The World Bank also wanted services stopped on several branch lines which were not profitable, and a general increase in fares.11 Negotiations were suspended in August 1972...
...Overseas Coaplssis do Finace at dlhe ti.e*inat, S.A...
...e) Urban reform to destroy the mercantilist conception of housing, and give it its true meaning as a vital use-value...
...Inter Press Service, May 1973...
...Their gaining of a hegemonic position will be the best guarantee for the uninterrupted development of the liberation process and the achievement of the transition to socialism...
...2 The further development of such material is not just an intellectual exercise...
...Seventy-four percent of all patent or licensing contracts are held by foreign corporations...
...Supplier credits for required imports become a "standard operating procedure...
...The Coast Guard, Border Patrol and the political activities of the Armed Forces were placed under the Ministry of War...
...To obtain authorization for disbursement, Argentine officials had to send a "letter of intent" outlining policies which follow measures known to meet IMF approval...
...For further details on the alliance between the British and the fatteners, see Daniels, op...
...c) Party (PRT) and the ERP have concerning trade-unions, legal legalization of all left political organizations and their press...
...We will engovernment and the bureaucratic union leadership...
...Its program of "National Reconstruction," embodied in the "social pact" recently signed between the General Economic Confederation* and the CGT, is fundamentally based on developmentalist theories...
...115) and Centenera (No...
...As would follow from the strategy of this plan, disbursements are very fast...
...IMF, Balance of Payments Yearbook, July 1964, February 1968, March 1972, October 1972, May 1973...
...This massiveness, however, lacks sufficient organization and preparation...
...26 (May 1972), p. 10...
...steel, heavy machinery and motor vehicles (Ford, General Motors, Otis Elevator, Burroughs, National Lead and seven other corporations...
...A Marxist was placed at the head of the university and that institution's contracts with the Ford Foundation were cancelled...
...Witco Chemical La Cantabrica Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz DunlopPirelli Uniroyal Akzo Union Carbide Private Bunge y Born Bunge y Born Private Ar >50 1926 Ar >50 1925 Ar 37 368 6.3 (586) 36 36 35 34 407 6.6 (522) 34 34 479 7.9 (426) 34 109 1.9 (1,729) 33 33 104 1.8 (1,810) 33 62 1.3 (2,462) 33 479 7.6 (426) 32 178 2.7 (1,188) 31 (NA) 30 29 121 1.8 (1,604) 29 519 7.6 (384) 2912 104 0.4 (6,798) 41 116 <801 29 3.4 (844) 246 US 100 1941 Ar US 100 1930 Fr 65 Ca 35 WG <50 US 100 1957 It 31 Ar 26 Ar 1925 Lx 47 1908 Ar >50 US 20 1965 US 20 US 20 US 20 US 20 Ar 100 1959 WG } e UK 50 It so US 50 Ne 40 1963 US 100 1937 Ar 0.5 1.4 Tobacco (35) 3.8 Sugar Mill 3.4 Rubber -6.3 Meat 3.3 30.4 Toiletries, (11) Cosmetics 0.04 Food 0.03 Tobacco (NA) 1.6 1.0 Beverages (168) 2.7 Food 5.2 4.9 Petroleum (104) 1.9 3.5 Aluminum, (56) Copper 0.5 Tobacco (NA) 2.5 4.0 Agricultural (63) Machinery -2.0 Steel (NA) 0.04 Petroleum 0.3 3.0 Steel (9) 0.3 1.3 Petrochems., (21) Chemicals 5,2 1.9 Petro(268) chemicals t Ex-Im loans...
...1971 5.50 Calera Avellaneda cement 1972 10.00 Celulosa Argentina pulp and paper TOTAL 39.21 Source: see footnote 26...
...NACLA/East River Plate Project BUNGE Y BORN AND DELTEC Although Bunge y Born is not even listed among the Top 120, it controls five firms on this list as well as seven other smaller Argentine firms...
...Germany's investments were confiscated as indemnities.13 This left the United States as the major foreign investor...
...To understand the nature of these credits-which appear as loans to both public and private sectors-we will examine them in detail...
...Set up new plant in 1971 with financing from Polysli (WG, DM 11.2 million), Hochtlef (WG, DM 6 million), Colfe (Sp, DM 7 million) and a US $35 million bond...
...An electoral coalition of 25 organizations led by Peron's Justicialist Party...
...As Peron described their position: They answered that they were changing the war industry into peace-time industry, and that the transformation would take them two years...
...They must orient themselves toward obtaining more influence within the Movement and the Government in such a way that the people's interests are faithfully represented in their superstructures...
...In 1972 a rise in electric rates set off a popular rebellion in the rich industrial city of Mendoza...
...Part 2," NACLA Newsletter, Vol...
...Bureaucratic union officials and old-line Peronist politicians (see boxes on Jose Rucci and Jose Lopez Rega) have traditionally maintained a dialogue with the military dictatorship and bourgeois civilian governments...
...At the same time, Deltec controls at least 16 companies in Argentina (see list), including a major investment company which in turn controls many more Argentine firms...
...The demo-liberal approach was ebodied in the policies of A. Krieger Vasena, Minister of the Economy between 1967 and 1969 under the Ongania military dictatorship...
...Mauricio T. Arcangelo and H. Carlos Quagllo, "El imperialismo," in Los Ubres (Buenos Aires), Vol...
...Finally, to achieve both the general and programatic objectives, this Plenary Session of Labor Unions and Fighting Peronist Groups calls on the workers and the people to organize and mobilize the masses...
...Inflation and the devaluation qf the peso made royalty payments increasingly difficult and often impossible...
...Grafa, Grandes Fabricas Argentina, S.A...
...22), Ledesma (No...
...According to its Articles of Agreement, drawn up at Bretton Woods in 1944, the World Bank never lends when "funds are available on reasonable terms from other sources" and pays "due regard, when considering a loan, to the prospects for repayment...
...I FC, 1972 Annual Report, pp...
...wealth...
...20c (4,043 (3,3 (3, It*,0 76 Penallor Private Ar 1913 25 77 Crlstalerla Corning Glass US 53 1882 25 Rigolleau (603) 78 Sudamtex United Mer- US >50 1934 24 chants & Manuf...
...Licensing agreement with Volvo (S) in 1970...
...In the stage of finance capitalism and imperialism these very interconnections-centered around banking and legal relationslink most firms to financial groups which in turn control and coordinate investment strategies, financing, use of technology, labor exploitation, etc...
...Justification for such a large debt is usually found in "developmentalist" assumptions: 1) that the larger the debt incurred the more rapid total industrial development, and 2) that industrial development, no matter what its direction, is necessarily beneficial to the population as a whole...
...This inflationary policy opened up the market in two ways: it triggered a wave of bankruptcies on the one hand, and spurred the acquisition of more local companies on the other...
...In the first period the total amount accrued came to less than $290 million while in the latter $4,000 million was received...
...These popular outbursts marked the reassertion of the working class as the dominant force in Argentine history...
...they make up the economically predominant sector...
...PLANT SIZE AND EMPLOYEES: both give an approximation of the size of each local company to facilitate inter-firm comparisons...
...AID and Export-Import Bank loans which had already been approved ($21.7 million by the former and $9 million by the latter) were held up...
...Twenty-six strikes including 11,765 workers, between 1967 and 1970 do not adequately reflect the intensity of workers' mobilizations and struggles during this period...
...That is, it is nothing more than a For this reason, when Peron speaks of National Socialism, he W change of bosses-the individualist boss is replaced by the state is referring exclusively to the change of structures in the socioboss...
...socialism, etc...
...a U.S...
...Enforcement of a labor regime that allows full participation of workers in the life of their organizations and prevents fraudulent manipulation by the labor union bureaucracy...
...ERP: We explained the reasons in our reply to Dr...
...b) Centralized and coordinated planning of the national economy...
...The big monopolistic imperialist corporations form the hegemonic sector of this alliance...
...organizations to close ranks, to support each other, and to present an organized common front to the political, ideological Our legal activity is directed towards the consolidation and and military offensive of the bourgeoisie, in both its repressive development of an anti-imperialist front combining all and deceptive populist forms.31 With regard to combining legal and illegal activity, we will zealously maintain the clandestine structure of the PRT and the ERP, reinforcing the separation of divisions and regulating the strict fulfillment of security norms...
...leaders such as Chase Manhattan and First National City recruit and administer the funds extended by a series of participant banks...
...14222, passed in 1953, only allowed for limited investments in the key automobile, petrochemical and electrical appliances industries...
...For the moment, the military party lacks the internal coherence it had at the time of Ongania's coup in 1966, which permitted it to reformulate a political strategy...
...We also consulted Latin America (London, weekly), Inter Press Service (Buenos Aires, daily news service) and ISLA Clipping Service (Berkeley, California, monthly...
...The original list of corporations, ranked by sales, appeared in the Argentine business journal, Mercado, Vol...
...Therefore we classified these 13 firms as "dependent Argentine" companies...
...THE ENEMY CAMP...
...participates in Dea (No...
...On the international political plane: -Denunciation of all political, economic and military pacts and agreements that have alienated our sovereignty...
...To illustrate, while the Radical Party pushed through important labor law reforms before 1916, its record toward worker demands after coming to power left much to be desired...
...At the same time such measures assure foreign capitalists that profits can easily be remitted and keep the Argentine market open to "free trade...
...Great Britain attempted to preserve its control over Argentina by strengthening its ties to the export-oriented merchant class and to the most powerful sector of the landed oligarchy, the cattle fatteners...
...CH: What sort of relationship does the ERP plan to have with other Argentine armed organizations...
...ERP: Since our founding we have continuously and constantly called for the operational unity of the armed revolutionary organizations, hoping to construct a solid, strong and unified People's Army in which Peronist and non-Peronist fighters will be united by the common methodology of prolonged revolutionary war, and a common ideal: the construction of socialism in our country...
...See FAR document...
...distinction because certain elements are actively working to turn However, to a solution through class struggle, which unfailingly the Peronist masses toward one of the materialist tendencies...
...The private sector's share was said to be 40 percent of the total, or nearly $2,600 million, while the public sector debt equaled $3,800 million...
...1973 Amount Amount Sector Loans [US$ mn] Sector Loans [US$ mn] Manuf...
...another 13 percent of the total us due to the U.S...
...Developments this year in Argentina might suggest that the heavy capital committment by the United States could now be jeopardized...
...This can be achieved through the restoration of National Socialism and the implementation of the basic points of the workers' program which was approved (in 1962) in Huerta Grande (La Falda) and on May 1, 1968...
...In 1955 the military successfully carried out a coup with the support of the large, industrial, landholding and commercial bourgeoisie (which had recovered its control over the trade surplus) and imperialism, which would soon invade the lucrative Argentine market with new capital investments...
...Jose Gelbard, present Finance Minister, was president of this association.e hT Capitalist Stakes In Arge The following chart presents twenty different categories of information on the 120 largest non-financial corporations in Argentina...
...The World Bank denies that the credit has been cancelled, stating rather that it has not yet been disbursed, pending modification to the national railroad plan...
...10 They set a deadline for EFA to Tmodify its plans...
...These acquisitions included companies in almost every sector of industry, particularly automotive, chemical, petrochemical, metalurgical and tobacco...
...IBM 2 Citroen Private Techint Finsider Gen...
...Nearly $500 million was clearly categorized for this use, while many of the credits listed under the rubrics of agriculture and preinvestment studies, were actually also utilized for the same public enterprises...
...In certain years during this period, the flow of foreign capital to Argentina was very high...
...We believe that this group, which operates only in the federal capital, by continuing to use our insignia (with an addition), just helps to confuse the working class and the people and favors their enemies, i.e., the dictatorship, the bourgeois parties and imperialism...
...Infrastructure development, once monopolized by foreign corporations and now state controlled, is an extremely sensitive political issue...
...155patents...
...The difference is that in the former case, their disappearance leaves them in a society that exploits them and in the latter it does not...
...Under these circumstances, the workers strengthened their unity behind the leadership of Peron and initiated the period of the heroic days of "the resistance," which eventually led to the recapture of power...
...Business International, Argentina Today (New York, 1967), p. 6. 39...
...As voting is weighted to favor the imperialist nations, Argentina-as with all third world countries-is on the short-end when it comes to borrowing these credits...
...This is not unusual...
...The Illia Radical Party administration that came to power tried to stall the influx of foreign capital...
...2 (June 1967), p. 134...
...and 6) the growing deficits incurred by IAPI in the commercialization of cereal exports forced an inflationary expansion of the money supply, a process which by 1952 began redistributing income at the expense of the working class...
...enjoy the benefits of production and profit...
...As the U.S...
...We will not refer to the nature of the previous period because it has been the theme of other studies...
...Full solidarity with all Third World countries, particularly with Latin American peoples and those fighting for their liberation.26 -Implementation of policies to promote Latin American Unity in order to overcome U.S...
...We must fight intelligently and forcefully, without offering an easy target and without giving the enemy the opportunity to massacre sectors of the masses and their vanguard...
...a program that will definitively eradicate cultural imperialism...
...14780 (1959) and No...
...Ongania settled four other contracts with U.S...
...3. During the late 18th century the trade in gold and silver from the Viceroyalty of Peru through the port of Buenos Aires became the economic basis of a growing merchant class in the River Plate Basin...
...9. Figure for 1970...
...As can be seen in Table 8, these banks organize consortiums...
...From this synthesis, we recognize an historical continuity expressed in those who believe in our indigenous cultural values, in the capabilities of our women and men, and in the material wealth of our soil, which will give our people a national identify which stands in solidarity with all the peoples of the world...
...in association with Badische Anilin und Sodafabrik, WG) Founded in 1817 with Belgian capital, Bunge has played a crucial role in Argentine history...
...banks and corporations who invariably put up a dollar total equal to that of the Eximbank...
...These funds are used to provide economic aid directed primarily toward immediate political and security objectives...
...This group crystallized the position of radical union members first formulated back in 1962 when 62 workers' organizations published the Huerta Grande Program...
...State Ar 100 182* 8 Ford Ford2 US 100 1913 173 (16,433) 9 SOMISA State Ar 99 1947 164 IO GasdelEstado State Ar 100 159 II GeneralMotors Gen...
...To this was added corruption-the highest ranking military officers sit on the boards of the large corporations...
...ABBREVIATIONS Nationality Ar - Argentina Be - Belgium Ca - Canada Fr - France It - Italy Lx - Luxemburg Mn - Multinational Ne - Netherlands S - Sweden Sw - Switzerland UK- Great Britain US - United States WG - West Germany International Lending Agencies Ex-Im - Export-Import Bank IDB - Inter-American Development Bank IFC - International Finance Corporation Local Advertising Companies A-I - A-I Propaganda GPA - Gowland Publicidad y Asociadas HGA - Hugo Casares y Asociadas (US) JP - Johnson Publicidad JWT - J. Walter Thompson (US) K/C - K&E/CPV Inter Group (US) KCA - K&C Asociadas de Publicidad L - Lintas Ltda...
...Dee mronk Creditbank Getawiller, Kr , leapaser Securtie Kwtoai Foreip Tnding, Contrctis & Inlestmet Comgay (S.A.K...
...Export Credit Guarantee Dept...
...Thus we come to the central problem: how to analyze a concrete situation, evaluate the balance of forces in this situation, and discover-keeping the strategic objectives in mind-what are the steps, methods, tactics and tasks that will enable us to advance, to change the balance of forces, to situate the attainable objectives in each period, to know how to profit from the enemy's contradictions, always attentive to the situation's constant evolution so as to adapt to it and advance a bit further or fall back (if such is required), but with a mentality constantly on the strategic offensive...
...25 patents...
...was taken over by Peugeot to form Safrar (No...
...Class Alliances And Class Struggle: 1955-1973 The ruling coalition that overthrew Peron ruled Argentina for the next 18 years...
...Its original encouragement of an incipient industrial bourgeoisie helped to strengthen a new class which would look to other allies as soon as association with the landowning and commercial bourgeoisie no longer favored its particular interest...
...Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo, Los sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo y Ia realidad nacional (Buenos Aires: Ediciones La Rosa Blindada, 1973), p. 80-1...
...firms involved in Argentina is facilitated by the wealth of public information on U.S...
...Thirteen other Argentine private corporations are linked to foreign interests through patent and licensing agreements, joint research ventures, international public or private financing, or foreign minority equity parTABLE 1: Nationality and Sales of the Top 120 Non-Financial Corporations in Argentina, 1971 NATIONALITY SALES Amount Percent of Percent of Number Percent [000 SUS] Total Private Sector FOREIGN 66 55.0 3,183,363 48.5 67.0 United States 31 25.8 1,411.826 21.5 29.7 Italian 7 5.8 440,486 6.7 9.3 West German 6 5.0 223,136 3.4 4.7 French 6 5.0 328,800 5.0 6.9 Other 16 13.4 779,115 11.9 16.4 ARGENTINE 54 45.0 3,375,594 51.5 33.0 State 10 8.3 1,811,064 27.8 - Mixed 2 1.7 67,308 1.0 1.4 uonge y Born 5 4.2 219,180 3.3 4.6 Dependent Co...
...2 8 Between 1967 and 1969, 19 local banks were bought out by foreign institutions...
...illegal and legal work...
...During this, whole 24 year period the purchasing power of workers dropped as their real wages diminished 27 percent...
...machinery...
...Even bourgeois governments in Latin America have insisted on at least nominal partnership in foreign companies operating within their borders...
...CH: How would you characterize FREJULI and the next government...
...and Dupont (US,'No...
...These terms are fairly attractive to a prospective borrower, both in view of high domestic lending rates and other international or foreign lending mechanisms...
...After the letter was posted, the Argentine Government found it necessary to10 advance the 10 percent wage rise scheduled for July to May and increase it to 15 percent...
...commodities...
...and European capital...
...We have understood this fact in the same 29 way as other fraternal guerrilla organizations that have continued to function...
...when the currency declines in value, capital goods increase in an inversely proportional way...
...The landed oligarchy of the humid pampas holds the decisive weight in this sphere...
...This brought the process of industrialization into direct contradiction with the interests of the large landowners and agro-export merchants...
...In the area of external relations the government's primary concerns were the foreign debt and the nature of foreign investment in Argentina...
...Mercantilism was the historical moment when incipient capitalism sought to destroy feudal patterns and create the basis of modern industry...
...It then implemented economic policies according to two major criteria:17 1. Under Peron, the IAPI had monopolized the cereal export business in order to channel capital away from the agricultural sector into national industry...
...It was only in mid-June that the credit was finally authorized.18is the upward spiral of rates, the working man ultimately assumes the cost through the higher taxes he must pay to service his country's foreign debt...
...If we reach this point, we will run a definite risk: when they see they are about to lose completely, any individual or social class polishes up its instinct for survival and the open confrontation takes place which we must accept at the point when we have sufficient strength to win...
...Raising working class income to at least the 1955 level as a percentage of the national income...
...2 6 Remittances...
...Not only does the amount of foreign money received have no bearing on the productivity of its use, but the definition of productive development is imposed by the financial arms of the imperialist powers...
...By the late 1920's the Radical Party had lost its mass support...
...Goodrich (US...
...forthcoming, 1972...
...Production agreements with Geigy (Sw), B.F...
...state took control in 1971...
...Since these functions require an intimate knowledge of the company, the ties of a law firm to a corporation are quite stable...
...We can categorically assert that the interruption of the popular process in 1955 was a blow to political sovereignty, economic independence, to the ongoing socialization process and to the nationalist sentiments of a people...
...after 1955...
...The exploitation of man by man, typical of the capitalist This brief summary shows the ideological abyss that separates mentality, is supplanted in the socialist system by the ex- JUSTICIALISM from dogmatic socialism...
...This program will implement reforms without provoking a total confrontation with the reactionary forces, but will not fulfill the revolutionary aims of the people...
...The broad scope of the government's proposals subjects any modification in the economic program to IMF approval.+ The IMF credit granted in itself is no small amount...
...This caused a split in the trade-union movement and the most radical sectors broke off to form the CGT de los Argentinos (General Workers Confederation of the Argentines...
...Yet these forces are now faced with objective conditions which will weigh heavily on the future alternatives of struggle...
...98) -S.A...
...Inter-American Development Bank Activity in Argentina Despite the fact that the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) presents itself as a multilateral institution, the largest lending agency in Latin America is not free of pressure from its most powerful member, the United States, which currently holds 40 percent of the bank's total votes...
...2) There remain the sectors of the middle urban and rural bourgeoisie (and the rest of the petty bourgeoisie) whose economic interests are contradictory to those of the enemy camp, since the process of monopolistic concentration condemns them to disappear as a class...
...PARENT FIRM, NATIONALITY AND PARENT EQUITY: when we found that another company owned 20 percent or more of the equity of a Top 120 firm we classified the local firm in terms of the parent's nationality...
...CH: In recent declarations, president-elect Hector Campora asked the Argentine guerrilla organizations to agree to a truce after May 25th, in order "to see whether we are on the road to liberation and to achieving our objectives...
...Now the alternatives open to the government are much more confined...
...The IBRD objected...
...All these aspects need more investigation to reveal their role in corporate control and financial group relations...
...The International Cooperation Agency...
...See the chart in this issue of the Top 120 nonfinancial corporations in Argentina...
...4. The currency and gold reserve drainage caused a liquidity crisis...
...Gradual development (quantitative change) must be combined with forward leaps (qualitative change), always remembering the balance of forces so as not to try to leap in a vacuum...
...IFC finance is a blend of equity and long-term loan funds advanced on hard terms and not requiring government guarantees...
...marketing agreements with Dow Chemical (US), Rohm & Haas (US), Food Machinery Corp (US), Monsanto (US), Oest Stickstoffwerk (WOG) and Dubois, a division of W.R...
...You partially accepted this request...
...Mobilizations transcended their purely political purpose to become instruments of power...
...The formation of the CGT de los Argentinos represented a significant advance in particular sectors of the working class...
...IDB News Release, December 17,1970...
...At that point the export-oriented centralists from the port city of Buenos Aires were able to impose their will on the provincial autonomists...
...The Illia government cancelled all these contracts plus five others granted in the interim Guido presidency (1962-63...
...During this period, 103.7 million acres of land were seized and distributed among 1,843 TABLE 1: Argentine Foreign Trade, 1861-1910 [Old Argentine Pesos] Year Imports Exports Trade Balance 1861 22,441,120 14,322,580 -8,118,531 1870 49,124,613 30,223,084 -18,901,529 1880 45,535,880 58,380,787 12,894,907 1890 142,240,812 100,818,993 -41,421,819 1900 113,959,749 154,600,412 41,115,343 1910 351,770,656 372,626,055 20,855,359 Source: Tercer Censo Nacional (Buenos Aires), Vol...
...NEW PRESSURES ON THE OLD ALLIANCE The terrible living conditions, low wage levels and the politicized background of many European workers led the nascent Argentine proletariat to form some of the first mutual aid societies and unions in Latin America...
...Deltec Aigentina S.A.F...
...holds min...
...i i | i i ll li DEDICATION We dedicate this issue to all revolutionaries who gave their lives and to those who continue to live the struggle for revolution and socialism in Argentina...
...We must always remember that "power comes from the barrel of a gun...
...What positons do the Revolutionary Workers for all political prisoners...
...But we also look for points of agreement that place us on common political ground as the facts and the joint actions we have carried out have demonstrated...
...Although most of the parties involved in the Front are small, with the exception of Frondizi's developmentist party, in its totality the Front is a popular, anti-imperialist movement...
...WG) -Sulfacid S.A.LF.C...
...Washington reacted swiftly to the decision in perfect coordination with a campaign launched by the right in Argentina to discredit Illia...
...30 patents...
...It identified imperialism and its local representatives as the main enemy and called for a united anti-imperialist front which would include small merchants, professionals and students...
...2 First, between 1810 and 1820, England drained the area of its gold reserves in order to undermine and break the power base of the local commercial bourgeoisie...
...These sectors, together with other forces in the Front (Frondifrigorismo, Popular Conservatism) despite their minority character, will be backed by the dominant classes in an effort to become the leading group of the Front...
...For this reason (and this is a synthesis of our political analysis at the moment), due to the experiences we have gone through, we are assuming total responsibility today for supporting the unity of the people under the leadership of JUAN DOMINGO PERON...
...2 (April 1970) and Vol...
...2. Much of the background information and supporting data for this article can be found in Ed Daniels, "From Mercantilism to Imperialism: the Argentine Case...
...but necessary, because in these times of stormy waters, | JUSTICIALISM seeks to overcome class divisions in society, fishermen are working feverishly with their red nets...
...i) An independent international policy that in essence will be in solidarity with all peoples fighting for their liberation...
...On the other hand, Peronism's revolutionary sectors are themselves in the minority at the policy-making level of government...
...1 2 The irony in this "statement consists in the fact that one Corpdration member, the United States, holds more than 25 percent of the voting power and that almost all of the firms the IFC deals with have substantial U.S...
...Agrarian reform, the expropriation and nationalization of big capital, urban reform, a revolutionary socialist government-all essential measures for a true revolution-are totally absent from the plans and proposals of FREJULI...
...Gotabanken, Svenska Handelsbanken...
...351 patents, Contract with ENTel (No...
...Ibid., p. 64-82...
...Finally, as an introductory reference point, we wish to direct attention to an important aspect of the international situation that should not be overlooked: North American imperialism is no longer a world-wide hegemonic force...
...Their victory strengthened imperialism by deepening Argentina's dependency on the international market...
...Operation Report Aidbook (Washington, D.C...
...Descriptions of some loans from private banks (about 10 percent of total public debt) will follow...
...objectives, produced to a great extent by the success of the Cuban Revolution, has forced the imperialists to employ even more covert methods of exploitation...
...IDB loan...
...1 Other smaller groups, such' as the one centered in Cleveland, also have an interest...
...Two programs typified the process of submission to imperialism...
...0.3 Sugar 532 5.6 3.9 20.6 Cement 1,500 OSR (19) 0.3 Cosmetics, 291 2.9 3.4 5.5 Toiletries, 12c 330 RLP (62) Cosmetics 574 6.1 3.3 6.8 Alcoholic MDP (48) Beverages 3.8 Sugar 0.4 Petroleum 0.7 Food 41c 3,108 (NA) 519 5.1 0.9 4.5 Tin Cans (21) 0.8 Food 0.8 Paper 32c 1,600 1,8 Alcoholic 20c 600 MDP (NA) Beverages 210 1.9 0.314 3.6 Engines 500 (9.2) 1.6 Cement 207 1,7 0.5 0.9 Axles 14c 700 (57) 2.0 Sugar (NA) -1.0 Shipping -3.5 Meat 15,000 2.6 Cosmetics / 4. Cf __ 4Ole...
...f) There exists commercial, technological, financial and organizational dependency on the big capital of imperialist monopolies, principally North America...
...This was followed by the establishment of the Las Palmas Produce Company (1902) and the Smithfield & Argentine Meat Company (1903...
...It shipped a whole factory from the United States to Argentina...
...Assistance from the United States Government The United States Government has been "most generous" in aiding its most southern American neighbor...
...In spite of this limitation, at present the people's camp is on the offensive...
...The people followed this advice and everyone knows what happened...
...See introduction to documents...
...Total amnesty for those persecuted for the same reasons...
...In this period, their objectives will be basically defensive (to avoid losing the positions gained and, of course, to keep the system of oligarchico-imperialist domination out of danger...
...During the last five years four armed groups further attacked and crippled the military regime, contributing to the conditions which brought about the electoral victory of the FREJULI...
...499 patents...
...TABLE 6: IDB Loans to Argentina by Sector, 1961-Aug...
...3. Sales and income figures are rounded to nearest million US...
...Fighting Trade Unions Unity, Solidarity and Organization -For the immediate and unconditional return of Peron -For the seizure of Power -For National Liberation Since the struggle for independence the Argentine people have sought the political characteristics that would unite them to all the peoples of our continent, reflecting their own national sentiments and leading them to the development of a basic IndoAmerican culture...
...ministrator of this resource, also counts it...
...During Peron's presidency (1945-1955) he was a low-ranking Federal Police officer assigned as a guard to the presidential residence...
...NA Source: see footnote 26...
...The nationalized U.S...
...Arcangelo, op...
...They intend to carry out the most brutal repression and to crush the rise of the people and the workers such as the Ezeiza incident...
...They are what make the present balance of forces possible...
...We characterize the contradictions we have with these organizations as "contradictions among the people...
...And we know that the points which unite us are many more than those that separate us...
...This is what happened with FREJULI...
...A full understanding of this analysis also requires a familiarity with our document, the "Present Political Process," in which we discussed the distinctive features of the Peronist Movement and thoughts on the scope of the National Liberation Front...
...This program was delayed because many of the leaders who said they represented the interests of the "national proletariat" vacillated, betraying the interests of the exploited and joining the exploiters...
...Military rule was a stopgap solution which allowed them to adapt to new world conditions by reorienting part of their economic activity towards a process of import substitution through limited industrialization...
...Later they gave a political cast to these differences through an about-face-which we judged opportunist-in support of FREJULI...
...Finsider (It...
...Dept...
...Prods...
...6. Daniels, op...
...Deltec is heavily weighted with U.S...
...Although formally a national corporation Bunge Argentina is integrated into an 80 country world-wide network which is closely tied to U.S...
...Ganadera y Forestal -Estancia el Ombu S.A...
...The mini-coup led to Peron's candidacy for the upcoming September 23rd presidential elections-a step aimed at slowing the right-wing offensive...
...Five of the remaining 42 private Argentine enterprises are controlled by a single holding company, Bunge y Born...
...Key positions in government were then filled by old line, corrupt Peronist bureaucrats and politicians...
...Between 1960 and 1971 $853 million flowed out of the country...
...Under the leadership of R. Ongaro, the CGT de los Argentinos updated much of the first statement in the Program of the Ist of May (1968...
...The capital contribution by the Argentine government in the second bank was made possible through a loan from Baring Brothers, the powerful London financial institution...
...and Bear Stemrns...
...ERP: Dr...
...It could not sustain the attacks of the repressive forces of the government if isolated from the bulk of the working class which remained in the General Workers Confederation (Confederacion General del Trabajo, CGT...
...The financing of many of these entities was channeled through a key organization, IAPI, the Instituto Argentino de Promocion de Intercambio, which carried out the state economic trade program in coordination with the Banco de Credito Industrial...
...98) in 1969...
...All were British owned or controlled...
...The information on petroleum contracts was compiled from news services and specialized trade journals...
...Licensing agreements with Moeorla (US) since 1960 and Fedders (US) since 1964...
...Since that time the Republic has made purchases from the Fund totaling the equivalent of SDR* 714 million 6 (see Table 3...
...Such a study, complimentary to the investigation of each corporation, would provide the extra data needed to classify most of the top 120 according to financial groups...
...Ownership of 50 percent or more made the local firm a subsidiary of the parent...
...The development of this dictatorship was defeated at every stage by the unity of the Argentine people behind their leader and by the development of revolutionary organizations...
...The British used the authority of these banks to issue currency to reinforce the export-import nature of the Argentine economy...
...The existence of a socialist country in America (Cuba) which is overcoming the blockade erected more than ten years ago...
...share...
...8. Figure for Renault...
...Thus remittances by U.S...
...Controls 13% of tire market...
...One of the most serious consequences of this dependency-but not the only one-is the transfer of the wealth produced in the country to the imperial power centers...
...and in pharmaceuticals (18 U.S...
...FAR: Revolutionary Armed Forces...
...What were the reasons for this split...
...The Peronist policy of nationalizations served the double purpose of breaking the foreign hold over basic public enterprises and the infrastructure of the economy, reducing thereby the financial service paid on them from close to $1 billion a year to about $100 million, and of promoting the development of the national industrial bourgeoisie by centralizing under its control the management of credit...
...private U.S., European or Japanese banks...
...Compania Industrial de Bolsas S.A...
...Although Krieger Vasena lifted all the restrictions on profit transfers he sustained the process of industrial denationalization by decreeing the devaluation of the peso by 40 percent...
...As for the army: we will develop an active campaign of ERP: As to trade-unions, there we will fight for the in- propaganda and agitation among draftees, calling on them not to dependence of the workers' movement from Campora's fire on the people or to participate in repression...
...Two armed groups-the Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, FAR) and the Peronist Armed Organization-Montoneros 3 (Organizacion Armada Peronista)--grew independently of each other but have recently considered uniting around their common position on armed struggle and their similar interpretation of Peronism (see the FAR document...
...This period of uncoordinated "resistance" was followed in the early 1960's by the first attempts to develop a rural guerrilla movement...
...Controls were placed on foreign investment and bank deposits were nationalized...
...It, No...
...Holds license from Continental Can (US) on royalty basis since 1961...
...Fifty-four of these credits have been made to the government or its agencies, with the remainder going to private industrial concerns with government guarantee...
...His government authorized 28 contracts with foreign companies which covered exploration, drilling and exploitation of oil and gas reserves...
...An interesting example of World Bank direct interference in national policy is the recent case of the Argentine railroad credit...
...The officials of the Argentine Railway Authority (EFA) supplied the required "memorandum of understanding" to the World Bank as prerequisite to loan authorization...
...2) the government failed to carry out land reform and break the back of the reactionary landowners...
...Ex-Im and IFC loans.25 Duello 26 Pirelli 27 Sancor 28 Slam di Tellal 29 Duperial 30 Elma 31 Loma Negra 32 Insa 33 Standard Electric 34 Olivetti 35 Massallny Celascol 36 Santa Rosa 37 Firestone 38 Sasetru 39 Nestle 40 Philips 41 ltalo-Arg...
...It simply forced it to proceed from a different angle...
...in association with Badische Anilin und Sodafabrik, WG) -Sulfisud, Fabrica Argentina de Hidrosulfito y Afines S.A...
...GG Involved in joint R&D project with Gem...
...Of the public TABLE 1: Argentina's Total External Debt, 1945-1972 [US$ million] At year-end Public Sector 1945 900 1950 400 1955 600* 1956 687 1958 1,375 1960 1,478 1961 1,863 1962 2,092 1963 2,063 1964 1,828 1965 1,968 1966 1,925 1967 2,061 1968 2,207 1969 2,356 1970 2,441 1971 2,767 1972p 3,046 Private Sector NA NA NA NA 1,412 NA 892 1,076 NA NA 1,246 1,351 1,179 1,188 1,614 2,324 2,333 2,864 Total NA NA NA NA 2,787 NA 2,755 3,168 NA NA 3,213 3,276 3,240 3,395 3,970 4,765 5,100 5,910 debt that is due this year, over 25 percent is in interest charges alone...
...On the contrary, the position of the revolutionary sectors is that the Peronist Movement will lead to socialism...
...The stockmen . . . were split into two factions: breeders and fatteners...
...CH: What then, do you feel, are the real intentions of FREJULI for the next government...
...24) and Phem (No...
...The only blood not shed was that of the capitalists and the oligarchy, while the people saw dozens and dozens of their best children massacred and shot...
...104...
...Now war has the advantage that those who have destroyed their things during the war, have the benefit of paying for them, in the first place, by devaluating the currency, so that the debts they have lose a great deal of importance...
...Thus, colonies apart from having a strategic role, became: -the supplier of mineral and agricultural raw materials to the metropolitan countries...
...Often the specific objectives of development are defined abroad...
...and others, including mixed French-British and French holdings, totalled S 65 million...
...IDB News Release, December 21, 1972, p. 3. 22...
...continued from p. 20) FOOTNOTES 1. La Nacion, May 18, 1973...
...Ex-Im loan...
...Between 1950 and 1954, 125 strikes took place involving 254,426 workers...
...But the objectives of this offensive are not unlimited...
...Corporate giants have therefore disguised their control by assuming the names of domestic companies and placing local businessmen in management positions...
...Twenty of the contracts were signed with U.S...
...Guarantees of free medical attention for all the country's inhabitants...
...We can continue the offensive, pursue it, lash it onwards, increasing our forces and weakening the enemy's but we must take care not to lead them to the brink of the abyss until we can give them the final shove...
...9 The only semi-heavy manufacturing established through import substitution was in goods for infrastructure development...
...The wages of workers not only rose in absolute terms but their share of domestic income grew substantially between 1947 and 1952 (see Table 7 ), after which it shrank because of economic problems faced by Argentina...
...Under Peron the trend was accentuated until 1952 because of the government's policy of nationalization in key sectors of the economy, restrictions on the repatriation of profits in others and also because of the reduced capital surplus of the European countries most affected by the war...
...3 77 Ever since 1955 the penetration of foreign capital has sought to undermine state monopolies...
...Financiera -Argenmin S.A...
...6. Figure for 1967...
...AID, U.S...
...The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of this new period and the possible evolution objective reality will take, in order to determine the methods, tactics and tasks that will enable us to continue to increase our revolutionary forces while keeping our eyes on the strategic objective: i.e., the seizure of power by the workers and the people to build socialism...
...Secondary sources can be divided into two categories: r1112 qWR agSPECIALIZED TRADE PUBLICATIONS: Banco Shaw's Comments on Stock Exchange Possibilities in Argentiha, Bolsa Review, Business Conditions In Argentina, Business Latin America, Business Trends in Argentina, Business Week, Comments On Argentine Trade, Forbes, Fortune, Notlcias, Panorama Economico Latinoamericano (PEL), Peruvian Times, and Review of the River Plate...
...Primera Plana (Buenos Aires...
...Public health plans whose goal is disease prevention...
...Holds 10% share of patgoql ea a Ns a, large state complex under construction...
...rather revolution, which is national in the specific form it takes in each country, has an internationalist content.30 -Rigt-wingPeronism property as inherent to human nature, whereas socialism, by not - t- ing Pernism recognizing private property, maintains the worker in a state of proletarianization, even though it also favors a single class...
...Licensing agreement on royalty basis with Milprint let., a sub"sidiary of Phllips Morris (US, No...
...This leads to excessive aid to import-intensive projects...
...Campora represents counselled the people "not to shed blood," "to avoid civil war," "to wait...
...Our consciousness of the bilateral strategy of the enemy must be exUSS 35.0 million Germany 87.0 million D. Marks (US$ 32.2 million) Belgium 100.0 million B. Francs (US$ 2.5 million) Sweden 10.0 million S. Kronen (US$ 2.3 million) Switzerland 40.0 million Sw...
...The direction they gave the country wavered between developmentalism and demo-liberalism...
...A revolutionary politics does not set ambitious objectives that cannot be attained with the forces available to advance them...
...November 6,1970 Blk of NWve Scotia eaqup EarLopies do Tokyo leapu do Commerce SA...
...Export-Import Bank Another form of U.S...
...More specifically, the sudden decline in Bank credits between 1962 and 1964 was in response to the overthrow of the Frondizi government, the cancellation of oil contracts under Illia and to the liberal Kennedy administration's overall shift from a bilateral to a multilateral strategy in U.S...
...These 66 firms generate 67 percent of all sales of the privately owned corporations in the top 120...
...FREJULI is the only political coalition in Argentina with a real mass base among workers and peasants...
...We can point out the following as common, attainable and lasting objectives of the people's camp in this period with the present balance of forces: On the internal plane: -Freedom for all prisoners of war and those held for political reasons...
...80-1...
...People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) Win or Die for Argentina CHILE HOY: What conclusions do you draw from the March 11th elections which ratified the triumph of FREJULI...
...This is a constant guide for our analyses inasmuch as it helps us avoid getting lost in the morass of details presented by any complex reality...
...4) Without a doubt, the hegemonic political force within FREJULI is the Peronist Movement, which has its own internal contradictions-certain traitorous sectors belonging to the political and labor bureaucracies...
...The Eximbank is presently charging an annual interest rate of 6 percent...
...of State, Dean Acheson, referring to Peron's first administrations...
...IV, No...
...Its precedent is the achievements of the Peronist Government (1945-1955), which constitute a reference point for the FREJULI Government...
...and Roberts, a British investment bank...
...5. A Central Bank Study cited in Rogelio Garcia Lupo, "Las Finanzas de la Oligarquia Argentina," La Idea, Montevideo, July 23,1971...
...Social Progress Trust Fund loan authorizations are also included on the U.S...
...I, No...
...It can be summarized as follows: a) Nationalization of all the critical sectors of the economy: petroleum, iron and steel, energy, transportation, banking, insurance, foreign trade, and those activities which affect our economic independence by their nature and/or their economic-financial and strategic importance...
...of Defense military contractors in FY1971...
...Strikes had already begun to occur during Peron's gradual surrender to imperialism after 1952...
...71 patents...
...IDB loan...
...There can easily be another Trelew-style massacre...
...THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE...
...Immediate freedom for the fighters for liberation...
...In this case they will not only objectively retard fulfillment of the people's program, but they will also tend to maintain over-all dependency on monopoly imperialism...
...Therefore law firms are crucial to placing each company in a financial interest group...
...12 per year for institutions ($22 for two years...
...La Nacion, August 1, 1972...
...The fundamental strength of the enemy is the lack of unity and coordination among workers and the people...
...Step by step" does not mean that the advance is always slow, gradual or evolutionary...
...7) What, then, is the balance of forces between the people's camp and the enemy in the conjuncture beginning May 25th...
...In each new period, each conjuncture, new elements appear which make it distinctive but many elements of the previous epoch still existwhich prevent us from finding clearly defined cross-sections...
...corporations...
...It works closely with the Peronist Youth and puts an emphasis on organizing the workers...
...Their resolution will depend basically on the strength of each sector and its capacity to win over or neutralize the other sectors...
...share in Santa Rosa (No...
...Secondly, the basic and dynamic industries have been concentrated under various forms of foreign monopoly control...
...North American capital made 70 percent of all new direct foreign investment between 1959 and 1969.30 By 1973 the book value of U.S...
...Yet the Peronist Movement itself is heterogeneous and must contend with the different class interests and ideological perspectives represented by its constituencies: corrupt political bureaucrats and union officials on the one hand, and the militant unions, the Peronist Youth and the armed groups on the other...
...2. Among top 100 U.S...
...Buenos Aires: Ediciones Mardulce, 1969), p. 101-2...
...Primera Plana (Buenos Aires), No...
...renewed enforcement of workers and old people's rights...
...b) The manufacturing industry is the most important branch of production...
...domination (another multinational outfit...
...relations with developing nations...
...No let-up for the exploiting corporations...
...Formed in 1970 during the Fifth Congress of the Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT...
...To overcome the country's crisis necessarily presupposes the transformation of the very structure that brought it about...
...Compaseros Juan Jose Cabral Adolfo Ramon Bello Lois Norberto Blanco Miximo Mena Rail Castillo Juan Mario Romero Leonardo Guile Juan Carlos Funes Delia Guerra Daniel Castellanos Mariano Pereyra Marcelo Terza Jsm.mqil ASESINADOS EN CORRIENMES, ROSARIO Y CORDOBA Y a odes los cmpakiros herids, trades, rcesales, coamales pr una Justicia Militar qu d peb a rcnac: "* LA SANGRE QUE USTEDES DERRAMARON NO SERA NEGOCIADA "* LOS IDEALES QUE USTEDES DEFENDIERON NO SERAN TRAICIONADOS "* LA LUCHA QUE USTEDES INICIARON NO SERA INTERRUMPIDA "...Hasta que podamos reconquistar la Libertad y la Justicia Social y le sea devuelto al-pueblo el ejercicio del poder" CGTO[ LOS ARGENTI28 b) Externally: -Immediate implementation of the stage of organization and mobilization, scheduling public actions across the country...
...15803 (1961) opened wide the doors to foreign capital...
...This could be accomplished with more precise information on their total equity distribution, commercial bank loans, investment bank relations, law firms and interlocking directorates...
...SOURCE: Martindale & Hubbell Law Directory (New York, annual...
...They promise to maintain "our" Christian way of life, the parliamentary system, private enterprise and the presence of foreign capital...
...Licensing agreement with Olver Int...
...JUSTICIALISM agrees with socialism in its acceptance of I positive law as opposed to natural law when the latter allows the "Dogmatic socialism, on the other hand, is materialist...
...The foreign corporation however retains effective control over the joint venturethrough its monopoly of technology...
...Technology has been used extensively to control local capital...
...The new alliance between the industrial bourgeoisie and the proletariat was embodied in the two Peronist governments (1945-1955) which set Argentina on a course characterized by rapid industrialization, the consequent growth of the industrial bourgeoisie and the rise of the proletariat to a position of power after decades of repression...
...International lending institutions, within this context, serve the dual purpose of subsidizing private industry and deceiving the consumer...
...The IBRD employs other less subtle means of control...
...Swift de la Plata S.A.F...
...In addition to the forces mentioned, they can also rely on the contradictions within FREJULI, which contains a minority sector of potential allies of the enemy...
...To show timidity and weakness in our politics and unity carries serious consequences at the present time...
...These guarantees covered a total investment of $772.9 million against the following risks: $428.6 million against convertibility, $185.1 million against expropriation, $93 million against war risk and $46.1 million against an assortment of expropriation, war and other extended risks...
...3 (May.June, 1971), pp...
...This.would be infantile...
...The president-elect's request, then, implies the total suspension of guerrilla activity...
...Information is not available on the private credits owed by the Argentine private sector, but we can surmise that the stipulations passed on such loans are equally or more restrictive...
...subsidiaries in Argentina are controlled by three major financial groups: Rockefeller-Chase Manhattan Bank, Morgan Guaranty Trust and First National City Bank...
...Industrial Bank of Japan: Mitsubishi Bank Ltd., Kyowa Bank Ltd., Sanwa Bank Ltd., Dai Ichi-Kangyo Bank Ltd., Mitsui Bank Ltd., Tokai Bank Ltd., Hokaido Takushoku Bank Ltd., Bank of Kobe, Ltd., Saitama Bank Ltd., Long Term Credit Bank of Japan...
...II, No...
...British financial interests then helped found two banks over which they maintained firm control...
...and licensing agreements with 5 other US corps...
...May, 1973 Translated from a document issued by the Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR...
...If this were not the case, they would never have gone along with the maneuver of the Great National Accord...
...The data on strikes was taken from the Yearbook on Labor Statistics of the international Labor Organization, 15th ed., 1955...
...The exact role of technical agreements or long-term financing, while obviously important, needs more analysis to pinpoint the level of control they afford...
...Our responsibility is fundamentally to use all means to make this program known and to advocate that the workers and the people as a whole accept and defend it as their own...
...In other words, the objectives that the people's camp sets itself in each period must relate to the balance of forces that exists in that period and to their possible development...
...The rationale advanced by Frondizi urged the massive use of foreign technology and capital to quickly achieve the goal of selfsufficiency...
...This did not compare, however, to the workers' reaction to the Aramburu dictatorship and the Frondizi, Guido and Illia governments...
...2. La Prensa, July 25, 1973...
...During the period 1860-1914 Argentina absorbed $10 million in foreign capital investment and credit...
...Increased obfuscation of U.S...
...Fortune (July and August, 1972) and Forbes (May 15, 1972) for foreign parent sales and income...
...10027...
...102...
...Basing ourselves on what has already been said, we can show that on the level of the country's economic structure the principal contradiction is the confrontation between the alliance of monopoly imperialism with the native oligarchy (upper industrial, financial and agricultural bourgeoisie), and the working class and other sectors of the people...
...Export-Import Bank with the participation of Crocker International Bank extended $6.8 million, the Export Development Corporation of Canada provided $5.9 TABLE 5: Operational Investments of the IFC in Argentina, 1960-1973 Amount Year [USS mn] Borrower Type of Business 1960 3.66 ACINDAR steel products 1960 3.00 Papelera Rio Parana pulp and paper 1961 1.50 Fabrica Arg...
...All the data is for 1971 unless otherwise noted...
...An intricate labyrinth of financing, manufacturing and marketing activities that extend around the globe, the company controls (with King Ranch of Texas) a large piece of the international beef market...
...Two stipulations that the IFC makes were also fulfilled: "adequate participation by the chief sponsor in the capital of the enterprise"l 6 -Celulosa generated $17.2 million in internal funds...
...At first glance Krieger Vasena could appear to be a nationalist who fought off the inroads of foreign capital...
...Herbert Goldhammer, The Foreign Powers in Latin America, (Princeton Press, 1972) p. 194...
...Three million people, led by the Peronist Youth, FAR, Montoneros and militant trade unions, were fired upon by thugs who were supposedly acting as security forces under the orders of rightwing Peronist and ex-Colonel Jorge Osinde...
...Address all mail to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York, N.Y., 10025, or Box 226, Berkeley, Cal...
...4 3 Important segments of the working class were radicalized and in 1968 a split occurred in the General Workers Confederation (see Introduction to Documents in this issue...
...31, 1972 [US$ million] Year Public Sector Private Sector Total 1973 544.0 1,563.2 2,107.2 1974 581.0 398.0 979.0 1975 655.0 161.5 816.5 1976 366.0 118.0 484.0 1977 344.0 77.7 421.7 1978 296.0 201.6 497.6 1979 914.0 - 914.0 TOTALS 3,700.0 2,520.0 6,220.0 Source: see footnote 26...
...24) forming Electroclor (No...
...balance of payments by making available large amounts of foreign capital...
...Bank of Tokyo Ltd., Fuji Bank Ltd., Sumitomo Bank Ltd...
...1955-58 for illegal use of exchange permit and violating investment laws...
...The presence of other countries with people's governments already in power or developing (Chile, Peru, Panama), to whose number the Popular Government of Argentina will now be added...
...51), Garmedln (No...
...on the contrary it is intensifying, as we see that the oppressing army is in retreat, in disarray...
...They also shed some light on the limits of rural guerrilla warfare in the Argentine framework and identified armed struggle within the context of Peronism...
...In order to assure the transportation of unspoiled meat to Europe, technological inovations permitted the founding in 1882 of the country's first frigorifico (meatpacking plant), the River Plate Fresh Meat Company...
...TABLE 3: IMF Credits to Argentina, 1957-1972 [US$ million] Year Amount Year Amount 1957 75.0 1970 58.8 1961 100.0 1972 69.5 1962 100.0 1972 119.4 1967 125.0 TOTAL 647.7 Source: see footnote 26...
...capital flows (see Table 7...
...Eximbank is the example par excellance of a bilateral lending agency with no mechanism whatever for masking the true purpose behind its extension of credits...
...As we have already indicated, other forces which acted separately in the electoral struggle can be incorporated into this Front...
...FREJULI: Justicialist Liberation Front...
...His study indicates that a farmworker's real wage fell from an index of 100 in 1948 to 63.1 in 1972 and that a worker's real wage fell to 54.7...
...In 1943, the military once again intervened in an attempt to cement the old coalition of landed, commercial and new industrial interests...
...Because the military had succeeded in disqualifying Peron himself, this united front of 25 organizations ran Peron's close advisor, Hector Campora, for President...
...Therefore we, as revolutionaries, have the obligation to act with caution yet firmly and decisively...
...SOURCE: Jorge M. Katz, "Patentes, corparaciones multinacionales y tecnologia," Desarrollo Economico, Vol...
...Figure represents combined totals for Pirelli and Uniroyal...
...7/September, 1973 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August, when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, N.Y...
...leads to the BOSS STATE, JUSTICIALISM opposes an JUSTICIALISM was born as a THIRD POSITION between evolutionary process which inverts the inflationary process and b CAPITALISM and the different schools of DOGMATIC brings about the formation of social entrepreneurship, acSOCIALISM, such as communism, scientific socialism, state cumulating wealth in the hands of the people...
...Since then, grants of approximately $500,000 a year have been authorized to combat illicit international drug traffic...
...the rest are distributed between European and Canadian investors...
...Often a monopolistic situation exists where the price of the import is higher than need be...
...ERP: We do not deny that there are important progressive and revolutionary sectors of the people within the Peronist Movement which make it explosive...
...Ongania, the army and the bosses, took advantage of this truce to lash out barbarically, repressing the people and liquidating the new revolutionary leadership that had begun to arise...
...From an interview with Peron in Peroniuno: Justlclillsmo y Revolucian, documentary film by Solanas y Getino, 1972...
...This means contracting new debt to repay old and/or putting off repayment by agreeing to higher interest charges...
...In a joint auto manufacturing venture signed in 1954, Kaiser agreed to provide the technology...
...JUSTICIALISM gives by law to the state, as guardian of the This THIRD POSITION diverges from the socialist doctrine general welfare, the monopoly of certain activities in industry, and supports principles that are incompatible with that doctrine...
...The data published by S. Menshikov on this subject suggest that most of the U.S...
...Exploitation of the Working Class "The liberation of the workers will only be achieved by the workers...
...Grace (US...
...The war had ended and had to be paid for, and this was the hard part...
...Needless to say, infrastructure developments subject to multilateral control and not to the demands of local governments create advantages for U.S...
...The alignment of all social forces in one of two camps-the people's or the enemy's-is based on this principal contradiction which determines and influences the other contradictions of our society...
...On the military plane: -Retirement of the military clique responsible for the period of dictatorship...
...2 56 This over-all process of denationalization, whether by bankruptcy or acquisition, demonstrated the role played by technology as a cheap means of control...
...The revolutionary left has openly accused Lopez Rega...
...Their success will enable the working class to seize national leadership, go beyond the "social pact" and construct socialism...
...Rotating: credits extended without formal negotiation...
...de Navegacion Ganadera y Comercial Ganados S.A...
...plastics and glass...
...National Socialism": A term used by both the right and the left in the Peronist Movement...
...Credit Lyonnais: Banque Nationale de Paris, B. Francaise et Italienne pour I'Amerique du Sud, Credit Commercial de France, B. Commerciale pour I'Europe du Nord, Union de Banques Arabes et Francaises, Credit Industriel et Commercial, B. de Paris et des Pays-Bas, B. de l'Union Europeene Industrielle et Financiere, B. Francaise de Commerce Exterieur, B. Louis Dreyfus, Credit du Nord...
...100c 3,3006 Controls 45% of market...
...Many of these loans are only for the direct foreign exchange cost of projects...
...Source: see footnote 26...
...investments in Argentina was reported at $1.3 billion (or 56.5 percent of all foreign investment in the country).31 Four branches of industry absorbed 80 percent of all U.S...
...In recent years, the military dictatorship has been the basic political expression of this camp, since the only political parties which could be counted on to represent their interests faithfully could not obtain a consensus of the people sufficient to grant control of the state administrative apparatus...
...This latter group belonged to the Priests for the Third World Movement founded in Cordoba in 1968.2 The movement is actively supporting and even participating in the present Peronist government...
...No doubt, 1973 is exceptional...
...The two tendencies differed not in their goals so much as in their methods...
...The statistics from Tables 1 through 9were culled from 23 different sources which include the following: 1) Publications and newspapers: Boise Review, Business Conditions in Argentina, Business Trends, Comments on Argentine Trade, Cronista Comercial, Herald, Journal of Commerce, La Nacion, La Prensa, London Financial Times, New York Times, Noticias, Panorama Economico Latinoamericano, and Rundt's Intelligence Weekly...
...of Rheiastahl (WG...
...Editorial Monteagudo, 1949) and Jaime Fuchs, La penetracion do los trusts yanquls on la Argentina ( Buenos Aires: Editorial Crtago, 19s57).Top 120 Non-Financial Corporations in Argentina e/ I 41 '-''p, ,b.~ / I YPF State Ar 100 1923 660* 2 Flat Fiat It 100 1954 272 (2,943) 3 Shell Royal-Dutch Ne 100 214 Shell UK (12,734) 4 Seghba State Ar 100 1958 199 5 ENTel State Ar 100 184 6 Esso Standard Oil US 100 1911 182 of N.J...
...In 1961 the second law, responding to a dip in new investments, was added to prior legislation in order to guarantee foreign investors against possible future restrictions on the stipulations of law No...
...These pointed clearly to the general weaknesses of the Peronist approach to the basic problems of the Argentine economy: 1 5 1) the financing capacity of IAPI was gradually eroded in the early nineteen fiftees as world prices fell...
...2 1 In funding these joint ventures between Argentina and her less developed neighbors, the IDB creates a hierarchy of dependency and exploitation...
...Ibid., p.61...
...of State official, July, 1973...
...see Nos...
...Lloyds Bank International: Lloyds Bank Ltd., Midland Bank Ltd., Kleinwort, Benson Ltd., Henry Schroeder, Wagg & Co., Baring Bros...
...Elimination of all repressive legislation and suppression of the Federal Chamber in the Penal domain...
...This possibility rests on the presence and active participation that the working class and the Peronist people are expected to have, together with their leader and their revolutionary organizations...
...When we found a firm that had private foreign financing (e.g...
...It receives its political and military direction from the PRT, once member of the Fourth International, and is openly critical to the FREJULI coalition...
...f) A cultural policy that guarantees the people access to all levels of education and development of all technical and scientific forces in the national interest...
...For all this, assuming the responsibility we have as workers for national and social liberation and recognizing the crisis of the capitalist system, this Plenary proposes the exchange of this exploitative system for one whose basic pillars are SOCIAL JUSTICE, POLITICAL SOVEREIGNTY, and ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE...
...For instance all seven Italian subsidiaries listed in the top 120 corporations are interconnected through links between their Italian parent firms...
...Perhaps he was embarrassed that the country's external obligations had more than doubled from the $3,276 million debt recorded at the end of 1966,3 when the amiable generals occupied the Presidency...
...In that the "Corporation takes much the same position as would a private investor," 1 3 it is eminently successful in bringing together public and private institutions to assist in financing operations...
...93) , Garfunkel (No...
...But the only contract negotiated with a U.S...
...The PREBISCH Plan reestablished pre-Peronist priorities by promoting farm exports and reallocating a high percentage of export revenues to the landholding oligarchy and the merchants...
...Between 1945 and 1949 IAPI's control over cereal exports reached 99 percent...
...LAW FIRM: retained by the local companies, the law firms perform the highly specialized function of molding, interpreting and circumventing corporate legislation...
...This meant that if our country decided to limit in any way the transfer of profits which are authorized by law 14780, the government of the United States could pay compensations to the parent firm or corporations involved...
...5) cancelled in early 1973 due to over- charging and double-pricing...
...The promotion of capital-intensive industries, a wage freeze, a price.increase arrangement with the private sector and the suspension of collective bargaining practices further differentiated between who was to benefit from and who was to pay for the Onga...
...The commercial and landowning bourgeoisie was removed from power and the agro-export dependency relationship which had tied Argentina to British imperialism for over a century was eroded...
...Between 1946 and 1948 Argentina paid out $959 million to reduce the debt and nationalize basic sectors of the economy...
...Denationalization of Capital More than half (66) of the top 120 are owned or controlled by foreign capital (see Table I...
...We agree on the fundamental points...