Military Assistance Trends
"Increased military assistance as a concomitant to the Nixon Doctrine seems inescapable to me," a top Pentagon official told Armed Forces Journal in November, 1970.1 The events of the past...
...Overseas Loans and Grants (1972...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945 - June 30, 1971 (Washington, D.C., 1972...
...governments threatened by insurgency or external attack...
...25.1 25.1 - 25.1 CENTO/Region** 20.4 1,139.1 - - - 23.6 1,183.1 992.5 2,175.6 LATIN AMERICA, Total 790.1 302.8 250.2 66.7 - 673.2 2,083.0 197.9 2,280.9 Argentina 44.4 64.6 43.2 1.4 - 19.9 173.5 33.2 206.7 Bolivia 25.3 - - 1.7 - 162.4 189.4 15.2 204.6 Brazil 221.8 81.9 75.4 27.7 - 75.5 482.3 39.5 521.8 Chile 94.4 25.1 30.0 8.0 - - 157.5 14.5 172.0 Colombia 94.0 5.0 19.8 6.0 - 31.5 156.3 19.1 175.4 Costa Rica 1.8 - 0.1 @ - - 1.9 0.2 2.1 Cuba (1946-60) 10.6 - - 1.8 - - 12.4 - 12.4 Dominican Rep...
...U.S arms sales to Latin America, for instance, rose from $14 million in Fiscal 1970 to $144 million in 1972--an increase of 930 percent...
...materiel (such equipment is valued at one-third acquisition cost for military aid purposes...
...221-7...
...Military Assistance Programs Cumulative Totals By Country, 1946-73 Includes aid from the following programs: I. MAP Grant Aid - Direct grants of military equipment and services (including training) under the Military Assistance Program (MAP...
...MASF, MAAGs & Naval Loans - Includes support of our allies and mercenaries in Southeast Asia (South Korea, South Vietnam, Laos and Thailand) under the regular Department of Defense appropriations (Military Assistance, Service-Funded, or MASF), the costs of maintaing U.S...
...2 These increases are neceessary, according to Administration spokesmen, if the United States is to withdraw its ground forces from Asia while still assuring the survival of our client states...
...1,245.8 7.8 - 7.2 - - 1,260.8 0.7 1,261.5 Canada - - 13.1 - - - 13.1 - 13.1 Denmarke 617.9 - 1.4 7.0 - - 626.3 0.8 627.1 Francef 4,153.1 80.4 25.3 96.6 - 85.0 4,440.4 0.6 4,441.0- 28 - 1946-1971 1946-1971 I. MAP II...
...Pentagon cash sales grew over the same period from $3 billion to $5.8 billion, a 94 percent increase...
...V. Food for Peace Funds - Local currencies generated under the "Food for Peace" (Public Law 480) program that are allotted to defense expenditures...
...Eximbank Credits - Credits furnished by the U.S...
...In order to further expand sales to the Third World, the Administration is pushing for the repeal of Congressional restraints on the export of "sophisticated" weapons to underdeveloped areas, and to raise the ceiling on arms transfers to Latin America...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...26.8 - 1.5 1.1 - 209.2 238.6 4.0 242.6 Ecuador 43.1 0.7 16.8 3.5 - 21.9 86.0 1.8 87.8 El Salvador 6.9 - - 0.3 - - 7.2 1.8 9.0 Guatemala 19.6 4.5 0.3 1.4 - 33.5 59.3 6.4 65.7 Guyana - - - - - 9.6 9.6 - 9.6 Haitid 3.2 - 1.1 0.1 - 47.7 52.1 - 52.1- 27 - 1946-71 1946-71 I. MAP II...
...o The principal recipients of Security Supporting Assistance funds in the 1972-73 period are: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Israel and South Vietnam...
...I. II...
...V. VI...
...Total U.S...
...V. Security MAP FMS, MAAGs, Excess Food for Support- Total Total TOTAL Region & Grant Eximbank & Naval Defense Peace ing As- Aid, Aid, AID, Country Aid Credits Loans Articles Funds sistance 1946-71 1 9 7 2- 7 3 b 1946-73 WORLDWIDE, Total 35,701.9 4,545.9 13,571.1 1,515.4 1,703.1 14,548.4 71,585.8 10.934.6 82,520.4 ,= - - - - EAST ASIA, Total 11,085.8 1,176.3 11,272.6 667.4 1,477.3 9,658.2 35,337.6 8,485.4 43,823.0 Australia - 859.7 - - - - 859.7 179.0 1,038.7 Burma 76.7 - - 4.1 - 9.1 89.9 - 89.9 Cambodia 278.5 - - 11.5 6.8 291.7 588.5 573.0 1,161.5 China (Taiwan) 2,577.3 168.5 232.6 266.7 106.8 727.4 4,079.3 218.7 4,298.0 Indochinac 709.6 - - 7.3 - 823.6 1,540.5 - 1,540.5 Indonesia 97.8 - 16.5 4.1 30.5 63.1 212.0 59.3 271.3 Japan 855.0 34.8 175.0 58.3 - - 1,123.1 30.7 1,153.8 Korea, So...
...1. Armed Forces Journal, Nov...
...Recent Pentagon data on military assistance spending confirm another trend noted in NACLA's Latin America Report: the shift from direct grants of military hardware to credit-assisted sales...
...Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance Appropriations for FY 1972, 1971, p. 1284...
...bSource: U.S...
...Includes "Greek-Turkish Aid" of Truman Doctrine era...
...now, with the data for 1969-73 added and additional military aid categories included, the total for 1946-73 comes to a staggering $83 billion...
...FMS, III...
...1049-76...
...29.5 29.5 - 29.5 Uruguay 43.4 4.4 3.0 4.0 - - 54.8 8.3 63.1 Venezuela 10.2 92.6 12.8 0.1 - - 115.7 28.7 144.4 Region/Other 16.7 - - - - 1.0 17.7 5.9 23.6 AFRICA, Total 294.6 63.8 6.0 18.2 3.9 471.1 857.6 88.9 946.5 Cameroon 0.2 - - 0.2 - 2.6 3.0 - 3.0 Ethiopia 163.4 - 6.0 8.2 - 3.3 180.9 28.4 209.3 Ghana 0.2 - - - - - 0.2 0.1 0.3 Guinea 0.9 - - 0.1 - 22.4 23.4 - 23.4 Ivory Coast 0.1 - - - - 0.3 0.4 - 0.4 Liberia 7.7 1.1 - 0.1 - - 8.9 3.3 12.2 Libya 15.5 - - 0.7 - 21.8 38.0 0.4 38.4 Mali 2.8 - - 0.1 - 3.5 6.4 0.2 6.6 Morocco 37.9 44.7 - 4.0 - 71.1 157.7 # 157.7* Nigeria 1.4 0.3 - - - 70.4 72.1 3.7 75.8 Senegal 2.8 - - @ - 0.1 2.9 @ 2.9 Sudan 0.7 1.5 - - - - 2.2 - 2.2 Tunisia 34.5 3.0 - 3.1 - 11.6 52.2 # 52.2* Zaire (Congo) 26.0 13.2 - 1.7 3.9 252.0 296.8 8.9 305.7 Other/Region** 0.5 - - - - 12.0 12.5 43.9 56.4 EUROPE & CANADA Total 15,911.4 1,163.9 341.9 279.0 9.9 1,316.7 19,022.8 136.9 19,159.7 Austria 97.5 47.1 - 2.7 - - 147.3 0.2 147.5 Belgium & Lux...
...and, U.S...
...military assistance funds and equipment are necessary if these countries are not to succumb to revolution or internal collapse...
...FMS sales jumped from $614 million in Fiscal 1968-70 to $1,922 in 1971-73, an increase of 213 percent...
...cConstitutes aid to French forces during Independence War of 1946-1954...
...Security Supporting Assistance - Funds provided by the U.S...
...1,476.3 - 8,220.0 68.2 706.6 4,238.9 14,710.0 5,493.6 20,203.6 Region 248.6 - - - - 3.8 252.4 29.7 282.1- 26 - 1946-71 1946-71 I. MAP II...
...eNo HAP grants since 1967...
...Sup- Total Total TOTAL Region 6 Grant Eximbank MASF Excess Food for portg As- Aid, Aid, AID, Country Aid Credits Ships Articles Peace sistance 1946-71 1972-73 1946-73 Honduras 8.6 - - 0.6 - 1.6 10.8 1.9 12.7 Mexico 1.9 4.3 10.2 @ - 1.2 17.6 2.9 20.5 Nicaragua 13.6 - - 0.5 - - 14.1 2.6 16.7 Panama 4.5 - - 0.1 - 27.0 31.6 1.8 33.4 Paraguay 10.5 0.2 3.0 1.6 - - 15.3 3.1 18.4 Peru 88.8 19.5 33.0 6.8 - 1.7 149.8 7.0 156.8 Trinidad & Tob...
...MASF, IV...
...III...
...Military Assistance Advisory Groups (MAAGs) in recipient countries, and the values of naval vessels loaned by the U.S...
...5. John N. Irwin, "New Approaches to International Security Assistance," Department of State Bulletin, Feb...
...Agency for International Devolopment for support of pro-U.S...
...Includes amounts for classified countries...
...By Fiscal Year - Dollars in millions] MILITARY ASSISTANCE BY CATEGORY, 1946 - 1971a III...
...Sup- Total Total TOTAL Region & Grant Eximbank MASF, Excess Food for portg As- Aid, Aid, AID, Country Aid Credits ships Articles Peace distance 1946-71 1972-73 1946-73 NEAR EAST & SO...
...2. All aid data from: U.S...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...State Department officials have argued that certain key U.S...
...arms...
...FMS, III...
...V. VI...
...1970 Newsletter, the worldwide total for 1946-68 came to $36 billion...
...22, 1971, pp...
...As indicated in the January 1972 Report, Third World countries are increasingly being encourage to "arm now and pay later" under the favorable credit terms of the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program...
...6. Foreign Assistance Appropriations 72, 1208.- 25 - U.S...
...V. VI...
...4 While most FMS credits are going to the oil-rich nations of the Middle East, other Third World areas are not being ignored...
...on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance Appropriations for FY 1973, Hearings, 1972, pp...
...Sup- Total Total TOTAL Region & Grant Eximbank MASF, Excess Food for portg As- Aid, Aid, AID, Country Aid Credits Ships Articles Peace sistance 1946-71 1972-73 1946-73 Germany, W.f 900.8 50.7 0.2 - 110.8 1,062.5 2.6 1,065.1 Iceland - - - - - 25.5 25.5 - 25.5 Italyf 2,290.2 129.4 32.6 71.5 - - 2,523.7 23.8 2,547.5 Netherlandsf 1,217.0 2.2 21.3 14.7 - - 1,255.2 0.6 1,255.8 Norwaye 893.8 - 5.9 14.7 - - 914.4 0.6 915.0 Portugal 320.7 - 8.4 7.9 - - 337.0 8.9 345.9 Spain 625.8 62.3 70.6 20.6 9.9 483.5 1,272.7 68.3 1,341.0 United Kingdomf 1,034.5 809.9 - 24.3 - 187.2 2,055.9 20.0 2,075.9 Yugoslaviaf 693.9 1.5 - 9.2 - 424.7 1,129.3 - 1,129.3 Region* 1,820.4 23.3 117.1 2.4 - - 1,963.2 9.8 1,973.0 NON-REGIONAL, Total 1,192.6 1,029.8 107.1 201.4 2,530.9 117.6 2,648.5 *Excludes classified funds...
...dNo MAP grants since 1963...
...regimes: "If these countries are going to assume greater responsibility for their own defense, they must be able to carry the economic burden of expanded armed forces and deal, at the same time, with the pressing social and economic problems typical of developing countries...
...2, 1970, p. 22...
...Thus Secretary of State William P. Rogers told Congress in 1971 that the aid program "is an essential element of the Nixon Doctrine's emphasis on the primary responsibility of each nation to provide for its own security," and that additional aid funds are needed to provide our allies with "a foundation of stability during the adjustment period...
...military assistance expenditures have risen steadily since President Nixon took office, and will continue to do so if Administration policies are backed by Congress...
...When we first tabulated such data in the Nov...
...Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1973 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972), 92d Cong., 2d Sess., 1049-76...
...Department of Defense, Military Assistance and Foreign Military Sales Facts (1972), p. 14...
...Less than $50,000...
...Increased military assistance spending and greater Congressional vigilance of Pentagon aid programs have had a dramatic impact on the military assistance tables published by NACLA...
...Senate, Com...
...military aid for Fiscal Years 1971-73 came to $15,453 million, a 33 percent increase over the $11,604 million spent in the preceding three years...
...Such aid is necessary, he argued, to assure the survival of shaky pro-U.S...
...FMS, III...
...allies face a difficult "adjustment period" occasioned by the withdrawal of U.S...
...aSource: U.S...
...Department of Defense under the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) program and by the Export-Import Bank (Eximbank) for the purchase of U.S...
...Classified figure...
...3 Rogers' avowal of the need for a "foundation of stability during the adjustment period" can be read as an endorsement of steps taken by several regimes--including those of Marcos in the Philippines and Park in South Korea--to suppress dissent and insurgency under the cover of martial law...
...4. U.S...
...Increased military assistance as a concomitant to the Nixon Doctrine seems inescapable to me," a top Pentagon official told Armed Forces Journal in November, 1970.1 The events of the past two years have amply confirmed the accuracy of this prediction: U.S...
...3,396.1 15.0 1,599.7 184.2 617.2 2,333.7 8,145.9 901.8 9,047.7 Laos 330.7 - 391.5 16.9 - 627.9 1,367.0 723.8 2,090.8 Malaysia 1.2 17.8 - - - - 19.0 1.0 20.0 New Zealand - 61.5 5.8 - - - 67.3 15.0 82.3 Philippines 449.9 - 181.8 23.6 9.4 145.7 810.4 49.0 859.4 Singapore - 19.0 - - - - 19.0 0.6 19.6 Thailand 588.1 - 449.7 22.5 - 393.3 1,453.6 210.2 1,663.8 Vietnam, So...
...Under President Nixon's foreign aid reorganization plan, the Agency for International Development's Supporting Assistance program has been renamed "Security Supporting Assistance" and its military orientation given greater emphasis.5 Security Supporting Assistance, ac- cording to USAID Director John A. Hannah, "provides essential economic help to certain less developed countries threatened by internal insurrection or external attack...
...3. U.S...
...fNo MAP grants since 1965...
...for indefinite periods...
...troops, and that additional grants of U.S...
...ASIA, Total 6,427.4 1,839.1 670.6 377.0 212.0 2,227.8 11,753.9 1,907.9 13,661.8 Afghanistan 4.2 - - - - 25.5 29.7 0.5 30.2 Ceylon 3.1 0.3 - - - 7.2 10.6 - 10.6 Greece 1,586.0 38.0 441.9 134.7 11.3 283.9 2,495.8 181.4 2,677.2 India 96.6 27.7 - 7.3 - - 131.6 1.2 132.8 Iran 833.3 624.0 - 20.6 10.5 205.3 1,693.7 359.5 2,053.2 Iraq 46.7 - - 1.1 - - 47.8 - 47.8 Israel # # - i - - # # # Jordan 83.3 # - 4.5 - 214.8 302.6* # 302.6* Kuwait - - - - - - - 86.0 86.0 Lebanon 14.1 # - - - - 14.1 - 14.1* Nepal 1.9 - - @ - - 1.9 - 1.9 Pakistan 672.2 10.0 8.4 8.9 79.3 589.9 1,368.7 1.2 1,369.9 Saudi Arabia 35.7 # - 0.6 - - 36.3* # 36.3* Turkey 3,029.9 - 220.3 199.3 110.9 823.6 4,384.0 285.6 4,669.6 UAR/Egypt # - - - 28.9 28.9* - 28.9* Yemen Arab Rep...
...Excess Defense Articles - Direct grants of military equipment from stockpiles of "excess" U.S...
...Certainly the distribution of military aid suggests that we reward those states which "maintain stability" through the institutionalization of military rule: the most favored recipients of military aid under Nixon are Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Brazil, Spain and of course Vietnam...
Vol. 7 • July 1973 • No. 6
