Story of the Wycliffe Translator. Pacifying the Last Frontiers
Hart, Laurie
The natives of the (Hawaiian) islands number only about 50,000 and the whites about 3,000, chiefly Americans. According to Captain Cook, the natives numbered 400,000 less than a hundred years...
...It is reported that murder was as common within and between Auca families as in their confrontations with outsiders...
...of Texas at Arlington, operates on regular academic calendar...
...A particular mission is considered complete when the New Testament and selected background portions of the Old Testament have been translated, and a nucleus of literate indigenous believers has been established to carry on when the translators have gone...
...Yet these issues impinge essentially on the subject supposedly being examined...
...5 4 By late 1971, however, WBT/SIL in Colombia was recovering from the shock of criticism...
...Some Documents and Questions I-REPRESSION AT PLANAS The prolongation of the [Guahibo] conflict has brought as a consequence the permanent harassment of the Indians, thanks to constant army patrols, interrogations based on mistreatment and torture of prisoners and, finally, the death of many natives, including mothers with babes in arms, who, disconcerted and frightened by the order to halt, flee the army and are executed in the act...
...USAID provided at least $163,000 (1967-70) for bilingual education programs...
...III-INTERESTS AT STAKE You know, for we have discussed the matter frequently, that in the Planas region [Guahibo territory] there are certain interests who would despoil the Indians of their few lands, in order to gain control of them...
...What is necessary is the cooperation of the Indians in projects of assimilation, forced migration, and the like, which deprive them of their land and culture...
...U. of 19 56 USAID is "enthusiastic sponsor" of the bilingual school program, underwriting costs of reading Guatemala materials and salary supplement of program director...
...36 226 New...
...Acts of direct aggression (massacres) and policies of "integration" (forced migrations) are breaking apart the vestiges of indigenous society...
...El Tiempo (Bogota), loc...
...cultural and economic imperialism...
...As in the past the Arauca of Chile long resisted the Spanish conquerors, so today the Xavante of Brazil carry on the tradition...
...Generally, the organization is willing not to press for land-grants, landtitles, etc., if the government is unfavorable to indigenous cultural, political, or territorial autonomy...
...The vigorous evangelical Protestantism of Wycliffe, however, is seen by some of the critics to be contrary to the interest of national "integration," as Colombian nations are almost all nominally Catholic...
...In return, SIL is given office space, the use of government air strips, and fuel for its aircraft...
...took more favorable attitude toward Montagnards...
...Did Wyclife, as it worked among the Guahibo, protest this aggression...
...Israel Shenker, "Expert Linguist Spreads the World with Missionary Zeal," New York Times, June 21, 1969...
...Insofar as the corporate Indian community has been isolated at all, this reflects the self-chosen retreat which is the Indians' only available means of protection from the ravages and exploitation of the capitalist system...
...Others who receive support from their home churches may receive it in dependently of WBT/SIL...
...1971...
...However, as time went on it became apparent that there was much to be desired in the government program for dealing with Indians and it was decided that a permanent Commission should be formed...
...16, 1963...
...The contract specifies mutual obligations and restrictions...
...1969...
...Exploiting to the fullest this "pride in their own language," Wycliffe workers are able to establish themselves among groups which have resisted the simpler conversion tactics of earlier missionaries...
...Diem...
...AID-730.3114-T (6.14-68 to 6.13.71): "Assistance in developing a program to improve the effectiveness of b-l.lingual programs in the primary community schools...
...JOURNEY TOWARD TODAY: "Share the excitement of former jungle savages entering a new world of Scriptural enlightenment, education, and progress...
...He/she is to defer to the moral and cultural proscriptions of the JudeoChristian tradition, and specifically to the teachings of the New Testament...
...Yet it is their conversion to Christianity that has facilitated the oil company land-grab, by concentrating and making sedentary a previously less assailable population, and by disseminating an ideology of passivity in the face of injustice...
...Poona 2, India...
...July 5, 1973, was highly critical of the attitudes and conduct of missionaries from the Christian and Missionary Alliance in Viet Nam, but contrasted these with WBT / SIL personnel, who, he said, "cared about the people beyond their Christianizing role...
...Several people visited Lomalinda, including a governor, generals, writers, anthropologists, linguists, high-level government functionaries, and a Congressional Commission...
...2 8 The "hope" that is expressed throughout this issue is that Wycliffe will be able to continue working in Viet-Nam, ergo, that the U.S/Saigon military forces will be victorious over the communist and (by implication) atheist enemy...
...Bolivia 1955 Min...
...Similarly, it was not wanderlust that led the Indians of the Sierra to settle in the tropical forests in the first place, but the growth of a new national ruling class, and the development of new forms of agriculture and industry...
...Letter from Coordinator of Indian Affairs to the Villavicencio Army Commander, August 10, 1970...
...Some translators may be entirely self-supporting and therefore no income would be reported for them...
...2 1 And they thirst for salvation...
...47 But the missionaries objected to the whiskey and the bloodshed, and not to the fundamental violation-that of the cultural and territorial sovereignty of an indigenous people by a colonizing people...
...3 4 The scene of the battle is neatly transferred from the harshly practical and political, to the hygienically mythical and religious...
...Missions from one country to another represent the 'planned diffusion of religion' and hence the mediated ideology of the missionary-sending country...
...Ibid...
...Although no covert association with U.S...
...We are looking to God for the purchase of new headquarters in Saigon and trusting Him for advance into Cambodia and other new tribes as he leads . . .30 The other train of thought which requires comment in this introductory piece is the proposition that what is "discouraging" (on the home front) about the war...
...Moreover, educational materials relating to civics, history and other areas of "national life" were prepared by WBT/SIL with no supervision or review by nationals...
...7 Zander's predecessor, Clarence E. Church, was pleased with the formation of "a permanent Commission made up of linguists and anthropologists to define and evaluate the national policy for Indians," because its members were U.S.-trained and generally friendly to the Institute...
...As a result of this lose coordination by radio and telephone through our Quito office, there has been not one life lost to date...
...The question, however, is in reality collective...
...Much of the organization's private support has traditionally come from politically right-wing Orange County, California...
...North America CANADA: Blackfoot, Beaver, Babine Lake Carrier, Dogrib, Micmac, Stuart-Lake...
...Cocamilla, Culina, Huambisa, Iquito, Jebero, Jivaro., Kandoshi, Machiguenga, Marinahua, Mayoruna, Muiane, Murui, Nomatsiguenga, Ocaina...
...This is a misuse of science...
...civic groups finance JAARS equipment...
...imperialism and local exploiters, not of indigenous peoples...
...The particular forms of Catholic missionary control in this era were determined by the forms of control typical in the larger society...
...Govt...
...SIL President Kenneth Pike himself spoke of it as linguistic "first aid" for the rapid translation of the Bible...
...He said, "The new agreement must be more nationalistic...
...37a...
...According to WBT/SIL, Indian society is internally motivated, static and closed...
...of Ed...
...TBE, 1. Institute Linguistico de Verano, Apartado Postal 5227, Panama 5, Republica de Panama...
...Who, exactly, are the friends who declared themselves and what sort ofl'quid pro quo was involved...
...and indigenous peoples of Europe...
...Div...
...Among church people, who provide the broad financial base, on the grounds that WBT/SIL misuses religion to facilitate the ethnocidal operations of governments and private corporations...
...5 2 Because of WBT/SIL's supporting role in the suppression of this revolt, its work became for a time the target of a critical barrage...
...SIL workers are also granted visas and any equipment the organization brings in is free of import duties...
...For all their abuses, the reservations have offered indigenous peoples a minimum territorial base for preservation of their collective existence and culture...
...Already, in December 1971, "Captain" Forrest Zander, director of WBT/SIL in Colombia, was offering compromises in declarations to the press...
...to lend technical (air and communications) assistance to authorized sectors of the government...
...They hold that it has been beneficial for the country, especially for the indigenous population of that region...
...Ibid., p. 4. 34...
...Govt...
...We have been tempted to withdraw or cut back...
...After a thorough basic training in the Bible and linguistic field methods, and a survival course at one of Wycliffe's jungle training camps if necessary (depending on the location of his/ her post), the translator establishes himself in the assigned area...
...Alleged incidents of the persecution and execution of Christians by the National Liberation Front (NLF) abound: "We never saw Doe again...
...friendly relations with royal family...
...neo-colonialism, analyzed at the beginning of this essay...
...Also the Linguistics Institute provided the radio equipment in order to establish direct communications between the police station in Planas and the departmental capital...
...Lalive, op...
...Translation, Oct.-Dec...
...See also Correal Report, pp...
...Tribal peoples, however, continue to resist the further encroachment of "Christian capitalist" civilization...
...See article cited in note 52 above...
...6 7 Unlike mission models of the past in Latin America, particularly those of the Catholic Church which have traditionally been self-contained and self-sufficient com- pounds, microcosms of the larger colonial society, the Wycliffe mission is diffuse, impermanent and transitional...
...Translation is a thin, bi-monthly magazine which is distributed free, by subscription...
...Though it emphasizes such activities in its promotional propaganda, WBT/SIL has not developed the organizational capacity or personnel to take charge of widespread literacy and development programs, or even extensive anthropological work is criticized by the Correal Report for its pragmatic orientation, which results in a non-scientific and unevenly stressed picture of Indian culture...
...Even when Vietnam is at peace, these people have none...
...Prof...
...In 1971 "efforts were underway to bring the last group of wild Aucas to the reservation . . . (a large group numbering almost half the tribe...
...A short way down the highway...
...Wycliffe ferried the first oil company geologist in a JAARS plane as he explored the area...
...The question is of course reduced to the personal level: whether Armandio (in this particular case) will opt for "hard work" and "salvation...
...Where reservations have not yet been created, as in many areas of the Latin American interior, defense of the status quo may mean remaining on traditional lands and fighting removal to new preserves...
...9 In other words, the language work, is in all senses a preliminary to the real task, the conversion of indigenous peoples to Christianity...
...WBT's sophisticated field methodology is unique among Protestant missions...
...From the scientific point of view, anthropological study must be prior to any practical end, since the latter will derive from the study itself and not vice versa...
...The Translators About half of WBT/SIL's members are translators...
...The millenarian objective is one of assimilation into a community of evangelical Christians, not one of reconstruction: the "faith is not utopian...
...According to conservative estimates, 200,000 of 900,000 Motagnards have died since 1963...
...Ifso, how...
...6 1 2 b Administered through Colombian branch...
...That the two are so widely associated is a function of WBT's virtual monopoly of the literacy enterprise in many areas...
...Concurrently, he/she is likely to be teaching the people to read, and to speak the national language if they do not already do so...
...Non-Profit Organizations In Development Assistance Abroad.25 Continuing Conquest of the Auca The Auca situation in Ecuador is probably the most widely publicized of all WBT/SIL enterprises...
...The Colombian debate, though it was defused and apparently became a debate among anthropologists over who would control Indian policies, holds some useful lessons for our present study...
...if not, eternal damnation in hell...
...5 6 This fragmentation is the inevitable consequence of the "individualist-type acculturation" forced upon collectively organized indigenous societies...
...There is a clause in most of SIL's contracts however, which asserts that SIL may undertake the "moral improvement" of the indigenous group...
...values presented in the organization's educational materials or concealed in its evangelical beliefs...
...The writer does not think to connect the search for religious solace in Indonesia with the very real bloodbath perpetrated by the military, who slaughtered a half million leftists in an attempt to eradicate all opposition...
...It was not, and became increasingly less so as the settlement was enlarged with new recruits...
...Bledsoe's "Saint," Esquire, Vol...
...Colonial domination of the aboriginal groups, however, is only a reflection of the more generalised system of the Latin American states' external dependence upon the imperialist metropolitan powers...
...In the United States, three tendencies have emerged in the native American movement...
...WBT) Rudolf Renter (Chmn...
...Summing Up The translation mission of WBT/SIL serves the interests of U.S...
...We persuade them that they should move out of the way...
...1 2 Administered through Guatemala branch...
...The Auca had received no compensation for their lost territory or for its resources, except for an epidemic of polio that crippled or killed a large number in the settlement...
...As regards a country such as Brazil, in which official and non-official campaigns of genocide against indigenous people have been reported internationally by journalists, educators, missionaries, etc., and cannot have escaped the notice of the resident translator, this matter of choice is clearly a pretension...
...It is a mystical trinity of sorts...
...The result of the conditions of labor, exposure to disease, etc., was to wipe out 80 percent of many indigenous groups in this area within a decade...
...Thus, we have a situation such as that of a single tribe in the Vaupes within which Protestant Indians oppose Catholic Indians...
...Ibid...
...The supposition is that through industry and at the cost of nothing more than an occasional growing pain, the Indian will "have more" (of what...
...Biennial Report, Corporation Conference, 1961...
...It is the same as calculating an eclipse...
...Correal Report, p. 5. 64...
...The resurrection of the body, both in the case of the just and of the unjust...
...He/she will suffer his/her oppression in the image of the suffering Jesus as the basis for the development of "selfesteem" on the part of the indigenous person: "This esteem becomes an integral part of the tribesman's experience when Christ enters his life...
...After touring the organization's installations in several parts of the country, in March 1972 they submitted a report (which for convenience we shall refer to as the Correal Report), which, while respecting Wycliffe's linguistic field work, called for tighter official control thereof, a role for Colombian anthropoligists in the training and supervision of WBT/SIL field workers, and a prohibition of any religious activity on the part of the organization among Colombian tribal peoples...
...Eric Wolf, quoted in Frank, op...
...Such cultural imperialism and economic oppression by colonizing groups, be they Spanish, Portuguese, North American or national, have transformed the Indian into a "minority" even in countries where Indian peoples as a group form more than half of the total population.24 Wycliffe is a Global Corporation Year National Agency 1972 Branch Entered Contracting/Cooperating Iribes Personnel Comments Australia 1961 - 13 45 Grants for housing and regular subsidy for linguistic work received from Australian government...
...Correal Report, p. 5. 67...
...Wycliffe's critics, it appears, made the best of the affair by turning the discussion into a reformist debate over how the professionals, Colombian nationals and the U.S...
...which includes linguistics (the study and transliteration of the native language), literacy (teaching the native people to read and write this language), and translation (of the Bible), in fulfillment of the New Testament command to bring the teachings of Christ to all peoples ("Souls cannot be born again apart from the Word"), and in expectation that "the millenium" will follow upon its completion...
...1973, p. 6.31 24...
...Santa Ana (California) Register, July 27, 1961...
...In the 1940's Shell Oil tried some prospecting in the region but withdrew after losing a number of employees to the Indians...
...In 1970, WBT/SIL did in fact provide air and radio support, as well as interpreters, for national police and military units engaged in suppressing armed insurrection by the Guahibo Indians...
...In many cases there has so far been no development of the two national tendencies, and any resistance remains at a defensive, fragmented level...
...We are not therefore talking about a phenomenon rooted in and confined to some "spiritual quarter" of the brain, but about an interpretive mechanism that necessarily figures in all thought and action...
...Douglas Hostetter, in an interview...
...4 3 While Indian cultures are not merely a culture of underdevelopment but also unique and vital in their own terms, it is unavoidably evident that they have been greatly influenced in their development by the intervention of successive phases of a continuing process of conquest...
...Near East and South Asia INDIA: Abuihamaria, Halbi...
...You know, that such persons use all means within their reach to foment hostile attitudes against the natives, to frighten them into escaping to the jungle, where they will probably have little means of survival...
...Suddenly-a coup d'etat and a new responsiveness to missionary work...
...airstrip at Limoncocha jungle base built free of charge by an oil company...
...Previously inaccessible areas rich in timber and oil are now being vigorously sought out and opened up by oil companies, expansionist landowners and the national governments in their USAID-supported "development" schemes...
...The point of this example is that the exploitation the Indians met at the hands of the early merchants, which caused them to suffer or to flee, sacrificing desirable land for the safety of the undesirable, was not a random or selfcontained phenomenon, but rather a repercussion on the tribal level of the world market demand /br rubber and the resultant inter-imperialist rivalries for control of rubberproducing regions...
...These "isolated jungle areas" hold a two-fold interest for national governments: for their natural resources, and for the potential they have, being outside government control, as areas of political resistance...
...I believe that the army, if it continues its present policy, will in the end achieve this objective of depopulating the region of Indians, with the cure being worse than the disease, favoring in27 of the same tribal group whose religious affiliation differs...
...But most frustrating of all is to learn of the endless superstitions and taboos which rule our friends here...
...The thesis of the issue is "continuing support...
...and 2) in imposing, by way of Christianity, "criteria and patterns of thought and behavior alien to the colonised Indian societies," 6 which fragment and therefore neutralize Indian communities and turn their members into "marginal individuals, incapable of living either in the larger society or in their native communities...
...IVORY COAST: Bete, Toura, Yakouba...
...It appears that this is the loop-hole through which WBT's Christian Soldiers find their way into "Catholic" Latin America...
...East Asia and the Pacific AUSTRALIA: Bandialang...
...ECUADOR: Auca, Cayapa, Cofan, Colorado, Jivaro, Lowland Quechua, Secoyah...
...publishing of translated segments of the Bible, are often picked up by cooperating organizations such as the David C. Cook Foundation or certain Bible Societies...
...Summer Institute of Linguistics, P.O...
...God vs...
...58 The 1962 contract stipulated that WBT/SIL was to work in close cooperation with the Division de Asuntos Indigenas (DAI), or Bureau of Indian Affairs...
...Moreover, we also consider insufficient the anthropological preparation of the linguists in the field in charge of this work...
...Ibid., p. 64...
...The Indian Situation in Historical Context As we have demonstrated in the analysis of Translation magazine WBT/SIL relies on an essentially anti-historical point of view in bringing about Christian conversion...
...government to manage the education of minorities in this country...
...JAARS recruitment propaganda, however, emphasizes religious commitment, and its members may also participate in direct missionary work...
...The internal order of our dependent countries leads them to act as colonising powers in their relations with the indigenous peoples...
...cit., p. 65...
...Cambodia 1971a - - Work initiated by Viet-Nam branch...
...we only succeed for a time in placating its socio-economic needs and wants...
...Turning to the second basic issue, that WBT/SIL acts contrary to the Indian interest, we find that "the Institute" has served the objectives of the Colombian government, narrowly defined, in contributing to the neutralization of political and cultural resistance of indigenous groups...
...if the indigenous person is "saved," i.e., converted, he/she gains eternal life in heaven (which in no way implies a change of situation in this world...
...Indian peoples of the United States-the native Americans-have begun to organize themselves politically to fight for their "national" survival, cultural and political self-determination, land and Indian identity...
...Although Rachel Saint is not pleased with the numerous violations of Indian rights on the part of government and industry, she feels it is inevitable that the Indians make way...
...First, religion determines a "general order of existence" 1 6 for the believing individual, particularly in the case of a new convert...
...For hundreds of years, the collusion of government, commercial and religious interests has brought about the genocidal displacement and concentration of indigenous peoples living on the frontiers of capitalism...
...Executive Director Benjamin F. Elson, in 1971 Biennial Reports of the Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., and the Summer Institute of Linguistics, p. 16...
...bFrom U.S...
...training, serve as an international obstacle to the ./reedom ol'indigenous peoples...
...Similar tendencies have emerged or will begin to appear in other parts of the world where tribal peoples are up against the wall...
...Philippines 1953 Depts...
...Pres...
...to disseminate national texts on civics, health and morals...
...Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), p. 128...
...of Indigenous Affairs) controversy with anthropologists and pro-Indian activists...
...cit., p. 72...
...TBE, at least 5. Institute Linguistico de Verano, Casilla 2492, Lima, Peru...
...While in some cases this resistance is organized and carefully planned, in most others it is isolated and spontaneous...
...Elvira Townsend in an article from 1942...
...Powerful agencies of the Colombian state have demonstrated that they see the fragmentation of the Indian community as necessary for the "integration" of the nation as a whole--to which land development and the exploitation of such resources as the Indian lands hold is essential...
...But the traders brought labor and fancy diseases--in other words, long deliberate, infallible destruction...
...The cost of a 27-month training program for work in Peru (several years ago) for example, ran to more than $6,000...
...AID-430-2365-T (1-9-67to 1-9-68): "Assist thegovernment of Vietnam in developing an education program for minority language groups...
...Muong...
...but God has not let us be satisfied with merely continuing on...
...Work of linguistics consultant Robert Longacre for Papua & New Guinea financed by US Dept...
...Cambodia put all missionaries out of their country in 1965, and it seemed that God's work there was finished...
...Their descriptive catalog contains these notations: MY NAME IS CERVO--"Cervo is a humble Satere tribesman of the Amazon River...
...UNITED STATES: Apache, Cocopa, Crow, Hopi, Kobuk River-Eskimo, Koyukon, Kutchin, Lakota, Mescalero, Apache, Mikasuki Seminole, Navajo, Northern Paiute, Papago, Tewa Pueblo, Tiwa Pueblo, Tlingit, Towa-Pueblo, Upper Kuskowin, Upper Tanana, Ute, Yupik-Eskimo, Zuni-Pueblo...
...aFrom 1971 Biennial Reports (1971 data...
...Magsaysay personally recommended WBT SIL to VN Pres...
...The Wycliffe Institute produces and distributes films telling of its work...
...69...
...Scott Robinson, personal correspondence, January 24, 1973...
...5 0 As nonChristian Aucas came to live with the Christian Aucas, conflicts developed and the tribe was divided within itself...
...First, death per se is the terminus of all life...
...Chants, incantations, animal sacrifices, and sorcery are used constantly to try to appease the many demons which are feared by the highlanders more than tigers or war or anything else...
...Editorial from Vaupes al Dia, Oct...
...WBT/SIL has in fact fulfilled its contractual obligation to put the services of its communications subsidiary, JAARS, at the disposal of Colombia's national ministries, be they of Health, Education or War...
...While learning to integrate into Brazil's way of life they must respect their own traditions and language...
...The linguistic orientation was and is a tactic in the conversion strategy--an extremely successful tactic both politically, in relations external to the indigenous community, and as a way to gain the trust of the indigenous peoples...
...TBE 25...
...Their means of subsistence, hunting and gathering with limited agriculture, necessitated a large home area...
...21, Translation, Oct.-Dec...
...The third element, or axis, which situates the grid in space and time and is the motivating organizational force behind the missionary advance, is millenial expectation...
...Letter from Coordinator of Indian Affairs to the Villavicencio Army Commander, August 10, 1970.* Which specific interests desire to take over Indian land...
...Ibid...
...Comments drawn from Biennial Reports, WBT/SIL brochures, and other sources, while communications data are from the organization's country brochures and U.S...
...The fall of man, his consequent moral depravity and his need of regeneration...
...SIL enters into a contract with the government of a country where field work is to be carried out...
...But there was a "problem": the oil lay in Auca territory...
...Sometimes the civilian guides themselvessettlers with old grudges against the Indians and whose interests are to despoil them of their lands--take the authority to assassinate the Indians into their own hands...
...He no longer feels worthless and downtrodden...
...candidate, Robert E. Longacre, M.A., Ph.D., Eunice Pike, R.N., Frank Robbings, M.A., Ph.D., Dow Robinson, A. B., Ph D. 2. Other faculty: Frank Anderson, M.A., Ph.D., Henry Bradley, M.A., Ph.D., John Crawford, M.A., Ph.D., Marjorie Davis, M.A., Randall Spiers, M.A., Ph.D...
...They are "forgotten...
...The essays are built up out of an anecdote, or a series of anecdotes, concerning miracles of faith, conversion, the frustrations and gratifications of the translator, and the like...
...although he may have been out of touch with it for a period of generations...
...TBE, 20...
...In the first and second centuries succeeding the Spanish conquest, the Europeans had minimal interest in developing the tropical forests, but nonetheless they came to occupy its fertile riverside zones, forcing the indigenous people to migrate to areas poorer in natural resources...
...TBE To be entered...
...Macuna, Maloyo, Muinane, Paez, Piapoco, Piratapuyo...
...44 148 Total cost of new headquarters, for which site purchased in 1971,nearly $300,000...
...The translators are clearly not motivated by a desire for wealth...
...Indigenous Latin Americans also continue their long history of resistance to the incursions of expansionist capitalism...
...6 8 That northern nation is the same "America that made herself 'white' by the genocide of the native Indian population, the America that from the beginning was known by the black race, not as 'the promised land,' but as an earthly hell, not as the land of liberation, but as the land of slavery...
...My translation...
...7 0 This is the wealth of alternatives available to the assimilated Indian if the larger society remains unchanged...
...In 1970, the repressive response of the armed forces to the Guahibo Indians' guerrilla defense of their lands against the encroachments of settlers in the eastern plains touched off a controversy about Indian policy which continues today...
...1 Financial support comes from private donations in the United States, grants from U.S...
...The place reserved for indigenous "language and culture" is ornamental...
...Box 115, Kathmandu, Nepal...
...What was thecommand structure in the field...
...At the level of government, by challenging the public financing of the translation mission through USAID and the Department of Health Education and Welfare, which seems to represent a case of doing abroad what the law does not permit at home: the establishment of religion in foreign policy...
...PANAMA: Bayano Cuna, Bogota, Empena, Guaymi, Paya Cuna, Waunana...
...principle of churchstate separation, in effect covertly establishing evangelical religion in certain regions...
...Cuiteco, Huasteco...
...93 344 Heavily staffed by Australian nationals...
...4 9 In 1956,five missionaries (not Wycliffe translators) tried to establish a mission among the Auca...
...Her appearances brought in support money for WBT/SIL...
...4.Other faculty: Irvine Davis, M.A., Ph.D., Esther Matteson, Ph.D...
...72...
...outside...
...Guatemala 1952 Min...
...This, in reality, is an expedient in the labor of conversion and integration...
...Townsend created the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) as the "scientific" corporation-theoretically involved in pure linguistic and educational research-to get around this problem...
...Agency for International Development...
...Without this high academic standing, SIL would have found it difficult to enter and remain in antiecclesiastical and/or anti-Protestant nations...
...The culture is to be "appreciated" just as museum art is "appreciated...
...Their efforts were supported by the government's Coordinator for Indian Affairs...
...This is a modern-day Job, not the victim of a political war...
...Assoc...
...SIL represents itself as an independent agency, but it is not, and its first priority in the field is evangelization...
...Subsidies from Govt...
...the National Con- stitution...
...They are separated from the perception of the sociohistorical forces which involve them and have for centuries involved them in a global network of political, social and economic relationships, and will not then act as they would had- they this knowledge...
...These funds generally come from the translators' home churches...
...Ibid...
...Asia & Pacific, WBT/SIL) 1958 Seattle, Wash...
...How does the proqfssional solidarity among linguists, and the common background of U.S...
...1970, reprinted in El Instituto Linguistico de Verano, op...
...any discussion of the actual government of Brazil and its Indian policy...
...Although the over-all focus varies, the subject-matter of the individual articles is of a consistent type...
...NACLA translation...
...1, (July 1972), pp...
...In so doing, it puts whole cultures in jeopardy...
...One, primarily defensive in30 nature, seeks to preserve the status quo-where there are reservations, they are to be preserved, as the irreducible minimum necessary for cultural survival...
...Christianity is proffered as, taken to be, the magic by which dominant groups have gained control over the material forces of the planet...
...All this together produces an effect of urgency, rapid movement and drama, precisely the emotional premises on which the translation movement is founded (millenial expectation...
...provided land for Bogota building, & retired general donated land for Lomalinda base...
...Trained Christian tribesmen are using the grassroofed village schools as a tool of evangelism...
...Home Division...
...WBT/SIL has been supported in Viet-Nam by generous grants from the U.S...
...From El Tiempo (Bogota), Oc- tober 23, 1971.* What is the relation between the "influential persons from Villavicencio" in Item III, and the "leaders from the llanos" and the "mayor of Villavicencio" who defended WBT/SIL ? What was their relation to WBT/SIL's role in pac&ifing the Guahibo insurgency...
...NIGERIA: Abua, Agbo, Alago, Angas, Bekwarra, Busa, Dghwede, Engenni, Gude, Higi, Igede, Igbirra, Izi, Jibu Kale, Languada, Mambila, Mbembe, Mumuye...
...of Ed., Govt...
...Crucial to this point of view is the organization's contention that the Indian is in a state of cultural and economic "isolation" and is severely deprived because of this "isolation...
...WBT is not mentioned in SIL publicity literature...
...5 1 The Colombian Controversy In 1962, the Summer Institute of Linguistics signed a contract with the government of Colombia, whose basic outlines were described above...
...There is no indication that the strategy for the Amazon basis is to open up Indian lands for exploitation by North American corporations...
...70...
...TBE, at least 400...
...of Public Ed...
...Maya, Mazateco, Mixe, Mixteco, Otomi, Pame, Popoloca, Seri, Tarahumara, Tarascan, Tepehuan, Tepehua, Tololobal, Totonaco, Trique, Tzeltal, Tzotzil, Yaqui, Zapoteco, Zoque...
...1970, p. 11...
...While "Christianizing savages," missionaries have seldom questioned the "need" for taking the lands of tribal people, but rather have seen it as the "inevitable advance of Civilization...
...That is, they must believe in The doctrine of the Trinity...
...This is done by Auca Christians through a loud speaker mounted on the plane...
...Wycliffe's Statement of Doctrine Wycliffe's translators are necessarily theologically conservative...
...It is also working among the Indians of North America...
...almost unbelievable', 2 0 They live in "Satan's stronghold...
...Ultimately, the Colombian controversy resulted in a compromise, with WBT/SIL strengthening its base of support...
...I thank God that though He has often led in ways I did not want to go, He has enlarged my vision and my joy as I see Him work...
...Translation, April June 1972, p. 6. 16...
...The "integration" policies, however, designed to abolish the reservation, wipe out the material basis .for any possible continuance of indigenous culture...
...How did the Minister of Government make sure the commission had no permanent control over WBT/SIL 's work, and why...
...Townsend described it as a "functional approach...
...Every possible precaution is taken to insure that the undeniably political and collective struggle of the Brazilian Indians be reduced to a question of personal psychology...
...1, Sociedad Antropologica de Colombia (Bogota, 1972, mimeo...
...PAINT ME RED...
...The divine inspiration and consequent authority of the whole cannonical Scriptures...
...Chrau, Chru, Cue...
...19 In these articles indigenous persons are characterized as children, born by culture into sin and ignorance, not yet "mature men" of "Christ's full stature" (Ephesians, 4:13...
...bound by superstition...
...NEPAL: 19 languages which break down into the following groups: Tibeto-Burman, 15...
...1970 Annual Report, New Guinea Branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, p. 3. 41...
...NACLA, "Civilizing Them-To Be What...
...The "rights and benefits" conceded to the Indians by their "benevolent" conquerors were usually a piece qof wasteland considered useless by economic interests at that time...
...Quoted in El Espectador (Bogota), Dec...
...In other words, the translators believe that when the Bible has been made available to all peoples Christ will return to earth to reign for a period of one thousand years (a "millenium...
...They were able to remain in control of this extensive territory through their extreme dispersal (living and moving in small family groups), and their ruthlessness in defending their ground...
...SI L, P.O...
...Believing themselves the harbingers of "modern civilization," they have infiact served as a cultural vanguard of a massive robbery on the frontiers of imperialist expansion, with no regard for the sovereign dignity of native peoples...
...Clifford Geertz, quoted in J. Milton Yinger, The Scientific Study of Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1970), p. 6. 17...
...Instituto Linguistico de Verano, Casilla 1007, Quito, Ecuador...
...He or she immediately begins a period of language-learning and analysis and afterwards initiates translation and informal18s Bible teaching, taking one of the native people as an assistant (or "informant...
...and the missionaries brought the means of grace and got them ready...
...As the Indians move we notify the oil companies...
...Your recompense is that you will have more...
...contract...
...PERU: Achual, Aguaruna, Amahuaca, Amarakaeri, Amueshi, Arabela, Bore, Campa, Capanahua, Cashibo...
...Late Summer 1973...
...Parale, as well as two others not given in source...
...It takes on this mission...
...6 5 WBT/SIL engages in this "pacification" in the name of saving lives...
...WBT + SIL +IAARS=WBT There is a degree of intentional confusion about the relationship between the three nominal sections of Wycliffe...
...Box 833, Calgary 2, Alberta, Canada...
...Carrier, Slave, Stoney...
...1 4 The last point is officially interpreted "as implying Scriptural inerrancy...
...Each issue focuses on some particular geographical area or aspect of translation work, and generally contains an introductory article, several one- and two-page articles, "Wycliffe World News" (briefs on each area), and periodically a financial report...
...one more, name unknown...
...Mission centers were established in a scattered fashion, modeled after the hacienda, and wherever their influence reached, the Indians were forced into a new society "stratified by ethnico-racial segments and socio-economic classes...
...Since then, in a period when other sending agencies have trimmed their budgets, Wycliffe's has risen sharply from under $6 million to $8.7 million-a 45 percent increase in four years...
...Once deculturated, the "integrated" Indians are forced into a marginal situation: culturally, in a society to which they cannot completely adjust...
...Nung, Pacoh, Rengao, Roglai, Halang, Sedang, Stieng, White Tai., Black Tai...
...But this is the death which comes to the Indian tipically as a result of aggression from the outside as the civilizados advance on the interior-and not as a result of indigenous behavior patterns...
...0 Millenial expectation (including the belief that U.S...
...The WBT world-wide "evangelical advance" is a religious manifestation of U.S...
...The list above includes only those tribes with over 5,000 speakers, and is adopted from the 1970 Annual Report of the Summer In- stitute of Linguistics, New Guinea Branch.29 Wycliffe's own millenarian faith...
...or perhaps as another symptom of the same upheaval...
...The costs of training are largely outside the WBT/SIL budget, being diverted through universities, the International Linguistics Center, etc...
...SIL arranged none of the required exhibitions of Indian artifacts, nor any of the contractually required lectures on philology and culture, and failed to undertake the required training of nationals for linguistic work...
...Such a challenge might be undertaken through Congressional investigation or public hearings under private auspices...
...According to WBT, "the difference is in emphasis...
...At least 85 percent of the Montagnards have been required by Saigon or the U.S...
...Huave, Huichol, Lacandon...
...cit., p.130...
...The thrust of the content, structure and literary genre of the little essays printed in Translation, is clearly to move out of the spatial and temporal localization of the anecdote into a reaffirmation of those "transhistoric constants . . . man and his heart...
...These reservations, where starvation was endemic, became the graveyard of/ thousands upon thousands of indigenous persons...
...We must keep two postulates in mind as we consider and evaluate this "ideology...
...With such a complete psychological restructure, the students needed to cultivate a more helpful attitude toward integration while appreciating their own language and culture...
...It was an opportunity for our friends to declare themselves, which they did, with tremendous effectiveness . . . One of the positive things that has come out of the situation reported above has been a permanent Commission made up of linguists and anthropologists to define and evalute the national policy for Indians...
...Bruce Hooley, M.A...
...Lamani...
...4 The situation of the Indian in Latin America is extremely precarious at this time...
...WBT flier, "Statement of Doctrine...
...These religious oppositions are superimposed and in no way correspond to the traditional structure of indigenous society...
...Such costs must be covered by the prospective translator...
...Satan) and the borrowing of terminology between planes (the "spiritual advance" expressed in military terms) results in the association of the two levels as: Viet-Nam War = War of Souls Referring again to Lalive, who is quoting Roland Barthes, "this vagueness (between codes) constitutes in my opinion the story, for it defines the performance of the narrator...
...relations dating from founder Townsend's friendship with Lazaro Cardenas...
...But a new wave of conquest during the 19th century overcame this resistance...
...the Indians suffered not only exploitation and biological collapse, but also deculturation-"culture loss"-and in the course of such ill-use also lost the feeling of belonging to a social order which made such poor use of its human resources...
...See his article for a more detailed report on Rachel Saint and the Auca...
...1 5 Wycliffe's mission is to prevent the "spiritual disintegration" of the indigenous person before the forces of modernization...
...This is a lay support association apparently created for fund-raising purposes and to cement the relationship between WBT/SIL and the conservative business community...
...Recently it has done exploratory research in the Soviet Union...
...Box 2270, Manila, Philippines...
...2 7 In this way the Indians are prevented Institution21 from grasping the real elements of their struggle for survival...
...The Indian is thereby alienated from the traditions of the mainstream of the Colombian nation...
...Surinam 1967 Min...
...It does not establish ecclesiastical organizations in the field...
...living without hope...
...Correal Report, p. 4: "We consider the methodological process of the compilation of ethnographic data adequate...
...II-WYCLIFFE'S ROLE The Summer Institute of Linguistics, a North American organization based at Loma Linda, entered into collaboration with the government's civic action program in Planas in order to attract the [Guahibol Indians who fight alongside Jaramillo [a cooperative organizer who led the resistance...
...Generally, WBT/SIL tries to work within traditional indigenous authority structures...
...WBT/SIL, despite its criticisms of the behavior of nationals and Catholic missionaries (objections which may be cultural and not ethical), compromises the existence of Indian groups by its cooperation with neo-colonialist political and economic interests...
...See Pinzon Sanchez, op...
...1971 Biennial Reports of the Wycliffe Bible Translators...
...Kekchi...
...4 2 Guests at WBT/SIL bases in Peru that year included the Ministers of Education, War, Health and Government, as well as the commanding generals of the Peruvian Army and Air Force...
...cJungle Aviation and Radio Service, a WBT/ SI L subsidiary...
...7, 8. 59...
...1. Other faculty: Doris Bartholomew, M.A., Ph.D., Joseph Grimes, M.A., Ph.D., Sarah Gudsehinsky, M.A., Ph.D., George Huttar, M.A., Ph.D., Peter Lan derman, M.A., Ph.D...
...6 3 In sum, running beneath the nationalist objections of the Colombian anthropologists and activists is the feeling-for which WBT/SIL seems to provide ample grounds-that Wycliffe leads the Indian to "skip over" his own country ideologically, and to identify with the U.S...
...contract specifies Bible translation...
...The primary overt motivation of the individual trans- lators is a belief in the WBT mission...
...27, 1970, a portion of which appears in translation in material accompanying the present article...
...From Translation...
...Reporting and continuous personal attention to the Military Departments have netted us help and appreciation...
...Colombia 1962 Min...
...Same address as Guatemala...
...Ecuador 1953 Min...
...In its capacity as a non-religious institution, WBT/SIL moved rapidly into areas previously off-limits to Protestant organizations, and this expansion led to the formation of the Jungle Aviation and Radio Service (JAARS) in 1947...
...instil a religious ideology destructive of indigenous cultural identity...
...1972 Dallas, Texas Calvin Rensch, Ph.D...
...Second, they would work to incorporate the isolated defensive struggles, which seem to face insuperable odds, into a long-term fight against the system of exploitation which perpetrates the continuing assault on indigenous lands and rights...
...The mission as an institution corresponds in every age to the particular model of society as a whole of which the mission is a part," 3 and WBT's work abroad "reflects and complements the reigning colonial situation with the values of which it is imbued...
...Summer Institute of Linguistics, P.O...
...Events in the national politics of these countries had their effect at the local level...
...For the civilizado way, the price is work and maintaining what you've achieved...
...The Spanish conquistadors, the Jesuit missionaries, the rubber hunters-all these groups had failed to subdue the Auca or to settle on their land...
...West German evangelical foundation donated $17,000 in equipment...
...In October 1971, over a year after a Presidential commission of inquiry tried to lay the Guahibo case to rest, another group, the Movement for the Defense of National Culture called for WBT/SIL's expulsion from the country...
...His subject is a Protestant periodical in Argentina, strikingly similar to Translation in form and content, 18...
...Scripture in his own language gives him the stamina he needs to withstand persecution...
...In the past, "peace treaties" were sometimes signed between the colonizing nation and the tribal nations...
...WBT 'SIL in Latin America WBT, known as SIL abroad, is active in the Latin American countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Colombia, Surinam, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil...
...In addition to the value of its skills in the documentation and instruction of indigenous languages, SIL is attractive to Latin American governments because of JAARS...
...The students in this new school choose for their motto, "By means of education we fight for the emancipation of our people...
...The charge of ethnocentric bias cannot be deflected by reference to the translators' assiduous attention to cultural and linguistic detail...
...b 9 WBT/SIL's labor makes it possible for the Indian to become "a semi-slave in the nearest plantation, a peon on a farm...
...Gen'l Dir...
...They are to be the teachers for their own communities when they have graduated...
...1970 Wenham, Mass...
...Sources: Summer Institute of Linguistics 1972 (course catalogue), Translation Prayer Directory 1972, and Translation magazine, Nov.-Dec...
...That is, it defines and interprets a consciousness of one's place in the natural and social world...
...GUATEMALA: Achi (Cubulco and Rabinal), Aguacateco...
...Gonzalo Castillo Cardenas, interview, January 1973...
...His family and his tribe are changed as he makes his first break with tradition, and accepts the hope of the Gospel...
...communists...
...94 310 Excellent govt...
...Clarence E. Church, "Report of The Colombia-Panama Branch," in 1971 Biennial Reports, p. 72...
...Ibid., p. 7. 26...
...it is not an entirely separate organization, but rather a term which designates certain aspects of WBT itself...
...to Wycliffe presents...
...Hereinafter referred to as "Correal Report...
...US oil companies in takeover of Auca lands...
...MARK TWAIN The WyclifJt Bible Translators, who specialize in linguistic and religious work among tribal peoples, effiectively combine scientific technique with religious mystification to give'a new facade to the old process of pacifying and pillaging native peoples...
...This is made explicit in the issue of Translation entitled "Viet Nam-Behind the News" (Oct.-Dec...
...Hfonduras 1960 Inst...
...5 9 Similarly, WBT/SIL-run "development" programs have come under fire as being responsible for creating dependence on the missionary.bO Dale Kietzman, Coordinator for Anthropology and Community Development, frankly admitted in the 1971 Biennial Conference of the organization, "We do everything ourselves...
...The Indian "who becomes fully devoted to the Lord" comes to believe that "it is the most important thing in his life to follow Jesus, to believe in Jesus, to praise Jesus, and to wait for the moment when life will come to its fullest, after death...
...a term designating Brazilian nationals...
...New members have reinforced our ranks, we have entered new tribes and seen God's blessing in new places...
...2 3 Here we have some interesting assumptions...
...Samal, Sarangani, Sarangani Bilan, Sarangani Manobo, Sangir, Subanum, Tagabili, Tagbanwa, Tausug, Tinggian, Tigwa Manobo, Uniray Dumagat, Western Bukidnon Manobo, and Yakan...
...9. A WBT/SIL brochure 10...
...of Ed., Ethnic 21 59 Philippines former Pres...
...they do not live lavishly and are responsible for seeking support funds on their own...
...African Studies, U. Ghana Ivory Coast 1971 U. Abidjan 4 14 Nigeria 1963a U. Nigeria (Nsukka...
...7 5 The effect of this process is to destroy the existence of the tribe as a distinct community and transform indigenous peoples into a marginalized (and oppressed) ethnic or national minority...
...UNESCO bronze medal in 1969...
...They became strangers in it, divided from its purpose and agents by an abyss of mistrust...
...Just as there is a useful vagueness regarding the institutional identities of SIL and WBT, by which they can never be fully separate and yet never fully equated, there is a failure to distinguish between the concrete need of indigenous persons for literacy and the very different "need" for spiritual regeneration which is projected upon them by the Christian missionary...
...SIL's official policy is "to cooperate with government officials whenever possible, rather than work independently or in competition with them...
...cooperation with govt...
...of SIL since 1942...
...cit., p. 71...
...Institute Linguistico de Verano, Apartado 74, Guatemala City, Guatemala...
...Though Wycliffe boasts of its alliance with the rich and powerful, it is vulnerable to counterattack, especially on the homefront, where it seeks trainees and financial support under cover of humanitarianism and millennial expectation...
...Africa and Asia...
...1971, p. 2. 30...
...WBT/SIL gives "meaning" to the suffering of the Indian undergoing the process of deculturation and assimilation...
...administered through Nepal...
...of Bd...
...The eternal life of the saved and the eternal punishment of the lost...
...Latin America BOLIVIA: Araona, Aymara, Baure, Cavinena, Chacobo, Chiquitano, Chipaya, Eseeiae (Chama), Guarani, Guarayo, Ignaciano, Itoanma, Movima, Pacahuara, Highland Quechua, Siriono, Tacana...
...It aimed also to inspire them to serve and to demonstrate the value of study...
...Yet isolated...
...Defense...
...In terms of the indigenous person, Wycliffe's doctrines suggest that he/she is in a state of moral depravity and in need of a "moral regeneration" which must take place through Christ...
...Castillo Cardenas, op...
...the money is cir- culated through WBT but earmarked for a particular mission...
...The results of this colonial structure is that lands inhabited by Indians are judged to be free and unoccupied territory open to conquest and colonization...
...Christian Lalive d'Epinay, "Culture et dependence en Amerique latine," in Modalidades internas de la dependencia en America latina (Geneva: Centre Europe-Tiers Monde, 1972), p. 67...
...Founder William Cameron Townsend...
...Consequently, we consider the theoretical conception behind this clause highly prejudicial to a healthy Indian policy...
...Pressure from the government and the oil companies forced the Wycliffe missionaries to step up their attempts to convert the remaining Auca...
...what appears in the daily papers, the six-o'clock news (the casualty reports, the My-Lai incidents, domestic dissent) should not be the focus of attention: We may not have much longer, but it would be far better to have our eyes on the Lord's soon return than on the changing political scene...
...Although these classes are open to anyone, those who participate in the SIL field operations are necessarily Bible translators (or support workers), not merely linguists, because WBT is the domestic branch through which the SIL field personnel are recruited and sent abroad...
...Christ died for him, and life takes on new meaning...
...SURINAM: Carib,Djuka, Saramaccan...
...Overseas, government agencies which contract Wycliffe's services absorb many of the expenses of educational programs and materials...
...what the WBT lecturer is clearly referring to is violent, unnatural death...
...Thus, a new strategy has been adopted by many countries (such as Brazil and Colombia...
...Whatever the context, there is an illustrative story about the conversion of Manuel, or Makeba, or Dayuma...
...The third tendency seeks a national minority status under socialism, joining its political energies to the larger anti-capitalist struggle in this country...
...Instituto Linguistico de Verano, Apartado Postal 22067, Mexico 22 D.F., Mexico...
...of Ed...
...It is often remarked that in this they differ from the bulk of Protestant missionaries, who remain aloof from and contemptuous of the indigenous culture...
...Translation Prayer Directory 1972 of the Wycliffe Bible Translators...
...3. Stephano Varese, "Inter-Ethnic Relations in the Selva of Peru," in The Situation of the Indian in South America (Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1972), p. 120...
...Protestantism-or any religion for that matter-provides a kind of conceptual "grid" which "permits its adepts to situate themselves in the world and in contemporary history and givesthem direction...
...Inst...
...125ff...
...imperialism...
...Beyond this, "hunger" is the lot of most Brazilians, civilizado or not...
...Information on contracting or cooperating national agencies was obtained from U.S...
...Indo-Aryan, 3; Dravidian, 1. SIL...
...It is significant that, under the direction of Kenneth L Pike and Eugene Nida, both respected scholars in the field of descriptive linguistics, 8 the quality of SIL linguistic work (in academic terms) has been excellent...
...JAARS personnel specialize in technical work in aviation and communications...
...5. Affiliated with the Univ...
...This imbalance in the native ecosystem sets the indigenous group on a path of irrevocable dependence...
...6 4 WBT/SIL's encouragement of "skipping over" supports and reinforces an understandable anti-national tendency already present among the Indians...
...relations further improved after the "1963 revolution" against Diem when new govt...
...The Correal Report, having recognized the missionary-linguists' right to the private and collective practice of their faith, proceeded to say: But to introduce any sort of religious change in the indigenous communities, without adherence in the process to anthropological criteria, means the unleashing of cultural changes which could bring on dislocations in other aspects of the culture, with the consequent disintegration of the economic and social life of the group.66 The practical effect of conversion to Christianity is to concentrate the Indians so that they can be displaced, as in the example given earlier of the Auca in Ecuador...
...What would the North Americans who back Wycliffe's missionaries think if the Catholic Church formed an entity composed only of ardent (and traditionalist) Catholics, called, let us say, the Institute for Basic Education, and hired out to the U.S...
...1 7 The major axis of this grid, to borrow the terminology of Christian Lalive in his "Culture et dependence en Amerique latine" (see note 17), is a "psychologizing interpretation" by which the heart of the individual is the center and cause of all manifestations of evil and good...
...also because Wycliffe's contracts with foreign governments violate the U.S...
...Auckland, N. Z. George Cowan, Ph.D...
...armed resistance of this type has too often served the conquerors as an invitation to massacre...
...According to Townsend, it "trades upon three facets in their mentality that are common to almost all primitives: their pride in their own language, their eagerness to better themselves economically, their insatiable curiosity...
...22, Translation, July August 1968, Cover...
...and the Summer Institute of Linguistics (in condensed form...
...Hope for Viet Nam-Right Now...
...23 70 Ahmadu Bello U. (Zaria) Cameroun 1968 U. of the Cameroun 3 10 India 1966 Deccan College 6 a 13a Predominantly British commonwealth personnel: considering organization of a "home branch" because of inability to obtain govt...
...cit., contains a masterful analysis of this situation...
...This places several nations in the dual role of the exploited and the exploiters, and this in turn projects not only a false image of Indian society and its historical development, but also a distorted vision of what constitutes the present national society5 WBT assists in this cycle of exploitation on two fronts: 1) in contacting, concentrating and converting indigenous groups to facilitate their removal from areas desired by national and international corporations and lending technical assistance in the suppression of indigenous resistance...
...The doctrine of justification by faith...
...From the WBT/SIL point of view, the oil companies have facilitated the Christianization of the Auca...
...the other half are support personnel, working in education, medicine, or technical capacities...
...of Ed., Nat...
...Ibid., p. 118...
...JAARS is composed of pilots, airplane mechanics and radio technicians, and is formally a subsidiary of SIL In Latin America alone, JAARS maintains a fleet of 30 aircraft, including a DC-3 cargo plane and two Helio-Couriers for short take-off and landing...
...As they advance we fly ahead of them and explain to Aucas living in their path that they are coming...
...racially, as an excluded minority...
...Interestingly enough, though there was an attempt by some to give the Commission some sort of permanent control over the work of SIL, our friends on the Commission, as well as the Minister of the Interior [Minister of Government] himself made sure that this did not happen...
...8949, Abidjan-Cocody, Ivory Coast...
...The anthropologist-linguist critics seem to have been satisfied to gain a stronger voice in Indian policy, with some concessions from Wycliffe...
...6 1 Kietzman advocated a more specialized concept of WBT/SIL's role in development: "Education and development of the masses this manner a few very Influential persons from Villavicencio...
...3 14 Ghana-Togo 1962 Dept...
...Because of "lack of security" translators live in provincial centers, rather than among the Montagnards...
...The 1961 Biennial Report contains the following notice: Technical assistance in helping the Peruvian Army establish a flight program to isolated jungle areas has required time and effort of our personnel but has been of real benefit to the work as a whole...
...Some groups which partially or entirely survived continued their retreat to the interior...
...The religious mission is repeatedly justified through illustrations of the newly-gained self-reliance or progressive autonomy and cultural pride of the indigenous which in fact stem from literacy, not Christianity...
...Hist...
...But Rachel Saint, a translator, whose brother Nate was among the slain missionaries, was determined to try it again...
...9,1971...
...A joint WBT/SIL Statement of Policy reads: "Our primary motivation is to glorify God and to build up His church by giving the scriptures to every man in his own tongue...
...Street address: 240 Nguyen Minh Chieu, Phunhuan, Saigon, Viet-Nam...
...Agency for International Development (USAID) in Viet-Nam, Peru and Nepal...
...The earthly vision is doomed to become increasingly more terrible, but the heavenly vision more wonderful...
...as they are strategically and morally (until they are with Christ) the weaker...
...Their intention is to make their Bibles correspond as closely as possible to indigenous patterns of thought and speech, so they use traditional parables and vocabulary in place of the literal biblical images...
...4. The Declaration of Barbados (Geneva: World Council of Churches, Programme to Combat Racism, 1971, mimeograph), p. 3. S. Ibid, p. 1. 6. Ibid, p. 3. 7. Ibid, p. 4. 8. It would be an interesting and useful project to examine the social and ideological content of descriptive linguistics as it relates to the Indian question, and in par ticular to analyze the writings of Pike and Nida in this context...
...The courses in the United States are taught by17 non-affiliated linguists as well as by SIL linguists on leave from their field posts...
...some govt.opposition to WBT SIL role, as Nepal is Hindu state...
...of Ed...
...Worth It All...
...The article headings are, to name a few, "New Things-Behind the News in Viet Nam...
...This tribe took up arms against Colombian nationals who settled on their lands in a U.S.-supported land reform program...
...3 5 In other words, the message is not precisely contained in the spiritual statement (or "code") or in the political statement (which in the case of WBT/SIL is a supposedly neutral position) but in the position that emerges when these two are combined and reconstructed within our minds...
...Berrimah, Darwin, N.T., Australia 5788...
...Non-Profit Organizations in Technical Assistance Abroad, 1971 (Probably 1970 data...
...That these two interests are at odds and must be discussed separately is a function of the situation of internal colonialism coupled with nationalism and an increasing sensitivity to U.S...
...Oreion, Piro, Quechua, Santarosina, Saranahua, Shipibo, Ticuna, Urarina, Witoto, Yagua...
...of Health, Education & Welfare...
...Certain mission agencies, attempting to make aggression seem less cruel, have provided a velvetgloved alternative to the iron .fist of armed conquest...
...With a convert at her side, she would appear on television and at evangelical rallies...
...So the two forces are working along harmoniously and anybody who knows anything about figures can tell you exactly when the last Kanaka will be in Abrahams's bosom and his islands in the hands of the whites...
...Ibid...
...The message implied in these illustrations is generally succinctly restated in the last paragraph, and established as authoritative through the use of a Biblical quote or analogy...
...Fears, Frustrations, Frights--But Why We Stayl...
...Klaus Sprecta) Darleen Bee, Ph.D...
...Institute of Linguistics, P.O...
...TBE, 10...
...IV-A LINK WITH WYCLIFFE...
...forces to leave their villages...
...In recent years SIL has been asked to give instruction to Colombian linguists to the eventual end of replacing the SIL workers...
...Panama 1970 Min...
...You see the Indians as the translator sees them, as he begins learning the language, helping to meet physical need then communicating the hope of the Gospel...
...and no mention of the slaughter of Indians that accompanies the progress of the highway...
...U. Philippines Republic of 1957 Min...
...A group of leaders from the Llanos and the National Territories, headed by Congressman and current Mayor of Villavicenclo, Narcisco Matus Torres, defends the work of the Institute's linguists...
...TBE, 13...
...itself as racism against Latin Catholics-their morals, their culture, etc.-while the same translators are inclined to excuse the state of Indian morality (that is, what they perceive this to be) as derving from "ignorance...
...The oil companies subsequently discovered a rich strike on the reservation, and are attempting to put oil wells there...
...Another aspect of WBT/SIL's erosion of Indian interests is its raison d'etre: the religious conversion of the Indians to Tribes "Occupied" by Wycliffe Africa CAMEROUN: Fal, Nso, Dowayo...
...The true account of his own miraculous transformation in a first-person narration that reveals the heart of a seeking Indian...
...Stephano Varese, op...
...2. Santa Ana (California) Register, Sept...
...7 I I26 must be the responsibility of the government . . . Our efforts should be directed toward the development of a spiritual leadership that can mediate outside forces and guide the people in development and spiritual growth...
...illiterate...
...its function is to make available the translated Bible so that indigenous churches may grow...
...Ibid., pp...
...It is to be form but not substance: it is a particular way of expressing, not a thing expressed...
...It was certain of help from its highly placed supporters, among whom was the Minister of Government-occupant of the26 politically most powerful post in the cabinet and superior of the Coordinator of Indian Affairs...
...3 9 At least one member has received support from the U.S...
...It would appear then, that those who work in the real interests ofindigneous peoples would, first, in the short run, support resistance against immediate encroachments...
...With overlapping governing boards and purposes, SIL and WBT address themselves to different publics...
...3 2 What that sense is, we are not told...
...In the 1972Translation Prayer Directory, Kietzman is listed with a different lob-Director of the U.S...
...The recorded history of oppressed classes and castes suggests that this is extremely unlikely...
...a beggar in the nearest town, or a maid in a city house...
...Trade with missionaries as well as merchants results in the overexploitation of certain resources, and therefore an ecological imbalance...
...North Am...
...Unlike missionary groups which seek out the largest possible constituency, WBT concentrates on small and extremely remote peoples...
...Wycliffe aims for a psychological, social and economic restructuring of the Indian society in the mode of "Christian" capitalism...
...Indian land is being appropriated for national and international "development...
...USAID contracts with SIL in Viet-Nam, as listed In Current Technical Service Contracts (U.S...
...received Order of Cruzeiro do Sul from the military dictatorship...
...Richard Pittman, Ph.D...
...5, 1972), p. 2. See also Juan Gossain, "Violencia en los Ilanos: fracaso cooperativoorigino la rebelion," El Espectador (Bogota), Feb...
...38 In order to protect its precarious position in foreign nations, however, and because the missionaries believe in the legitimacy of the expanding civilization ("Christian" capitalist) of which it is a part, WBT/SIL takes no stand whatsoever against the aggression of government and industry against indigenous groups...
...Non-Profit Organizations in Development Assistance Abroad, 1971 (New York, Technical Assistance information Clearing House) and WBT/SIL's 1971 Biennial Report...
...See "Colombia Trial Bares Life (Everyone Kills Indians) on Plains," New York Times, July 9, 1972...
...Summer Institute of Linguistics, Caixa Postal 14.2221, Brasilia-D.F., Brazil...
...2 4 This last sentence is crucial because it indicates the nature of WBT/SIL's supposed fight for the "preservation of Indian culture...
...33 The possible jeopardy of burgeoning numbers of Christians is the Wycliffe POW issue: the reason for perseverance in the face of adversity.22 The tragedies of bloodshed, hunger, disease and displacement are little, to the WBT/SIL author, compared to the tragedy of paganism: This is frustration, and I have felt it often...
...1 8 Within this drama the world is divided into Christians and non-Christians and the key struggle is between these two universes (God and Satan...
...Further on it is explained: The course purposed to integrate them into the Brazilian way of life and instill in them a sense of responsibility, ability to make judgements, initiative, self-identity...
...For several reasons Shell decided to leave Ecuador...
...The Correal report favored a greater emphasis by Wycliffe on bilingual literay education and withdrawal from "development" work...
...SIL makes contracts with governments abroad, organizes the summer training sessions in linguistics, and takes charge of field work...
...GHANA-TOGO: Bassari, Bimoba, Hanga, Kasena, Konkomba, Kusal, Slsaala, Tampulma, Valga...
...So the Indians will also then "prefer to give up rights or land rather than break their religious principles as they understand them . . . to live their enemy, not to resist violently, and to give a witness by this suffering to their Christian faith...
...SIL, 3, Guru Nanak Nagar...
...Lalive, op...
...Box L-11, Saigon, Viet- Nam...
...First, that the Indian has a "choice" as to whether he/she will be assimilated into the national society...
...7 3 Wycliffe, with powerful political alliances in Colombia's ruling circles, would stay in the country for some time to come...
...Suddenly with the discovery of a vast reserve of oil under the Eastern Jungle twenty-one companies are working 1500 men there...
...The ethnocentrism of the translators often reveals...
...My translation...
...No evangelical activity of any kind is mentioned...
...TBE, 1. Institute Linguistico de Verano, Casilla 64, Riberalta, Beni., Bolivia...
...Nor did the representatives of the anthropological profession examine-in all their investigation of WBT/SIL-the political-economic factors undermining Indian survival, and the linkages of these factors to the Wycliffe organization, its bases of support, its leadership and its ideology...
...The atonement through the substitutionary death of Christ...
...4 5 In some forms there was concerted and briefly successful resistance which delayed attempts at further penetration of the tropical forests...
...Indians are collectively an oppressed nation and favors the creation of an independent nation-state...
...Work seen as "nation-building" for New Guinean independence...
...This is the second element of the grid, Christian dualism...
...One of the original motivations for the WBT/SIL mission was a reaction on the part of some Christians to the crude exploitation of the Indian at the hands of these "planters," "white merchants" and "great corporations (who) consider the world their sales territory...
...TBE, at least 15, same address as Nigeria...
...Non-Profit Organizations in Development Assistance Abroad, 1971 (New York: Technical Assistance Information Clearing House, 1971...
...Pres...
...Statement of Policy," in Corporation Conference Report, p. 2; published in Translation, Oct.-Dec...
...There would seem to be three avenues open to challenge WBT/SIL in its comfortable presumption of divine right: -In anthropological and linguistic circles, because the missionaries use their extraordinary linguistic skills, along with the credibility and mystique that accompany them...
...This initial phase is often met with resistance as the indigenous people draw together to stem the invasion...
...WBT recruits the field volunteers and represents the organization to the churches, to other missions and to the lay public in the United States who support the field work through private donations...
...A first step towards "integration" is to teach the indigenous people the language and customs as well as the religion of their conquerors...
...The Indians of America remain dominated by a colonial situation which originated with the conquest and which persists today within many Latin American nations...
...These policies force upon the Indians a whole spectrum of relationships based on the private ownership of property and remove the underpinnings of their cultural survival...
...3urera, Garawa, Gugu-Yalanii, Kunjen, Mabuiag, Manjiltiara, Pintupi, Tiwi, Wailbri, Walmatlari, Wik-Munkan, Yanyula...
...Second, the indigenous person, because of the rapid and extreme changes within and19 without his/her society in this century, resulting from an industrial and technological revolution beyond his/her immediate comprehension, is extremely vulnerable to Christian propaganda...
...Who are the "influential persons from Villavicencio...
...Having initiated an active campaign to improve its public relations, including an audience of William Cameron Townsend with Colombian President Misael Pastrana Borrero, the Wycliffe leadership was confident it could ride out the storm...
...and yet we may trace the specific national and international circumstances that have caused them to be in their present condition...
...The continual alternation, throughout this issue of Translation, between two planes, practical (the Viet-Nam War) and mythical (the War of Souls) and their corresponding protagonists and antagonists (the United States vs...
...This thesis obscures the historical process that has brought the Indian under the influence of colonial groups for the last 500 years...
...also see Gustavo Perez Ramirez, Planas: Las contradicciones del capitalismo (Bogota: Ed...
...Viet-Nam Minorities govt...
...Summer Institute of Linguistics, c/o P.O...
...Paramaribo.Zuid, Surinam...
...As reported by WBT/SIL's Corporation Secretary, John S. Henderson, in an interview with another researcher, January 14, 1972...
...Gerald Cannon Hickey, "The Lost Montagnards," New York Times, August 16, 1973, p. 35...
...intelligence or paramilitary organizations such as the CIA has yet been revealed, we know that WBT/SIL is in part funded by grants from the U.S...
...Linguistic Society of America, 1961...
...3 6 The rest languish in poorlyequipped refugee camps, dependent on the official agencies for the wherewithal of survival...
...4 8 The labor of the Indian is no longer necessary in Latin America...
...branch in charge of arrangements for Rural Affairs work in Argentine & Paraguayan Chaco...
...Instead of treating indigenous peoples as conquered nations with rights, these are regarded as backward sectors of the conquering nation who have to be "educated and integrated" into it...
...72-73 (emphasis ad- ded...
...ibid...
...played pacification role in Guahibo revolt...
...LXXVIII, No...
...1949 Brisbane, Austral...
...of Public Ed...
...Wycliffe, as we have seen, prefers not to risk its government relations to defend indigenous rights...
...Indonesia 1971 - - 13 New Guinea 1956 Australian Ter...
...PRAISE GOD...
...Indigenous Latin Americans are treated as, and thus functionally constitute, a specific racial and societal class (or caste...
...7 66 5:2 ratio of supporting to tribal-team personnel...
...Several professors of the Linguistics Institute have begun to work in the area...
...the titles are large, of vivid type, and often punctuated by exclamation points or question marks...
...Now and again she would return to the United States for fundraising...
...1971 Biennial Reports, p. 34...
...More training for the country's professionals must be included . . ."71 He defended Wycliffe against the anthropologists' contention that its methods were not scitntific by means of a counterattack: he argued that Our aim in the training of Colombians must be the improvement of the standard of living of the indigenous peoples...
...it has its topos to the north of the Rio Grande...
...In 1964 the oil prospectors had moved back into the Oriente...
...Although SIL is referred to as an "affiliate" of WBT...
...110,000...
...Akwesasne Notes...
...This great need of the indigenous for spiritual education, and therefore their great need for the translator, is the emotional currency by which the translators are bought and which sustains them throughout their terms...
...They are in fact in certain respects the "underdeveloped product of capitalist development...
...Even a "fair trade" in these circumstances (i.e., a number of animal skins for a manufactured item of comparable "value") is to the disadvantage of the indigenous person, as it prevents him/her from ever returning to his/her independent methods of subsistence in the tribal community...
...of Wycliffe Assoc...
...dMissionary Aviation Fellowship...
...As an example, we might look at the situation of Indian groups in the selva, or tropical forest, of Peru.44 This area contains a group of people considered classically "isolated" in WBT/SIL terms...
...20, Translation, July August 1968, p. 14...
...WBT SIL's largest jungle training camp here, as is central facility for coordinating worldwide translation activity...
...TBE, 40...
...Box 489, Zaria, North Central State, Nigeria...
...9-10...
...MEXICO: 94 tribal teams working in the following language groups: Amuzgo, Aztec, Chatino, Chinanteco, Chol, Chontal...
...Moreover, his use of the term "death" also suggests its supposed contrary, "eternal life," which, along with food and progress, is by implication the particular gift of the Christian God...
...55...
...TBE, 8. Summer Institute of Linguistics, P.O...
...The style of writing is simple, personal, colloquial...
...NACLA translation...
...60...
...Mexico 1935 Sec...
...It has been hypothesized that some choose to go abroad to escape the pace of social change in the United States.12 The phenomenal growth of fundamentalist missionary organizations in the last decade might be seen, in part, as a reaction to the contlicts at home during the 1960's...
...The individual is the medium for the message...
...TBE, 3. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Postbus 1919...
...53,000...
...Box 378, Tamale, Northern Region, Ghana...
...Assistance from USAI D in the other cases may be through channels other then technical service contracts...
...5 7 By the argument of national interest, WBT/SIL, as a North American Protestant organization, is seen to violate the independence of the Colombian nation in assuming responsibility for the integration of marginal peoples...
...4 1 SIL has received financial assistance from the Mexican and Guatemalan governments and land parcels from these and other Latin American countries...
...Although initially founded as a religious corporation, WBT soon adopted an alternate identity for diplomatic purposes...
...The assumption that tribal extinction is inevitable is . . a dangerous view because it is a selffulfilling prophecy that encourages people either to do nothing, or else work to speed the 'inevitable,' and lets them feel good about helping the natives accept it...
...The Kaingaing Case Here is an example of the "psychologizing interpretation" of the Indian situation, drawn from an article in Translation on bi-lingual teacher training in Brazil: A group of Brazilian Indians (Kaingaing) are rounded up and sent off to a newly formed boarding school for linguistic and literacy training...
...Relations between church and state in Mexico, for example, were so sensitive as to make a formal relationship between the government and an evangelical mission organization impossible...
...With these factors in mind, it is not possible to consider the inhabitant of the remote jungle as suffering from a lack of contact with "Christian civilization...
...Nevertheless, the number of SIL anthropologists (8with B.A.'s,l with a Master's) is insufficient for the direction and supervision of the process of compilation and analysis...
...In clarifying-and neutralizing-this rather strong term "emancipation," which in the North American mind inevitably suggests the emancipation of slaves (a bitter...
...SIL, Box 68, Eastlake, Colorado 80614, USA...
...of Ed...
...3. Other faculty: Burton Bascom, Th.B., Ph.D., William Merrifield, M.A., Ph.D...
...In 1942, WBT/SIL moved to the University of Oklahoma, and in the following years initiated summer courses in several other universities in the United States and abroad (see box on page 20...
...33 1 6 4 b More "supporting" than tribal-team personnel...
...But under scrutiny this position falls apart...
...El Tiempo (Bogota), October 18, 1971, p. 9-A...
...Linguistics, U. Michigan, 1948 -) 1952 Grand Forks, N.D...
...The question of liberation is meaningless on an individual level, because liberation cannot be effected on that level...
...With what other organizations, Colombian or international, do JAARS radio systems interconnect...
...George Cowan, LL.D., (Pres...
...It is at this.juncture that the exponents of the translation mission are active...
...Core...
...The format is varied, colorful, resplendent with photographs...
...Brazil 1956 Min...
...Quoted in Clarence W. Hall, "Two Thousand Tongues to Go," reprinted by WBT SIL from Readers Digest, August 1958, p. 15...
...A fourth organization, Wycliffe Associates, has been formed and incorporated recently...
...WBT public relations flier...
...Katu, Mnong Rolom...
...of Interior...
...They have presented their military overlords with an ultimatum: if the Brazilian government does not soon demarcate the boundaries of their reservation, which neighboring landwners have invaded and claimed as their own, they will revolt...
...7 4 Wycliffe's performance as the cultural penetration team in service of an expanding world market has succeeded in isolating indigenous communities from one another, and breaking down the social organization within them necessary to mount resistance to their cultural and/or physical elimination...
...The objective of these integration policies is to remove the tribal peoples in order to complete the control of national territory by the dominant class of the prevailing national group...
...From WBT/SIL 1971 Biennial Reports, pp...
...In terms of personnel, it recently became the largest Protestant missionary-sending agency in the world, displacing the Southern Baptists, though as late as 1969 it ranked only fourteenth in terms of reported income...
...Particularly serious conflicts of interest have emerged in areas where Catholic missions have also been established, between the two camps of missionaries, and among Indians Wycliffe in the Colombian Controversy...
...Sources: U.S...
...Neither the "moral improvement" clause nor the "translation of texts needed in cultural work" clause in the 1962 contract specifically allows (or forbids) Bible translation...
...and economically, in a system that needs them only as a surplus labor pool...
...Cuiva, Desano, Guahibo, Guambiano, Guanano, Guayabero, Huitoto, Inga, Kogui, Kwaiker, Macu...
...In 1824 Bolivar, having led Peru to independence, caused the dissolution of the highland Indian communities by permitting each member of a commune to sell the communal lands he possessed in usufruct (having rights to the use of and fruits of a certain land parcel without actual possession of the substance of that land...
...This may take from two to twenty or more years...
...Translation, Sept...
...It follows that if the indigenous person comes to adhere to this Christian ideology, he/she necessarily comes to despise his/her own culture, which has damned him/her, and to adulate that of the missionaries, which has saved him/her...
...The new society could command their labor, but it could not command their loyalty...
...After landing in Auca territory and making an apparently friendly preliminary contact, they were killed...
...in NACLA's Feature News Service, NO.2 (Feb...
...To this end the translators disseminate an ideology of submission and humility...
...9 33 Dev...
...The cover title (Translation) is printed in slanting lower-case letters-it fairly races across the page...
...Ethnic groups in Latin America are integrally related to the history of colon-23 ialism and neo-colonialism...
...It is also stipulated in the contract that 'practical ends for the better understanding of each culture and the determination of what programs may be necessary' be taken into account in the anthropological studies...
...works in Canada as well as the United States...
...15...
...At the orientation ceremony, a WBT/SIL speaker tells them this: You can choose between your own way of life or the life of the civilizado (literally, "the civilized...
...land for headquarters granted by presidential decree, expires 1990...
...What is notably missing from this report on bi-lingual education and from its analysis of the Indian situation, is any historical positioning...
...7 History of WBT WBT was begun in the 1930's by William Cameron Townsend, a North American from Orange County, California...
...Their task is to serve as direct spokesmen with the Indians in their own languages or dialects in order to convince them that they should return, with the assurance that they will not be punished...
...Sources: Year of entry, number of tribes entered, and personnel figures were found in WBT/SIL's Translation Prayer Directory 1972, unless otherwise noted...
...5 5 The criticisms from Colombian anthropologists and proIndian activists deal with two separate but related issues: first, that SIL's activities are contrary to the national interest...
...Nat'1 36 190 According to a publicity brochure, "top-level officials are with us...
...VIET-NAM: Bahnar, Bruu, Cham, Cambodian Chain...
...and "be more" (like what...
...Lalive, op...
...Peru 1946 Min...
...Contract numbers for USAI D/Viet.Nam are given above in note 28...
...Cocama...
...investment coming to more than $300 million...
...It is WBT/SIL's view that one new Christian justifies any measure of time and energy...
...but so that his studies may serve to improve the Indian's situation...
...Sione, Tatayo, Tucano, Tucano-Macu, Tunebo, Tuyuca, Yucuna...
...emphasis added...
...Probably the $8.7 million reported falls short of the actual cost of support for the entire apparatus...
...3 7 a It is part of SIL's philosophy that "We should try to educate those with whom we come in contact that identification with a minority group does not necessarily mean lack of loyalty to the nation and exploiting such identification can be a sounder approach to an integrated nation both educationally and psychologically...
...so the example of one such convert will serve to sustain an entire regional mission...
...A second peculiar assumption is that "hunger and death" are inherent in the traditional way of life, and not in that of the civilizados...
...The organization emphasizes the impermanence of the missionary and the lasting natures of the translated Bible and the native church...
...What these missionaries ignore, however, is that they are continuing the ancient practice of destroying the identity and resistance of a people by getting them to worship the gods of their conquerors...
...It is obligated to teach Spanish in addition to the native language...
...One is absolved if one has trust in the "advance...
...Tercer Mundo, 1971...
...NEW GUINEA: Agarabi, Asaro (Upper), Atzera, Bali.Vitu, Benabena, Boiken, Buang, Buin, Chauve, Daga, Fore, Gadsup, Gahuku, Gawigl, Gimi, Golin Marigl, Halia, latmul, Kalam, Kamano-Kafe, Kewa, Komba, Kunimaipa, Magagat-Baining, Maprik, Maring, Menye, Nagovisi, Nakanai, Nasioi, Nil, Oksapmin, Olo, Orokalva, Pasismanau, Rawa, Salt-Yul, Siane, Selepet, Tairora, Timbe, Wahgi, Wantoat, Wiru...
...According to the Correal Report, SIL made no effort to coordinate its programs with those of the DAI, or to keep DAI informed of its own operations (nor did DAI request such information...
...of Anthro...
...She learned the language through an Auca woman who worked at a hacienda on the edge of Auca land...
...any realization of what "Brazil's way of life" is...
...TBE, (est...
...In this way the Indian ceases to become a problem to the dominant classes of the dominant civilization...
...From Translation...
...3 7 These facts do not appear in Translation magazine...
...6 2 But SIL's Colombian critics stated their opposition to a development role of any kind for the North Americans in the :indigenous communities: We consider, moreover, that the social economic, civic and moral im- provement of the Indian communities is the direct responsibility of the state, and must not be delegated to any other type of national entity, and much less to foreign entities, in conformity with...
...Three WBT/SIL tribes not accounted for between Canada and the United States...
...Thus, the integration of tribal peoples into the prevailing national group means the disintegration of the social and economic life of their own group...
...Uncle Cam" Townsend Museum...
...In 1969 a reservation had been set up for the original group, and Dayuma had drawn the boundaries thinking it would be adequate...
...and so as our workers have gone into these areas as dedicated linguists, God has used their testimony once they have stablished their identity as scientific experts...
...Nat' 1 Indian Fdn...
...WBT/SIL members in the field live in conditions similar to those of the native people-though in the larger base camps such as Yarinacocha in Peru, Loma Linda in Colombia and Ukarumpa in New Guinea, they maintain U.S.-style houses and indigenous servants...
...Summer session only...
...Similarly, "hunger" in the interior is largely the consequence of an ecological imbalance occasioned by demographic pressure from the20 Training Centers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics Program Location Initiated Director U. of Oklahomal* U. of North Dakota 2 U. of Washington3* Gordon College4* Internat'l Linguistic Center,5 Emmanuel College British School of SIL Seminar fur Sprachmethodik U. of Auckland 1942 Norman, Oklahoma Kenneth Pike, Ph.D...
...Institut de Linguistique, B.P...
...1971 Biennial Reports, p. 73...
...Institute of Linguistics, P.O...
...In this project, God uses military troops, but He has other methods also...
...A second tendency takes the position that U.S...
...ibid., p. 147...
...The analysis that follows draws heavily on Lalive's essay, both in vocabulary and in concept...
...PHILIPPINES: Aeta, Agta, Amduntug, Ate of Davao, Atta, Balangao, Batak, Binokid, Binongan Itneg, Bontoc, Botolan, Sambal, Bukidnon, Dumagat, Dibabawen, Gaddang, Ifugao, Ilongot, Isneg, Ivatan, Kalagan, Kalinga, Maguindanao, Mamanwa, Manunua, Manobo...
...each has a price and a recompense...
...In fact it is only in communist-controlled areas that "montagnard refugees are being returned to their former sites to rebuild villages...
...While Texaco and Gulf predominated in this venture, 25 other companies were involved, with the U.S...
...Bill Eddy, a JAARS flier and the public relations agent for the Auca region (which is to say that he acts as a liaison among the oil companies, the government and the Indians) sees the situation in the following way: Twenty-five years ago the Shell Oil Company lost many workers to Auca spears...
...In addition to the linguistic and literacy work, the translators engage in medical aid, sanitation programs and programs for "economic development...
...65 and 66, respectively...
...This woman, Dayuma, went back to her Auca relatives and convinced them to allow Saint to live with them and teach them about Christianity...
...Of some groups (like the Bruu) only a tenth of the original population may still survive...
...This work, which falls under the heading of 'Applied Anthropology,' must at least be directed and coordinated by Colombian anthropologists, after Indian policy has been clearly formulated...
...The lecturer is presenting to the Kaingaing an illusory choice between misrepresented alternatives...
...government agencies, and assistance from host governments abroad...
...From Translation...
...As a pacification .force, they have used religion to substitute "peace" (surrender) and "hope" (promise of reward in an after lif) .for "death and destruction...
...The causal relationship is one way from the individual toward society" (i.e., society is the exteriorization of the individual) and therefore "the political is voided to the benefit of a drama concerning the heart of each individual in his relationship with God...
...Emancipation means that the Kaingaing must be liberated from the bonds of their own low estimation of themselves...
...According to Captain Cook, the natives numbered 400,000 less than a hundred years ago...
...In order to overcome indigenous resistance, they skillfully manipulate people's wants and needs to effect a quiet resignation to eventual genocide, be it cultural or physical.16 The Wycliffe Bible Translators, Inc., also known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics, is a non-profit, nondenominational missionary organization with some 3000 members in 25 countries...
...In Greek, topos means "place," and utopia means "no place...
...Laurie Hart FOOTNOTES 1. There are various reasons for this comparatively low official income...
...city of Quito "donated four acres of choice property valued at almost $200.000...
...These would be terrible days in which to live if our only vision were the television...
...Internat'l Dir...
...missionary-linguists, could best decide and administer Indian policy, or even the creation of a review board composed of Indians to pass on the policies and activities of anthropologists, linguists and missionaries alike...
...Note: in the case of New Guinea, we have not listed all the 93 tribes WBT SIL is working with, because of lack of space...
...COLOMBIA: Arhuaco, Barasano (Southern), Barasano (Northern), Camsa, Carapana, Catio, Coreguaje, Cubeo...
...Nepal 1966 Tribhuvan U. 19 59a May have USAID financial support...
...The problem of such dependence is complex...
...Eric Wolf notes that the exploited Indian could perceive no universal meaning in his fuffering...
...From El Espectador (Bogota) February 27, 1970.* How was the decision made to collaborate in military-civic action...
...V-WYCLIFFE CONSOLIDATES We did very little to defend ourselves [in the controversy] except to make sure that people had an opportunity to see firsthand what we were doing...
...A linguist must not go out to study an indigenous tongue for his own advantage...
...God turned the tables in Indonesia on the eve of a Marxist revolution, and the spiritual response of thousands turning to Christ has been tremendous...
...for Academic Affairs & Linguistic Coordination for SIL...
...What brought the Guahibo case to public attention in the press were the protests of persons later associated with the Colombian Committee for the Defense of the Indian, a group including activist social scientists and affiliated with the Program to Combat Racism of the World Council of Churches...
...Welfare & Com...
...In this way Rachel Saint joined a group of 56 Auca and set about establishing the first permanent and Christian Auca settlement...
...Originally in Lectures Dominicales, El Tiempo (Bogota...
...We in no way 'develop' the community...
...3 1 So the factor of millenial expectation has a dual function: 1) to legitimate the imperialist and racist nature of missionary objectives, and 2) to mediate the actual physical horrors of that racist, imperialist "advance" which give rise to questions-of legitimacy, by focusing the eye on the heavenly vision...
...Ibid., p. 36...
...Farms of 125 to 190 thousand acres are not unusual in the region, while all the Indian reservations total only 32 thousand acres...
...Ibid., p. 122...
...Moreover, integration into national life as well as the improvement of living standards are conceptions of an Indian policy which is still under study in Colombia today, as a function ofthe National Council on Indian Policy...
...Cashinahua, Chayahuita...
...Unique govt...
...Military terminology is used in descriptions of WBT/SIL operations, and the millenarian religious strategy parallels the neo-colonial political strategy: Our .WBT/SIL] members in Vietnam have often been discouraged...
...Agency for International Development), end.of-year editions for 1967, 1968 and 1970, respectively: 28...
...In the last hundred years, however, so much gold, oil and uranium have been discovered on these otherwise unusable lands that "democratic governments" are becoming embarrassed to be seen repeatedly turning over the reservations to business interests...
...Institute Linguistico de Verano, Apartado Nacional 5787, Bogota, Colombia...
...They settled in the "same regions (marginal in comparison with the alluvial riverside zones) in which many of the tribal populations had concentrated and survived...
...The sale of this land led to the development of large estates, in Creole hands, forming the backbone of a new national ruling class...
...2 5 In the last paragraph of the article, the author reports that funds for bi-lingual education programs have been cut "as the strategic Trans-Amazon Highway received top priority," 2 6 but there is no explanation of the "strategy...
...For your way the price is lack of progress, hunger and death, and the recompense is a life without the pain of change...
...In the Peruvian and Colombian contracts, for example, SIL is permitted to undertake linguistic investigations, educational programs and "development" work, and is under obligation to carry out the educational programs of the cooperating national ministry when requested to do so...
...At the same time, one must keep in mind the fact that the Indian has had little reason to regard the nation as his/her "own country," and has been excluded ather intentionally from the mainstream, by the mainstream, when not subject to physical elimination...
...Ukarumpa E.H.D., Territory of New Guinea...
...the second coming depends on the dissemination of the Bible in native tongues to all peoples) and concern for the salvation of souls with regard to the after-life clearly persist as the core of WBT theology in the 1970's...
...Wycliffe characterizes the U.S./Saigon axis as the ally of the Montagnards (mountain tribespeople) of Viet-Nam, and the NLF/Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam axis as their enemy...
...2 The objective of the Wycliffe Bible Translators (WBT) is to bring the Christian Gospel to the 2000-odd peoples of the world whose language is as yet unwritten and who therefore do not have access to the Bible...
...While this transference of loyalties is clearly dysfunctional to Colombian "national interest," it may on the contrary be quite functional to U.S...
...The Indians, finding themselves without land and with little if any capital, went to the selva in search of new territory...
...AID.730-3114-T (6-14-68 to 6-13.69): "Assistance in developing a (sic) educational program for minority language groups...
...4 0 USAID has also authorized the use of a million dollars in surplus equipment, and Pacific Telephone and Telegraph donated a million dollars in outdated communications equipment...
...Some adherents see this in socialist terms, while others would continue within a capitalist framework..