Liberated Documents of the Council of Foreign Relations: New Imperial Strategy for Latin America
NACLA
Inside: The confidential minutes of CLOSED meetings of the Council on Foreign Relations that were sent to NACLA anonymously. With background and introductory material on the CFR and its role...
...may be somehow withheldfrom us...
...All names below are CFR...
...Turning to Chile, Mr...
...Of particular concern to U.S...
...Chace agreed, saying that Allende is attempting to convince the middle class to liquidate itself...
...he asked Congress for $300 million for aid to Greece and $100 million for aid to Turkey "to meet the grave situation in those two nations that are on the verge of being overrun by communist elements...
...national interest in particular countries around the world...
...relations...
...Rockefeller agreed that if an Indian revolution should occur the whole Peruvian situation would change...
...I say "ideological" in the absence of a better word, although it connotes bodies of political belief that are more coherent and comprehensive than operational Latin American political philosophies are...
...But the problem in Brazil concerning the marginal masses is Brazil's own problem, not ours...
...While Mr...
...Therefore the terms were rearranged, and after further negotiations, the Peruvian government went back to its demand for 51 percent and decided that it was necessary to renegotiate its property management contract with Anaconda so that Peruvians would form a majority of the board and a Peruvian would be designated as manager...
...With Harriman on the committee were two other CFR members: Paul Hoffman of Studebaker and W. Randolf Burgess of the Chase National Bank, 1 0 one of the prime beneficiaries of the Marshall Plan through loans that made millions off the "recovery plan designed to promote humanitarian ideals to the people of Europe" -- to quote from government jargon of the time...
...Plank disagreed that Allende blames the United States for Chile's problems and thought that rather Allende blames the Chilean upper class and history...
...He said we should treat all countries the same in this sphere and not reprimand or condescend...
...The agreement requires production in six and a half years...
...He said that this had been tried in the meeting at Trinidad, but that the agenda was not satisfactory...
...In 1922 the Council began publishing Foreign Affairs, without a doubt the most influential magazine in its field, of which more will be said later...
...We have preferences, and we need to define them...
...had looked upon IPC as a case where the government was obligated to make an independent judgment, the outcome might have been different...
...U.S...
...The importance of the situation in both countries is obvious...
...investment essential to more rapid development of Latin American and other countries...
...Sedwitz said that the regimes in Latin America probably would not be tied to the Soviets at all...
...government is also involved...
...However, the first one deals primarily with U.S...
...It was important for two main reasons: CFR members formulated recommendations that greatly affected American post-war foreign policy, and these groups were the harbingers of future study groups which pooled resources and examined crucial questions facing U.S...
...and 2) the institutional framework of U.S.Latin American relations...
...A review was conducted periodically, with the conclusion that the mine was not ready for exploration...
...Bronheim asked if nationalism did not pose the risks it brought in Europe, but Mr...
...Qigley said that there had not been any of this, and Mr...
...Following the Dominican invasion of l165, Averell Harriman was sent to Latin America to "explain" the U.S...
...policy is criticized from both sides...
...E. Asian & Pac...
...I believe that Dr...
...but I can make two observations pertinent to their position, observations that condition my whole approach to the security question that is now before us...
...S A...
...Finally, he pointed out that "Latin America" is not a single phenomenon, of course...
...Rockefeller's earlier remark that a company should forgo U.S protection and get out on the best terms from a bad situation, expressed concern abou the "demonstration effect" in other countries over the next few years if Chile and Peru get away with uncompensated expropriation...
...national interest as a check on the U.S...
...There was not only the question of subsidy involved but the acknowledgement that the U.S...
...Brdee Asia Found.-trustee ,, 4aJohn J. McClov Inst...
...should act in support of the principle of fairness in the international community generally rather than intervene in his own company's negotiations...
...We should not give between multilaterality and bilateral political considerbetween multilaterality and bilateral political consider- priority to such political questions but rather should ations...
...Information Agency, senior partners of Wall Street's key international law firms, leaders of the academic elite, heads of the nation's major media: T.V., radio and press...
...In 1947, Robert Lovett became Undersecretary of State, second-in-command to the Secretary of State...
...There is little said about security and politics...
...Referring to the Peruvians' desire for foreign investment, Mr...
...He asked what the investor who is already in Peru or Chile should do, and remarked that those who are not there are staying out...
...To better grasp the importance of the following documents and their possible implications for the future of U.S.-Latin American policy, we must first familiarize ourselves with their source: the Council on Foreign Relations...
...Levinson said we should know why some countries are more important than others, and what exactly is the U.S...
...Rogers objected that the group discussions would have to be "artificial" in that they would not be able to deal with every factor in policy...
...There are differences between single-product companies and companies that are highly diversified...
...7) A nuclear capability of some sort is within the technical capacity of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico...
...with a State Department officer from the Latin American desk...
...Under McCloy the Marshall Plan in Germany went the way Wall Street wanted it...
...Eaton said that under one interpretation the only Latin American countries of importance to the United States are Bolivia, Guyana, Jamaica, and Venezuela, because of minerals, and Panama because of the Panama Canal...
...A CFR member, and a partner in the Wall Street banking-financial house of Brown, Brothers Harriman, Lovett received a briefing in New York at the Council before taking office...
...They requested permission from Secretary of State Crodell Hull for the CFR to undertake studies of U.S...
...2 1, 2, David Green, The Containment of Latin America (Quadrangle Books, Chicago, 1971), p. 4, 5, 130...
...This is how they rationalize the authoritarian system...
...Eaton thought that in principle it seems good to get a consensus in the United States on investment and then try to hold an international conference, but he asked what the incentive is for the Latin Americans to arrive at an agreement with us at this point, when they are still experimenting and are themselves divided...
...corporations in general...
...Kissinger is publicly on record with the formulation that the world today is militarily bi-polar, politically multi-polar...
...Information Agency Sec...
...Special guests, primarily from the corporate world, were invited to participate with other council members to assess the relationship between the U.S...
...Then there will be a waiting period...
...of State-'59-'6 Warren Co-eer W Dillon Read h Co-forne Clans...
...De Rosso repeated that U.S...
...He asked what the U.S investor should do, however, in Peru or Chile, where the prevailing Marxist-Socialist philosophy is opposed to investors entirely...
...Regarding Chile, both the consensus at Vina del Mar and the statements of Allende point to the United States as the cause of all problems...
...sentiments Mr...
...He felt that there is an alternative to military government, but Mr...
...Whether Fort Gulick** will continue to play its accustomed role I don't know...
...We need to look carefully at prevalent myths to see how relevant they are...
...In practice government action is now always effective and can lead to government involvement in management decision-making to a degree that is not desirable...
...Through this, the government has destroyed their 500,000-ton per year market, as the consumers have been converting to use of soy meal, etc., so as not to be dependent upon the whim of government...
...Mossadegh, a nationalist, rose to power in Iran and immediately seized the British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company...
...A Rockefeller profit-making venture created under the guise of spurring "international development" to diversify the family interests...
...nobody thinks that way any more...
...Quigley replied that the multilateral idea has many virtues...
...41 corporations subscribed in 1953, and 123 subscribe today...
...First, treat Mexico as a serious and mature power...
...Allende has undertaken to negotiate with other companies...
...that the United States seemed to have no doctrine...
...Rockefeller's thesis that international investment is to the 20th century what international trade was to the 19th, and offered a corollary that management services and technology are to the second half of the 20th century what investment was to the first half...
...This CIA coup insured U.S...
...He asked how U.S...
...conference of foreign ministers held in Costa Rica in the summer of 1971, the Latin American nations expressed dissatisfaction with U.S...
...operations in Latin America: The Center for Inter-American Relations and the Council for Latin America...
...One interesting aspect of the Council's Studies Program is its arrangement for "senior ranking officers of the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) to attend an annual CFR meeting...
...Feldman asked what is that amendment...
...It was crucial to the success of the Marshall Plan that Germany recover, and McCloy played a key role in that recovery...
...r-------- nn...
...Leo D. Welch, CFR member and Treasurer of Standard Oil Co...
...But at present Brazilian businessmen are more self-confident and are thus easier to negotiate with...
...Chace, returning to the question of Chile, said that Allende, for domestic political reasons, is operating within the letter of the law, but he is absolutely determined to acquire the assets of the foreign companies and achieve a Marxist state...
...Ft...
...until 5:00 a.m., with technicians available in another room...
...Also Berle was Bd...
...After an outlay of $4.5 million, a mining plan was established and it was decided that tile property would be developed...
...Archibald was engaged in negotiating the contract...
...a multilateral lending agency set up to finance development programs in Latin America...
...Krogh asked.what Anaconda is doing about the situation at the moment...
...He said that at the local level, there is a good deal of democracy...
...He noted that some people point now to the increasing ineffectiveness of U;S...
...Castro has advised against any confrontation with the U.S...
...policy and the need for radically different policies, show a gap between this country and Latin America which perhaps cannot be bridged...
...The Rockefeller Brothers Fund finances the International Affairs Fellowships...
...U.S...
...Oliver asked about the question of social morality and cited the cultural problems of all present day societies...
...What do we have...
...No particular goal had been set up for the group, such as a paper, book, or confiden- tial statement for the Secretary of State, but neither had any possibilities been ruled out...
...In 1961 the first attempt at a total analysis was made...
...private companies makes for unrealistic arrangements...
...Over all, Mr...
...the Tvr-..sEa riva-te Tnv.esmont mvnrinn (nPra The U.S...
...property in the hemisphere, but U.S...
...he himself disagreed with that view...
...A Look into the Future...
...One of the problems of investment is the mythology surrounding it, which is not dispelled by public relations and public information...
...The government is now set on nationalization and resorted to constitutional amendment because this was the only way they could expropriate these properties and at the same time deprive the expropriated party of its legal right to recourse to the regular Chilean courts for review and final adjudication...
...We have important interests in Peru that must be safeguarded, but it is difficult to know what reaction is best in each individual case in relation to the whole...
...Levinson thought that recognition as a form of influence on a Latin American regime has been discredited, but that U.S...
...Dominguez asked how effective a boycott the United States might make against Chile, assuming it disapproves of the Allende regime...
...to save the day for the Institute...
...But he suggested that the political price of the canal is greater than the cost of improveing the east-west railroads and building new west coast ports...
...Since the Cuban missile crisis it has been clear that even the Pentagon does not claim that Latin America is of strategic value to the United States...
...Campbell stated that it had been set up to consider the whole rubric of U.S.-Latin Amer- ican relations, particularly in light of the changes in Latin America in the last two years and in light of the Rockefeller report and other proprosals...
...As for the establishment of Soviet bases -- for submarines or aircraft -- in Cuba or, potentially, in Chile or elsewhere -- this contingency is viewed as part of the super-power confrontation, a contingency to be dealt with between Washington and Moscow over the heads of Havana or Santiago...
...De Rosso said that he agreed with Mr...
...Director of CFR Center for Inter-American Relations, CFR I. Butler, William E. - Chase Manhattan Bank, CFR I,IV,V...
...With background and introductory material on the CFR and its role in formulating U.S...
...Rockefeller and Schwartz would lead the discussion, which was to complement that of the previous meeting on investment...
...Plank noted that Anaconda is known for its model operations in the north of Chile, but is said to be deficient in its public relations and image-making with the Chilean public...
...American Smelting acquired interests in the area in 1940...
...should have a completely hands-off attitude toward U.S...
...They are conditioned to such views by 1) seeing U.S...
...Mr Quigley said he helt that we had, moves, Allende has pledged himself to honor Chile's and Mr...
...He said that U.S...
...It is important to develop relations with Latin America that are not neurotic...
...Gordon, however, pointed out that patents quickly become obsolete and thus do not satisfy the technical needs of a Latin American country...
...You either give people a chance to participate, and support any change that would bring the masses into the system, meanwhile sacrificing economic growth and not considering the long-term security benefits to the United States, or you maintain that economic growth with slower social growth is the better course...
...Vaughan said that national interests do not coincide with security interests but are parallel to them...
...There has been some debate about this issue: some think investors have too much influence in the formulation of U.S...
...Among other reasons for the unwarranted response of the U.S...
...Chileans are prepared to believe that the United States bears toward their present government no good will and that it would, under some circumstances, aid and abet an incursion from across the Andes or from up the coast...
...General discussion Mr...
...only at the CFR can the president of General Motors receive a briefing from a Harvard School of International Affairs Asian expert - like Henry Kissinger...
...Campbell asked those who had recently negotiated with the new governments in Peru, Bolivia and Chile what impressions they had of how these leaders see the alternatives ahead of them in managing their mines, whether by themselves, with European help, or whether there have been any threats to "turn to the other side...
...Jova suggested that to call Uruguay unstable was perhaps incorrect and asked whether the growth of urban terrorism and the existence of two or three hundred terrorists might not be responsible for the impression of instability...
...The small companies were not hurt, at least not directly, Mr...
...The fragmentation of the Communist bloc, nationalism, and the Sino-Soviet rivalry have all destroyed the myth of the monolithic Communist threat and changed the character of the Cold War...
...Oliver, Covey T. - Former ambassador to Colombia...
...occupying troops...
...Szulc then asked how we could be sure that the government will indeed be able to "hack it by themselves...
...It takes twelve minutes, I am told, to get the President from the helicopter pad at the White House to Andrews and aloft in the command ship...
...it might become a showcase operation by virtue of its easy accessibility...
...policy...
...Even if the United States became less active, this exaggerated nationalism would exist...
...He wished the group to consider whether or not this is true...
...Peruvians, I have been told by a Peruvian reasonably close to the junta, are prepared to believe that the United States helped Chile build its highway from Arica to Antofagasta pri* The Cuban missile crisis ** Rumors of Soviet submarine bases in Cuba provoked a strong reaction on the part of the nited States...
...policy...
...It is more likely that the United States would get involved in the Mediterranean than in Brazil...
...the second, with questions of national security...
...government might assert the U.S...
...Private investment may make a contribution...
...protection of investors is counter-productive...
...It is no surprise then, that Berle , along with CIA Chief A. Dulles and CIA Deputy Dir...
...De Rosso challenged this view, and asked why Mr...
...Archibald, Frank W. - No available information...
...The results of the new agreements...
...While Mr...
...whether British Honduras feels threatened by Guatemala is worth speculating about: Guatemala is not fully comfortable in the shadow of ever morepowerful Mexico...
...The question is how do you decide what the United States should do in terms of the different countries...
...Krogh observed that Mr...
...try forms of inducement, as by linking this question to that of access to the American market for Latin American exports...
...Butler took exception to the example of Chile's copper obviating a boycott by the United States...
...the Defense Ministers of Britain and West Germany...
...John J. McCloy, however, played the most strategic role in the Marshall Plan's scheme...
...example of fierce company competition, with all simultaneously trying to develop the same process or product, was inefficient...
...fies CINCSOU*, newspaper reports have it, from Panama to Norfolk: a presence of presumed symbolic importance is being removed from the Caribbean...
...Background Paper #5), and said that he had been working on an idea which, while not very original, provided a setting for the evening's discussion...
...Rockefeller thought that foreign investors generally have to face the fact of expanding national power., because natural growth has resulted in the increase of national capital...
...In the interests of keeping discussion frank and open and in fairness to your fellow members in the group, it is of the utmost importance that these digests should not be shown to people who are not in the group...
...It may be better to look at security from this point of view rather than in terms of direct threats against the United States...
...Chace replied that he was not saying that the Peruvians could not fail, but he reiterated his impression that this government would try to proceed regardless of circumstances, along the lines provided by skilled technocrats...
...control of Chilean copper precludes our access to that copper...
...Four U.S...
...In addition, six of the seventeen Standard Oil of N.J...
...I,IV,V.* Secretary - John C. Campbell...
...Rogers said that he was struck by the themes of the discussion, that they were certainly post-Alliance for Progress themes...
...Asst...
...He had been struck by the fact that we now have a currency crisis, and that this is discussed in terms of the weakness of the dollar, but it is really much more than that...
...if the person in power finds himself in a political cul de sac, he will emphasize nationalism, and our present optimism will prove false...
...The meeting was a strong expression of Latin American nationalism and of growing anti-U.S...
...The Brazilians express a confidence and a sense of latitude in their treatment of foreign investment...
...It took a merger with a New York City "gentlemen's club"organized to bring foreigners to the U.S...
...Marginal exception made of the Dominican Republic...
...investment was taking a huge risk...
...military forces in Latin America except the Navy...
...He asked if we know enough to be sure of the solutions...
...Place (recently selected as the new president of Anaconda Mining...
...Council on Foreign Relations Discussion Meeting Report THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA First Meeting: December 14, 1970 Digest of Discussion (This digest has not been edited by the participants...
...Elliot Richardson Carl Gilbert Gerard Smith 72 Council on ores n Relations Annual Report 156 1962---- 1967 1971 . Council on oreign Relations Annual Report 1956...
...Presidents, every Secretary of State since 1921 except General Marshall and present Secretary 4!illiam Rogers, chairmen of the most powerful multilational corporations, banking houses, and financial institutions...
...For a fee of from $1,000 to $10,000 (depending upon the size and overseas operations of the company), a corporation receives the following benefits for subscribing to the CFR: 1. A twice-yearly, two-day seminar for business executives designed to brief the representative of the subscribing corporation on the most sensitive areas of foreign affairs...
...plants in Latin America with that of native-owned plants, and pointed out that the U.S corporations are in general building more attractive plants here and abroad,- 28 - while native-owned plants are usually family businesses and there is not yet any concept of the corporate image like that recently cultivated by the U.S...
...The CFR also planned ahead: a full two years before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Council evaluated the shift America would have to make in case of war...
...imports about 15 percent of the copper it consumes, about 30 percent of the lead, and something over 40 percent of the zinc...
...Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, which had been less dependent on the U.S...
...But Mr...
...The reaction in the IPC case is still generally regarded as the best we could have had...
...The ruling class would have us believe the myths written in American history books: that the Marshall Plan was formed "for the recovery of Europe...
...Alexander said that this depends on the regime, that in Cuba Castro is solidly in power and may do anything he wishes, including ruining the economy...
...De Rosso, looking at the other side of the question, namely Chile's power vis-a-vis the U.S., asked whether foreign (i.e., non-U.S...
...complete integration of the Cuban economy with ours does not appear to present serious difficulties because of the obvious fact that integration is already fairly complete...
...Rogers asked whether opposition on the other, as well as to some extent there was a consensus that the U.S...
...Oliver said that the U.S...
...This belief reflects a certain Rousseauesque element in their thinking...
...c Arthur H. Sean F re...
...AID expropriation guarantees are not a possibility, because we lack the necessary treaty with Peru...
...Because of the growth of nationalism, he thought the ubiquitousness of U.S...
...The developtment of key infrastructure projects is seen as a method by which a superpower gains access to the country's economy.- 25 - said for Mr...
...Philip Trezise Samuel DePalma Paul Volcker John Petty Arthur Burns Paul McCracken Gen.Wm.Westmoreland Charles Yost Glenn Seaborg lenry Loomis-Dep.Dir...
...First, I can say -- in paraphrase of something often said with regard to China -- that the hemisphere was never "ours" to lose, and that that whole cluster of notions comprised by the "Western Hemisphere idea" is a mistake that worked to the detriment of the United States and Latin America alike...
...Levinson, Jerome I. - Inter-American Development Bank, CFR I,IV,V...
...There is reason to believe that these fears will diminish -- indeed, that they are diminishing -- as the President's commitment to disengagement around the world is realized...
...He said that the U.S...
...There may be some exceptions, for example the auto industry, which took migrants and trained them for jobs, but by and large foreign investment is capital-intensive...
...interests in the region, but within an international context...
...In May Frei said that unless there was renegotiation with Anaconda he would be bound to support an expropriation bill...
...For Latin America, these documents have far-reaching implications because they contain the seeds of a new Inter-American policy...
...He said it was not useful to argue now where U.S...
...We must define U.S...
...Then it was another seven years, in a favorable market expansion, before the company recovered it investment on a cash basis...
...CFR members in the State Department moved through Secretary John Foster Dulles, and through Director of the CIA Allen Dulles, to crush a nationalist government in Iran...
...Relations-trustee Under Secretary Treas...
...Plank asked why the private sector is a better judge of copper marketing than government...
...of Army Ambass...
...it is wrong for the United States to pass judgment with practical consequences for its Latin American policy...
...foreign policy...
...The study showed that the substitution could be done easily in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela since these areas already had "a high degree of dependence upon the United States as a market for exports and as a source of imports...
...t might do well to consult with other governments on this question...
...The Marshall Plan was instituted after World War II to save Europe, and the plan has worked so well that the balance between the European currencies and the dollar has shifted completely...
...Krogh, returning to the question of possible retaliation or bargaining, asked whether there were any Chilean investments in the U.S...
...in fact, U.S...
...The parties finally arrived at a satisfactory agreement, but then the Belaunde government was overthrown, the IPC affair arose, and there was no basis for further discussion...
...He thought that the Peruvians would not succeed unless Japan was willing to take on the project as an Aswan Dam type investment.* Mr...
...Oliver said he does not wish to see an appraisal of the "true" U.S...
...living standards and progress...
...In providing this program for members the CFR tightens its apparatus of performing its duties as the link between the corporations and the policy makers in power...
...railroads and the west coast ports are inadequate to handle the vast material needs of such a war...
...But Mr...
...Martin, Jr...
...Levinson, is talking about depoliticizing aid, but now he speaks for politicizing business...
...Director of J. Henry Schroder Banking Corp., CFR IV...
...policy on all issues but Latin America, because the present administration has no policy in the matter and moreover makes statements which are insulting to the ideas of "mature partnership" and "dealing with governments as they are...
...The taxing power of the governments has been increased as have the cadres of labor and management...
...Olmstead predicted that if Allende's government succeeds, it will take full credit for success, while if it fails it will blame the United States...
...78P!x Josephs laf~l~~D~r:# SSllivan & Coosell-ptnr...
...They can learn about the labor market, recent political developments, past experience of other multinationals, and other information needed to correctly evaluate risk...
...h..e Intl P rxn ee t U.-.h . hd...
...policy is leaving the realm of the basic assumptions we wish to examine...
...Workers lived in camps, and the operation was isolated from the society...
...the Secretary General of NATO, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, and the Director-General of GATT (General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs...
...government should make its position clear before incidents arise...
...Initially, the CFR was composed of 209 members, 15 of whom were directors, and one permanent official, Hamilton Fish Armstrong...
...He referred to Mr...
...the government unilaterally changed oil export prices, nationalized natural gas concessions, and took over national petroleum planning...
...These must go through the canal, after being loaded in Atlantic ports...
...Gulick houses the U.S...
...Levinson recalled that President Velasco*recently said that maybe it is time for Latin Americans to consider whether the IDB is useful to them, since the U.S manipulates it so much...
...He set up an "ideal" set of interests which theoretically might be said to apply to both the United States and Latin America...
...patents, had built up its technical capacity and developed its people, that acquiring patents had been the first step toward technical sufficiency...
...2) The adequacy of our perceptions may be questioned, e.g., the assumption that economic growth is in itself good for Latin America...
...Murden, Forrest D., Jr...
...cit., p. 67...
...He commented that no popular base is being developed Brazil...
...economic crisis on its own warlike behavior...
...government is already involved, "up to its eyeballs, to the tune of $380 million in guarantees...
...1) Corporation Service: One of CFR's most important programs, the corporation service was begun in 1953...
...Quigley felt that throughout the negotiations Anaconda had leaned over backwards to accomodate political problems and still conduct a business-like operation...
...subsidiaries, but this is difficult...
...Levinson had said...
...Rogers, in closing the meeting, observed that the topic of national interest had attracted the most attention, with development next...
...therefore, U.S...
...Petty said that when a donor country makes a contributon to an international institution, the funds do story, and we could not add much to it here...
...5. Mary Davison, The Profound Revolution (Greater Nebbraskan, 1966, Omaha...
...It was blacked out in the U.S...
...Quigley proposed that private Peruvian capital should account for 25 percent of the operation, and that a consortium including the World Bank and other international institutions should be set up...
...President Dwight D. Eisenhower In 1946 the United States faced a major crisis in Greece...
...What I want to convey is the sense that as between the four regimes of Peru, Chile, Argentina and Brazil there are deeply divergent conceptions of what constitutes the "good life," a properly ordered polity, etc...
...Rogers thought that the Japanese, because they themselves had certain very desirable patents in electronics, etc., had been able to force cross-licensing, but Mr...
...He defended U.S...
...Gordon observed that Chilean law is that the old law may be revoked...
...Barber and Archiblad stated that at the time they felt it would have been unwise to provoke a confrontation on this issue...
...Obviously, such investment, now totaling $11 billion, is important to the United States, and many in the United States have concluded that rapid development in Latin America, to which such investment contributes, is in our national interest...
...banking house of Brown Bros., Harriman...
...Rogers asked about the question of approving or disapproving a regime...
...They are in no position to help the Peruvians...
...The marginal masses are indeed a likely cause of political explosion, but with various shades of political implications...
...IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank...
...Escalation of commitments should be prevented by opening up the basic assumptions of policy...
...Co.-dir...
...I cannot argue with them...
...Eximbank - Export-Import Bank...
...President of the CFR Center for Inter-American Relations...
...The question that concerns us, however, is from whence do the Latin Americans see threats emanating...
...market, could he integrated by increasing mineral exports to the u nited States...
...He felt that if the United States does not make a big issue of the copper company experience, we will have a better chance to work out a code in the future, whereas punitive action will surely be followed by difficulties in other countries.- 30 - After dinner, Mr...
...He placed the last flowering of hopes in April 1967, and said that since then the situation has deteriorated...
...Evidently in a short paper, no kind of serious, systematic and comprehensive survey of the region can be achieved...
...Plank then inquired what percentage of U.S...
...This was unacceptable to Anaconda, but Anaconda became convinced that the problem could only be approached on a mixed company basis, as this seems to be the future form of the mining industry in western South America...
...The same has happened in our relations with the Latin Americans so far as foreign investment is concerned...
...For example they wish to decentralize the educational system and adopt the ideas of Ivan Illich, since they are convinced that this system would be better than that now in effect...
...The problem lies in would do nothing damaged our case...
...fishing boats resulting in the suspension of military aid by the United States...
...Feldman agreed...
...He suggested that the group discuss the future patterns of investment in Latin America and see whether the IBEC example is useful for other companies...
...Rockefeller concluded that the Peruvians, while they say that they want foreign investment, have not developed a policy that makes investment there attractive...
...The U.S...
...p. 35...
...De Rosso observed that multilateral organizations were desperately looking for technicalities such as debt-repayment capacity as a way to get off the horns of this dilemma...
...He thought that the U.S...
...foreign policy were in the totality of the remarks made by Messrs...
...Hull approved and the CFR went quickly into action with a grant from the Rockefeller foundation...
...The inevitable drop in productivity is to be paid for by copper revenues, but he questioned whether this plan will work since the revenues are falling...
...And nationalism may be the saving grace: if we allow it to run its course without pressuring it one way or the other, we may have independent and friendly states in that area...
...That is, if Chile takes over properties without meaningful compensation and attempts to manage them, and if the Chilean economy "falls on its face," other countries, seeing this, will not be enchanged with Chilean model...
...Vaky suggested that dangerous rivalries with neighbors might develop and that these might be potentially explosive...
...Kissinger's in the Situation Room** is reported to have asked in an examination -- for in an earlier incarnation this man had been associated with a university -- "If all of Latin America were to sink beneath the waters of the sea, what would be the effect upon the United States security interests...
...It might be important for the group to delve into the social psyches of the Latin American countries, but do we have the requisite doctor of psychiatry for this...
...At dinner, Mr...
...Gordon's impression...
...They are in business for profit, of course, but Mr...
...interest in terms of each country...
...Gordon asked what would happen to the copper market when the war in Indochina ends...
...Only the private sector can supply this capital...
...U.S...
...government has advised Allende to negotiate instead of impose, and to consider nationalizing equity rather than assets, which would leave third-party obligations intact...
...attention was on the Middle East...
...capacity to be helpful and influential...
...and the kidnapping tactic of the urban guerrillas, both there and elsewhere, is bringing more opprobrium than laurels to them...
...government has an active interest...
...Other CFR members played leading roles in the formulation of policies that led to the Truman Doctrine...
...Of course, this may not be a permanent state, as two years ago there were real dangers of such turmoil...
...This agency directs all U.S...
...He suggested that it will be a few years before free elections can be held, but that in any case the gravitation of power to the left is not reversible...
...4 Further investigation of the founding fathers of the CFR show that Elihu Root was a former Secretary of State...
...interest when something goes wrong, it would be better to recognize the political issues from the start...
...They provide insights into the process of formulating foreign policy and into the perspectives and opinions of the corporate-political elite...
...In countries bothered by guerrilla activity a few years ago -- Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Guatemala -- the governments give every indication of being able to maintain adequate domestic order...
...Kermit Roosevelt, CFI member and grandson of Teddy Roosevelt, was the CIA's chiefl3 operative in the Middle East at the time (1953...
...we do not have to prove to ourselves that there is no monolithic communism...
...and rising copper prices, the net return in 19-8 and 1969 was quite good, but the earlier low net rates were forgotten by the Chileans...
...Senate to block U.S...
...Returning to the subject of technology, Mr...
...l to expand on tne luea nat u.S...
...Quigley, drawing on his negotiating experience with a number of governments since 1959, said he had noted a distinct change in the whole picture after the IPC case...
...Archibald said that his negotiations were then with a three man committee consisting of the Prime Minister, the Minister of Mines, and the inister of Finance, all of them generals...
...Vaughn, Jack Hood - Former Director, Peace Corps...
...Eighty percent of the expansion program was completed when the IPC case developed in 1968, and in February 1969 Frei informed Anaconda that as the political situation was developing he was unable to control those elements advocating expropriation...
...However, there is much to be * In the 1950's , the Soviet Union poured millions of dollars into Egypt for the construction of the Aswan Dam...
...This crisis ends an era, more than the press has recognized...
...Eaton's idea that U.S...
...After attempting to buy off Mossadegh, the CIA and State Department realized that he had to go...
...7. Ibid...
...CIAP - Inter-American Committee of the Alliance for Progress...
...One of the best things we coulu uo LO help Latin America is to liberalize trading arrangements...
...Can you put Chile, say, behind Iran as regards its importance to the United States...
...Quigley in Peru, the situation would have been a mess...
...Chace said that his impression from talking with many Peruvians was that their government is determined to proceed along the route they have taken toward industrial development and agrarian reform, etc., even if they do it badly...
...Most Chileans are not interested in the copper problem, which for them is a problem of philosophy rather than economics...
...thus the U.S...
...Eaton objected that the situation cannot be viewed in terms of black and white and that all the factors (the Soviet presence being one) must be examined...
...vaky asKea wnac manes money gLvLL LLOUgL...
...If we had not provided Latin American governments with the skills and equipment needful to enable them to handle their insurgency challenges, those governments might well have continued in their traditional attitudes of political and military dependency upon us...
...Eaton's point about the demonstration effect of policy, felt that we will enter a period soon when choices will be necessary...
...Rockefeller said that he did not think it is possible to transfer technological skills, which are really a dynamite built into a people, in a short time if at all...
...Over a third of the Council's 1500 members have been called on by the government during the last twenty years to undertake official responsibilities...
...He pointed out that emotions were heavily involved, against the U.S...
...The Council is an all white organization , and it was all male until last year...
...to set-up the 1l66 elections, held under the watchful eye of U.S...
...Anaconda entered negotiations with the government in 1964 under tile old Article 56 of the Mining Code, but for the next three years no progress was made...
...One is more likely to get a leftist military takeover...
...To the extent that they affect public opinion in the countries to which they go, they spread fear of Chile as a security issue...
...I think he has largely discounted the significance of ideological departures in Latin America from "the American Way," and that he has persuaded the President that protection of U.S...
...4. Erwin 0. Smigel, The Wall Street Lawyer (Free Press of Glencoe, London, 1964...
...government policy but the entire set of inter-relationships and taking account of emerging political and social forces in Latin America...
...But U.S...
...Allende is in the position of a broker, with the not take the IPC affair lying down...
...He wondered why the United States should expend its prestige and energy on such issues as the kidnapping.of diplomats...
...Anaconda offered to sell Peru the equipment on the property ad to release the technical personnel, etc., but it refused to surrender the technical data and studies that had been developed by the company...
...Quigley's contact with Ambassador Korry during the negotiations with Frei was necessary...
...How far should we go in trying to assist change...
...Barber to begin on the subject of the experience of American Smelting and Refining in Peru...
...corporations all combine to threaten the billions of dollars U.S...
...If the companies want the U.S...
...He wondered if he was too pessimistic about Chile, but felt that the country was going to become a MarxistCommunist state such as exists in Central Europe...
...Asst...
...Now it is trying to be all l things to all men, and its primary concern is with the pace of change...
...government could get itself toge- ther, but he felt that government and U.S business should take the lead in articulating ideas and getting new mind sets into the open for discussion...
...OPIC - Overseas Private Investment Corporation...
...J-- L-~,, ---- 1...
...Rogers said that he had asked three members of the group to prepare individually a general inventory of questions which stand out in a consideration of the new era in Latin America and raise policy questions for the United States...
...It may well be that had the United States not followed the Dulles policies of the 1950's, had the United States not ostracized Cuba, not intervened in the Dominican Republic, not trained and equiped counter-insurgency forces up and down the hemisphere, not provided succor and support for military regimes, that the situation in this part of the world would be today very substantially worse than it is...
...He said that we have been trying to generalize about a very complex topic, which we have first considered in terms of political and then economic terms...
...What remain are the need to "do the right thing in the world" and the problem of the marginal masses in Latin America with their need for health, education, etc...
...International Aff...
...post-war planning problems...
...He planned then to ask where the discussion could go with respect to U.S foreign investment generally, what the future looks like, and the question of supreme importance, where the discussion group itself might go...
...This is one of many solutions being proposed to the problem of protecting U.S...
...And the answer I want to suggest is that, to the extent they see them emanating from any extra-Latin American source, they see them coming from the United States 3) It is my feeling that no Latin American government today really feels threatened by internal insurgency...
...M -dir...
...Through the Corporation Service a multinational giant's representative can be briefed about investment climates in any part of the empire...
...A puppet named Zahedi was set up...
...business naturally will provide what is necessary for our overall relations...
...Marriage of Money and Brains In May of 1919, a group met in Paris at the Majestic Hotel...
...Argentina beginning to experiment as they did years ago...
...Sedwitz said that marginality is one of the major problems of the 1970s...
...Gordon, Lincoln - John Hopkins University...
...Campbell had spoken of fall meetings, and that this would be one full year before presidential elections...
...What is needed are international accessibility to technology, rules governing royalties, management fees, etc...
...The Morgan Guaranty Trust Company is the donor of the funds for the Russell Leffingwell Lecture Series, which brings a foreigner to the U.S...
...It is a form of socialization: the training and brainwashing of the functionaries by the representatives whose interests they are to safeguard when assigned abroad...
...He said that the government is well-intentioned, by the admission even of the opposition, which merely believes that the government cannot perform...
...A special OAS meeting was convened to discuss this problem, and in the first decisive victory suffered by the United States in this organization, all of the other countries supported Ecuador...
...Rockefeller, however, observed that radical organizations in Peru have always "copped out," and have thus proven ineffective...
...He suggested that in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador there is a real chance of an emerging Indian racist issue which could lead to real instability...
...Quigley's exchanges with the Chileans are called negotiations, this is something of a misnomer, as the Chileans have all the leverage...
...American companies would do well to develop national trademarks...
...that the policy had been to keep doubt alive, and Mr...
...of Defense Under Sec...
...The Venezuelan-Guyanan dispute is not properly resolved...
...Balaguer in the Dominican Republic, on the other hand, probably sleeps less soundly than Garrastazu Medici...
...attitude and posisome details that are important which he did not men- tion is on the record, and that many think that we did tion...
...Alexander stated that he was perturbed by the constant references to fair play and "being nice...
...Working against a deadline of December 31, 1969, when a new law would take effect making conditions "impossible, the negotiators signed the agreement in mid-December...
...Barber said that the Cuajone case has wide implications for international investment in Peru, which is now a very delicate business...
...Levinson pointed to the fact that multi-national corporations have been moving their capital around at will, to the detriment of both national and international interests...
...For example, we have been hectoring Brazil for ten years about inflation...
...He recalled applying to Ambassador Belcher several times during his negotiations in Peru because the governmental decrees amounted to confiscation...
...The group was composed of British and American scholars, diplomats, and intellectuals...
...What countries are likely to develop and become power...
...press but was picked up widely in Latin America...
...The consortium could act as a buffer between the government and the actual operations of the company...
...But they are aware of the question whether they possess the managerial capacity to carry out their programs...
...He then turned the discussion over to Mr...
...Allende is careful to obey the law, though there is a possibility of dissolution of Parliament and an attempt to achieve goals by plebiscite...
...investment in countries where it is unwelcome...
...Many Brazilians, for instance, believe that the United States was heavily involved in the overthrow of the Goulart regime -- and that belief is entertained by Brazilians who favored the coup ( or, to use the word official Brazil prefers, the Revolution) quite as frequently as it is by those who opposed the coup...
...By 1942, this entire apparatus took complete control of the government's most strategic advisory group of the time, the State Department's Postwar Planning Problems and Advisory Council...
...American Expres Co.-dir...
...Rogers opened the meeting and announced that Messrs...
...People inquire why American companies like Anaconda and Asarco stick to such a difficult area when the problems are so great...
...Many look for this in Brazil already...
...With Harriman was Walter J. Levy, an oil consultant for Esso, Caltex and Shell...
...It is probably appropriate to introduce a kind of potential threat to which some groups in Latin America claim their societies are exposed: the threat of the engineered golpe de estado, sponsored or at least aided and abetted by foreign powers...
...Most Americans, and the vast millions of people the CFR personnel have affected in Europe, Asia Africa, and Latin America have never even heard of this powerful grcup that defines itself "as a private, non-profit center for the study of American foreign policy," in spite of the fact that its recommendations have changed world history...
...Other countries where American money is invested are no doubt watching the United States to see what it will tolerate in the way of expropriations, etc...
...created in 1944 as an international super-authority which would help countries balance their international payments...
...He said that Peru was to present its application for development aid the next week, and that they have promised "to play by the rules...
...Mr...
...Prudential Life Ins.-dir...
...The growth of nationalism, radical new governments, such as those in Peru and Chile, and the expropriation of U.S...
...Eaton inquired about another option for Peru, that of taking over Toquepala, hiring technicians (assuming they could find them), and financing Cuajone out of Toquepala income...
...Rapporteur - Sheila Low-Beer...
...In short, it is no accident that the CIA's leadership, government agencies, and "private" organizations dealing with foreign affairs are closely linked to the corporations with the largest stakes in the Third World...
...Levinson suggested that technology in the form of patents is a commodity that may be straight forwardly bought and sold, and that it is initiative and entrepreneurship that are not "transferable...
...Quigley's analysis of the sit-uation is correct, Mr...
...interest (particularly in view of developments in Chile) to make it possible for the Cuajone project to be completed...
...should not lay down standards for investment and negotiation in the future...
...There is nothing to prevent the Latin Americans from doing the same thing, but the Latin Americans do not have the wherewithal to read the formulae and produce the products...
...David Rocl:efeller, new CFR Chairman, set-up two organizations in the mid-sixties whose focus is U.S...
...Gordon made a point about the question of standards of fair play: the assumption that there is an internationally understood set of rules leads to semantic fuzziness...
...In the field of security, while there is no immediate threat from outside the hemisphere, there possibly could be one...
...One of its contemporary finished products is Nixon's Chief Foreign Policy Adviser--Henry Kissinger...
...oping in'Latin America that the United States is no longer firm about its commitments, and that the U.S...
...However, Ana- Laylin suggested that if in Peru we had invoked the conda and Kennecott might not get the same treatment-- Hickenlooper Amendment, the Peruvian government would there are many companies involved, and a uniform policy have been strengthened in its intransigence...
...That the region today is comparatively tranquil, that rural insurgency, whether directed from Havana or indigenously based, has almost disappeared, that communist successes have been very few -- these realities noted by some as indicating the soundness of earlier policies...
...There is a danger in exaggerating the extent to which the Marxist-socialist governments will be linked to the Soviets...
...Kermit organized the coup that overthrew the nationalist regime with the help of the U.S...
...Other speakers have included a vice president of Chase Manhattan Bank, an Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs and former Undersecetary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs, Robert Roosa...
...The New York Times, September 30, 1971...
...Explain to the government and the people that in this stage of Mexico's development the United States cannot in its best interest be closely associated with Mexico on aid and exchange and investment programs...
...Recent events in Peru and Chile have forced the cor- C...
...There is a national interest in development of other countries and a valid theory that capital flow is a vital necessity to it...
...Levinson asked whether it is realistic to envision the Cuajone project without direct government participation...
...The lesson of the Cuban experience -- or one of them -is never let an insurgency movement, no matter how insignificant it appears to be, survive, for it may gather force and grow...
...And paradoxically, a good part of the explanation of that "loss" is to be found in the putative success of our earlier security policies and programs...
...Allende might decide to be reasonable...
...Those with interests in the latter, single product companies, tend to raise strategic and security problems most often...
...Some agreements that he had urged the State Department not to apply have already been reached...
...oil dominance in the Middle East ousting the British from the top...
...The effects of this newly experienced freedom are different in different countries of the hemisphere -- Peru is not Chile, and Haiti is not Brazil...
...of course, that it is "lost" in the sense that the communists have captured it...
...f ~-- ~;I ~"- Chase Moohotta n ank-pres...
...Chace observed that among the Andean group, there is a growing awareness that a situation where twenty-one countries are producing the same things and competing with one another is not a worthwhile goal...
...A predecessor of Dr...
...Levinson suggested that the situation vis-avis Latin America is very murky and that rules cannot be laid down so easily...
...Rogers adjourned the group for the summer, and no meeting date was set...
...In political philosophy and organization, the United States and Latin America should have a roughly common view of their political interests, in that no none should wish a dictatorship of the left as this is the most enduring and repressive form...
...it reveals the extent to which the ('FR has bpcone incornoo'rted into the gRvernment...
...and 2) the loss of confidence in U.S...
...However, the United States had "dubious and dated information," according to intelligence officials, and was perhaps moved to create a crisis situation by broader policy motivations, including the Middle East crisis and the coming elections in Chile...
...national interests are also involved...
...It is difficult, however, to believe that these groups represent a broad spectrum or a large segment of public opinion...
...Barlow observed that it is not necessary always to speak in military terms, that if we had a good Latin American policy armed conflict might be obviated...
...He asked what the group thought of constructing four of five different models of Latin America as it might appear in several years...
...Allied CheicalCCorp.-dir...
...In Mexico, U.S...
...former assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs...
...Krogh remarked that the guests present at the previous meeting had thought it fair and quite justified to hypothesize pessimistically from the situation in Chile...
...government had been working with Mr...
...responded too weakly with the U.S...
...The Sertice has grown...
...He suggested further that the group should maintain its chairman and its membership, but that the members should share the responsibility of getting ad- ditional "resource people" to join them...
...government a business interest would only complicate the situation...
...Nor, should the capability be achieved, would these Latin American countries' neighbors feel seriously threatened by it...
...Alexander noted that its success depends on the domination of a strong oligarchy, about which he has serious questions...
...Levinson remarked that Brazil's democracy 'is a "si, senor ! ' democracy, and Mr...
...October of this year it will total $25 million...
...Guerrillas were making important gains, and unless U.S...
...McCloy was appointed U.S...
...Alexander contrasted the appearance of U.S...
...Alexander's point...
...Vaky asked: What are the practical consequences of an ideological test for U.S...
...This bank owned 5% of the stock of the National Sugar Refining Co., rho relied on the Dominican Republic as a major sugar supplier...
...Levinson asked how Allende's goals would guide him in terms of the copper negotiations...
...and Paul Warburg and Otto Kahn were the nucleus of the Wall Street investment house of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., closely allied to Morgan banking interests...
...High Co...
...Vaky suggested that a list be made of the "axioms" of the 1960s, and that modifications and qualifications of these would come to mind and provide the basis for a discussion...
...For the 1970's there is no such understanding...
...Foreign contributors include Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Gamal Nasser, Nikita Khruschev, Sekou Toure, and General Moshe Dayan...
...Rockefeller oil interests worried - would they be next...
...Levinson observed that there are more family farms in the south and that these people have a stake: naturally they are alarmed...
...we have done so in Mexico...
...Chace said that while theoretically there is an alternative, realistically there is none...
...I do not mean...
...Nasser was called "crazy" by many Americans, but he was pushed and reacted in a certain way...
...Chace believed that the generals will survive to carry out their programs...
...pharmaceuticals...
...also I have extrapolated from it, employing it as a professional maxim: "If you don't know what you're talking about, talk boldly, confidently...
...M...
...Levinson asked whether this did not prove the point he had been making, but Mr...
...Barber responded that the Soviets applied to Japan unsuccessfully for help in developing their mining, and that they are now talking with the Rothschilds in France...
...moreover, it is a good time to look at what the Nixon Administration is saying and doing about Latin America...
...business has invested in Latin America...
...He asked whether this fact might give Chile something like a "moral claim" to the mines...
...has a national interest in the supply of raw materials such as copper, should not the government have an active role in making the contracts, not leaving it all to private companies...
...exports primarily through direct loans to overseas buyers...
...Alexander's suggestions...
...G. William Domhoff in Who Rules America...
...And the United States is asserted to be taking sides, lending its support to one or another of these regimes as aginst others...
...Practically, it should do better in helping the nations of Latin America and also show them that they need not be so very frustrated, for their accomplishments have been real and not at all insignificant...
...Last year's investment was $13 million, and by...
...Oliver called this "preventive security" and asked what we have learned about it...
...He asked if all this discussion did not really point to the conclusion that we have passed the point of purely business decisions...
...The greatest internal problem is how to make progress, and they are frustrated...
...Alexander said he thought it a mistake to think the Soviets might control Chile...
...The question has been raised: How important is Latin America to the United States...
...it is both private and public...
...and 2) noting the high goals set for them by the Alliance for Progress...
...He cited the example of IBEC, which is reimbursed for technology and management independent of ownership...
...McCloy, Board Chairman of the CFR from 1953 to 1971, President of the World Bank, Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank, U.S...
...The fact that the CFR is holding these discussions on Latin America demonstrates the importance of this region and the Fuy extent of concern over the current situation...
...Quigley said that Anaconda had been in Chile since 1915...
...The stated policy is for development, but practice negates this...
...Quigley then spoke about Anaconda's property at Cerro Verde outside Arequiba, Peru's second largest city...
...resources are limited and we can distribute aid and investment according to our preference for democratic regimes in bilateral programs, which cannot be depoliticized...
...elite...
...Rogers opened the meeting with the remark that the group had from the beginning circled around the problems of Chile and Peru, and that at this meeting it was time to land on them...
...In summary, Mr...
...trustees Ford Foundtion-pres...
...The Truman Doctrine was a watershed in U.S...
...Sedwitz repeated that he thought nationalism should be allowed to flower...
...and nothing that is known indicates that the insurrectionaries are at all optimistic about their chances...
...Among the subscribers to the Corporation Service are virtually every important multinational corporation...
...6 Henry Stimson's appointment as Secretary of War was the catalyst that really led to heavy CFR involvement in the government...
...Chile led a twenty-two nation resolution attacking, among other things, the recent 10% surcharge on imports, and placing sole responsibility for the U.S...
...With the election of Allende the picture changed...
...Levinson attach to the role of capital in providing a better place in society for the marginal masses...
...troops, attempting to legitimize the invasion...
...To a local revolutionary it is understood, this is a source of dismay or disappointment, rather than one of relief...
...to address the CFR...
...If so, the whole problem of Peru may affect the credibility of the multilateral idea, and endanger the multilateral idea...
...companies have a large interest, and a good argument can be made for the application of sanctions...
...Neither are the smaller communist states like Yugoslavia, which has talked of the possiblities but would have to seek the necessary finance abroad...
...Levinson said that there is the issue of real or seeming political stability, which may be viewed in terms of the problem of distribution...
...There is not one major power in Latin America, and these conventional ways of viewing the region make it seem unimportant...
...Moreover, it seems that they are just not interested...
...The CLA's 200 corporation members account for over 80% of all U.S...
...approach has become almost like that of a multilateral organization...
...Political Aff...
...By January, 1971, Ecuador has seized at least 17 U.S...
...R. M ROOM porate elite to take a new look at Latin America...
...in Chile, Allende is not in the same position, and faces may be ground into the dust...
...Now there are 15 women...
...government thought to be called for by the national interest...
...Barber, Charles E. - American Smelting and Refining Co., CFR IV...
...At the time Harriman was a limited partner in the Wall St...
...There is very little evidence of concern for the future supply of raw materials in the formulation and execution of U.S...
...Private sector North America may perceive threats also, of course...
...Thus the economic inter-relationship of the United States and Latin America, including the important role which foreign private investment plays in development, can be viewed positively...
...In view of the copper strike in the U.S...
...As a former member of the Wall Street law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley, and McCloy, and as former World Bank President, McCloy was well acquainte' with the needs of American capitalists...
...Levinson repeated that since the companies invoke the U.S...
...Barber to ment that if the Cuajone project is tinues to go forward, "the Peruvian clarify his statefinanced and congenerals would have certain options...
...At this point Anaconda had invested over $7 million already in the operation, and was investing at the rate of $450,000plus a month, with the prospect of increasing this monthly investment to $2 and one-half million in the near future...
...However, it was not until 1927 that the CFR began its ascent to power...
...Background papers were prepared to serve as a basis for discussion and notes were taken throughout the meetings...
...Conflit and overlap among the three might serve as a basis for the current discussion and perhaps for the agenda of the group's future meetings...
...The Peruvians do American companies on the one hand and the political not think we acted weakly...
...corporate assets in Latin America without compensation since the actions taken by the Cuban government in the early 1960s.- 22 - long-time resident of Peru...
...Sec...
...How the situation has changed and how it now appears, however, are matters that cannot be dealt with usefully in general terms...
...policy would consistently support...
...Eaton and De Rosso...
...On fishing, he said it was noteworthy that at the OAS conference Peru was uncomprom-- 23 - ising in its support of Ecuador's position* but regarding its own waters had acted with discreet dircumspection...
...goals, pc-ay mz- tary goals, distorted the Alliance for Progress...
...Rockefeller next discussed the different concepts of the state held by Latin Americans and AngloSaxon Americans...
...The IFC was interested, but only in a 10 percent share...
...About 1.6 million tons are produced here in the States...
...Szulc, Tad - Correspondent for The New York Times, CFR V. Quigley, William - Anaconda Copper, CFR IV...
...This was on the assumption that if war did come, the State Department would not be able to effectively deal with the post war chaos, especially in Europe...
...can best cope with the major problems confronting the administration of the empire...
...In 1970 CFR Discussion Groups covered the following topics, among others: "New Forces in World Politics" (a discussion of insurgency movements around the world...
...There is no real agreement on the law or in practice...
...former ambassador to Honduras, CFR I. Krogh, Peter F. - Georgetown University, CFR I,IV,V...
...government incentives for promoting private investment in the underdeveloped world...
...5) Chile is seen to be a threat by some groups, not, presumably as the source of conventional military or guerrilla adventures, but rather as a source of ideological infection and as a possible base for a Soviet and /or Chinese ideological offensive...
...3) This is a time of experiment...
...in Peru, because was going on and informed...
...Greece and Iran were only part of imperialism's developing pattern: The more the U.S...
...De Rosso pointed out that the U.S...
...By late October 1969, an agreement had been reached and initiated...
...Congress has appropriated lots of money over the years, and the American taxpayer thinks it generous...
...purpose...
...while OAS Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker went to the D.R...
...investment abroad...
...Just as he wished that we could develop a better measurement than GNP of social well-being, he wished we could have some rating system to view U.S...
...copper consumption comes from Latin America...
...At the foreign ministers meeting in Chile in May, 1969, twenty-one Latin American nations prepared a document for President Nixon protesting trade and loan restrictions imposed by the United States...
...That they have lost confidence in us I think is evident...
...founded in 1934 to promote U.S...
...The United States is too important in the region to have a low profile even if that were its preference...
...Soc.-dir...
...Two other CFR members played major roles in the Iranian crisis as early troubleshooters: Averill Harriman led a team that Truman dispatched to try to ease Middle Eastern tensions...
...Each group was comprised of about 12 experts, leaders in their fields of finance, politics and diplomacy, academia, law, and governmental organization...
...Quigley said that there were no substantial Chilean holdings here...
...aVUunun:-8The CFR Invades Latin America Their strategy...
...He did not think that U.S...
...If the report is accurate, I can only guess at the answer this man, this predecessor, anticipated and preferred...
...The "second emancipation" of Latin America, however, is clearly and everywhere underway...
...De Rosso's remarks Mr...
...if not and it gets into trouble, fine too...
...is unable to take advantage in the region now...
...Even Costa Rica's peppery little President, don Pepe, has-if my memory is correct -- intimated that trading relations between Costa Rica and Cuba might be re-established provided that those relations did not imply anything in the nature of political accommodation and approval...
...John N. Plank Brookings Institute Keynote Speaker, CFR Document 2 ARRSSING Council on Foreign Relations Meeting of March 1, 1971 WESTERN HEMISPHERE SECURITY: LATIN AMERICAN AND UNITED STATES ASSESSMENTS Remarks made by John N. Plank Over the years I have taken great comfort from William Strunk's admonition, preserved for us by E.B...
...the overt evidence that Fidel's hemispheric revolutionary activity is today largely confined to speechifying -- all of these have led to a continuing down-grading of the Cuban "threat...
...He asked-if we could not have a common interest in trying to solve the common problems that the United States and Latin American countries share...
...4) make clear that it considers U.S...
...and this perception is not restricted, if my knowledge serves me, only to the countries of Caribbean and Central America...
...Three of the past four presidents of the World Bank, John J. McCloy, Eugene Black, Robert McNamara, are also CFR members...
...Chace replied that there are simply no alternatives, and that no one he had spoken with had been able to offer any...
...If this group could not produce some constructive thought on it, he doubted that any group could...
...Feldman continued that the State Department is often accused of having no policy at all, but this is an oversimplification...
...Rockefeller, Rodman C. - International Basic Economy Corp., CFR V. Sedwitz, Walter J. - OAS official, CFR I,IV,V...
...policies in Latin America...
...The CFR's recommendation on Cuba stated: "Given our present sugar quota arrangements...
...Levinson said that there is a widespread resentment against the United States, and that trying to get a united front to force the Latin American countries to the wall will result in chaos...
...it would do so anyway...
...while dictatorships of the right can be as undesirable in their actions, they have tended to be more transitory...
...Economically it is, but otherwise it is not...
...In Chile there is complete quiet on this point...
...Krogh suggested that perhaps we could relieve Mr...
...policies toward investments in Latin America have implications outside the region, for example in Canadian-U.S...
...They might consider France and Italy more important to them than Chile, so they would caution Chile to be prudent vis-a-vis the United States and thus Moscow might prove to be a conservative force...
...This episode of U.S...
...We should give up the myth that negotiations are only private and then politicize them later...
...But where is the divorce forms and institutions is prevalent...
...Doing what can be done to protect those essential twelve minutes is, I suppose, much on the minds of top Washington officials...
...Chace said that 18 automobile companies exported cars to Peru...
...CFR Financial Backing Most CFR support comes from the corporations...
...This is not popular with Congress, but is of long-range importance...
...Barber added that there was the danger that advertising Anaconda's presence might have boomeranged...
...Barber then described the situation of the Toquepala mine in southern Peru which, is one of the largest and most successful investments...
...look at underdevelopment, a problem the consequences of which go into social and emotional as well as econoMr...
...Campbell, returning to Mr...
...What the United States would do would depend on its calculations at the time, and whether it would tolerate the Soviets as a world power in that area...
...C.orp.-dir...
...In 1960 when production began, the investment totalled about $230,000,000...
...Referring to the Mexican example, which he said was little known elsewhere in Latin America, Mr...
...Szulc inquired at what point the Peruvian government would feel the need to build a political constituency, noting that people can become impatient...
...Rockefeller suggested that the Council should extend an invitation to the Council of the Americas to join the group officially in the Fall, as he felt that they have a great deal to offer in the field of Latin American problems...
...It established what it thought were the finest communities in the country in the north, but in retrospect he thought that Anaconda might have been better off trying to influence the intellectuals and the middle class...
...He said that it is not unsatisfactory to do business with the Marxists once a basis of export and import conditions has been established...
...IMr...
...Quigley's suggestion that we should take a public stance and announce rules is always worth of discussion...
...Alexander both mentioned that the U.S...
...We have tried to bring Latin Americans forward with private investment...
...intensified its global counter-revolutionary activities...
...The degree to which Latin America might come under Soviet influence is surely a remote problem...
...Kissinger's conclusion that direct confrontations with Latin American governments are to be avoided, he reasoning both that such confrontations would serve the interests of those fanatically, ideologically, or cynically opposed to the United States more than they would serve our interests, and that the costs to us, domestic and international of such confrontations would far outweigh any conceivable benefits...
...7 / November, 1971 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August, when it is published bi monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, NY 10027...
...property in the hemisphere, but U.S...
...Dominguez, Jorge - No information available...
...Dan Smoot, former FBI agent turned ultra-right wing Texas Congressman, says in his widely read The Invisible Government that CFR members are trustees of the three major foundations: 12 out of the 20 Rockefeller Foundation trustees are in the CFR...
...11.Victor Perlo, "Your Friends at Chase Manhattan, Standard Oil, Ludlow, and Attica" (World Magazine, New York, 1971) pp...
...Representatives of United Fruit, Standard Oil, Anaconda, international financial agencies and others, met to analyze the present situation in Latin America and to develop new mechanisms for the United States to maintain its power and safeguard its interests...
...Grace & Co., International Telephone & Telegraph Co., and the Rand Corporation...
...Chace to discuss Chile and Peru...
...He thought bution to an international institution, the funds do that while we prefer democracy, it is obviously a relabecome depoliticized...
...Sedwitz then drew the conclusion that Mr...
...leany-'49-'52 erican Metal Climax...
...of Treas.-'60-' 65 6 F ~quitahle Life Ass...
...Krogh suggested that over the summer the dialogue of the group should be digested and an outline made from it which could serve as a basis for further discussion in the fall...
...treatment of foreign capital invested in our railroads during the first few decades of this century, and said that we should not take a moral stance on questions of expropriation...
...2. Joi F. Whitney, Jr., The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc...
...Bronheim urged seriousness and respect at the diplomatic level...
...Paul McCracken Thomas Gates,Jr...
...This further provoked the anger of the Latin American nations, who perceived a threat to their sovereignty coming from the United States.- 19 - marily to facilitate the movement of Chilean troops in an anticipated conflict between Chile and Peru (this was told me, of course, before Allende's election -I doubt that that particular belief is being widely promulgated today...
...government participation through the Eximbank may be vital to the success of the project...
...iCU.nhia Broadca~~~~~~~~Sg...
...Vaky questioned whether the Chilean cash was as stark as Mr...
...I think he would like to see Latin American societies stay reasonably close to patterns of non-socialist, free enterprise, pro-American, anti-Communist lines of development...
...Today, everyone, including Mr...
...Feldman continued, there ar r. Feldman said that the U.S...
...supervises all U.S...
...Regarding security, the United States has greater bargaining power with the Soviets if we have friendly governments for neighbors...
...Rockefeller suggested that the issues should be decided on the basis of law, for which there is still some res- pect...
...1962/63...
...Gordon asked Mr...
...investment: if a company makes money, fine...
...The Ford Foundation recently chipped in a $900,000 grant to study China and North Atlantic policy...
...interests...
...This is war, gentlemen," Reed said, "economic and political war...
...Eaton's remarks...
...There was was the problem of good faith...
...IMF - International Monetary Fund...
...The government component of financing in the form of guarantees will probably not be available unless the U.S...
...and would be in a position to threaten the U.S...
...Rockefeller replied that his company was trying to keep alive economically and meanwhile sell out, and that this plan had been successful in Chile...
...Peri;api certain policies could be developed which might be applied to specific situations in Latin America...
...Messrs...
...while at the same time its domestic economy is in a crisis and the dollar is losing its value in international monetary circles...
...Chace thought that it comes from the desire of the generals to vindicate themselves compared with Belaunde...
...is a resource deficit nation, especially in the area of nonferrous metals -- copper, lead, zinc, etc...
...Barber cited a second enterprise, the Cuajone deposit, which is expected to yield 140,000 tons of copper per year at first and to cost in excess of $400 million...
...V, No...
...Barber doubted that the financing arrangements recently announced, which involve only the Brussels branch of the interested bank, will go anywhere...
...Since then, annual profits have been substantial, but just because of this it is politically vulnerable...
...imperialism gave much to the United States: more bases, oil dominance over Britain for the first time, a foothold to compliment its victories in Greece, and the extension of the "defense parameter that "X" talked about in "Containment," another area from which the U.S...
...The study groups usually include about 15 to 20 people...
...Levinson's remarks, said that the Italians constantly pirate U.S...
...Barber siad that the assurance that the U.S...
...Alexander observed that there exist special tropical resources and tropical markets in Latin America which remain to be discovered...
...N aote Int'l...
...government supplies three fourths of the capital for the IDB and, therefore, has considerable control over it...
...Corp.-chmn...
...4) There are groups who continue to talk about a threat from Cuba...
...If we believe in democracy, the United States should use its influence where possible in favor of it...
...Murden said that his experience in Mexico did not bear out Mr...
...U.S...
...The members America Council...
...Plank said that shifting from the idea of interests to the idea of preferences is interesting...
...and "Foreign Affairs Organization for the Seventies...
...However, in Latin America there is a recent pattern of expropriation of mining investments...
...See Box on the CFR and Latin America...
...68 percent of the earnings are paid as taxes...
...I would further assume that most Latin Americans would credit the Soviet Union leadership with having reached the same conclusion, and that therefore most Latin Americans would not take the contingency very seriously: that question was probably resolved for the forseeable future in 1962?*although a salutary reminder of the United States position was given in the fall of 1970 in relation to the submarine-tender matter.* 2) There is a potential security threat perceived from the United States itself...
...Stimson chose fellow CFR member John J. McCloy as his personnel director...
...Referring to the problem of technological transfer, Mr...
...These propositions were not discussed...
...found that out of a sample of 210 CFR members, 82 were listed in the Social Register (directory of the upper class...
...it is becoming less predictable and hence less easily controlled...
...a legal adjudication system, seems more attractive than unilateral judgments...
...9. James S. Allen, Marshall Plan: Recovery or War...
...Under Sec...
...We call Cuba an economic disaster, but perhaps it is not...
...Some of the Latin American elite do not agree...
...De Rosso saw no reason why the U.S...
...McGeorge Bundy John McCone Dean Rusk George Ball Foy Kohler Edwin Martin Phillips Talbot W. Averell Harriman George McGhee Henry Owen Harlan Cleveland David Bell C. Douglas Dillon Robert Roosa John Leddy Harold Linder Wm...
...Ads in Foreign Affairs are from corporate sources, as are the large Rockefeller, Carnegie, and more recently Ford Foundation grants that have supplied the CFR with the most consistent support through the years...
...De Rosso said that he had not made an inventory of questions but rather had prepared a discussion of one timely problem: U.S...
...By 1955 the necessary bilateral agreements were reached and financing was completed...
...policy should aim at protecting and promoting U.S...
...He suggested the establishment of research and development facilities to discover the special features and potentialities of Latin American economies...
...They will probably go ahead with expropriation as rapidly as possible, and "make do after the fact...
...Foreign Service officer in Latin America...
...As seen from the rest of the hemisphere, Haiti is a local matter also...
...Today's problems are the inevitable result of the success of earlier American foreign investment programs...
...Behind the doors of this organization at 58 East 68th Street is what has been called "the real U.S...
...But the key outcome of the coup, besides the terror it inflicted upon the Iranian people, was the new international oil consortium that was drawn-up immediately afterwards...
...Rogers again expressed a sense of caution, and observed that the group had set out to meet and talk, and not to arrive at a consensus...
...This decision drew several reactions, but none which was a basis for negotiation, so as of October 31, 1970, the property automatically reverted to the state...
...The directors of the Council in its embryonic stages presaged future CFR leadership: Wall Street lawyers Paul Cravath and John Davis, bankers Otto Kahn and Paul Warburg, and Elihu Root, just to name a few, Cravath was a partner in the firm of Cravath, Swain & Moore, one of the most influential Wall Street international law firms that has ever existed...
...However, there will be more and more of them in the cities, and the second generation must be more upward-mobile...
...Vaky agreed that it is a good idea for the group to reconvene for more discussion and noted that so far nothing publishable had been pro- duced...
...I would assume that most Latin Americans, in whatever country, of whatever group, would believe that the United States would not * An inter-American mutual defense treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro in 1947...
...nrogress...
...Penetration of Government Begins: The Coming of World War II The coming of World War II provided the CFR with its first real opportunity for action...
...Moreover, they are not now concerned with what we might consider to be negative aspects...
...Quigley replied that Allende would push Anaconda as far as he can short of confrontation, and reiterated the necessity for an announcement of policy by all interested governments that if a government transgresses, it may no longer "belong to the club...
...6. Joseph Kraft, School for Statesmen (Harper's Magazine, July 1968) pp...
...Oliver, citing Vina del Mar, said that the true Latin American expectations regarding the United States had been modified out of disappointment...
...High Commissioner in Germany, and a partner in two of Wall Street's most influential international law firms, is certainly one of the CFR's most important members...
...Policing the World: Greece and Iran "We've done some damn good things - in the economy, especially, and overseas too - Iran and Guatemala...
...He wanted to see how sirilar and diverse these inventories would be...
...The group should analyse this crazy point of view...
...by 1950 a legal basis for operating had been provided in the Mining Code of 1950, Article 56...
...Its contributors over the years reflect this--Dean Acheson Adolf A. Berle, Clark Clifford, John Foster Dulles, W. Averall Harriman, John Kennedy, Henry Cabot Lodge, Richard Nixon, Walt Rostow, and Maxwell Taylor...
...government fits into this picture, but that he had kept the government fully informed throughout the negotiations...
...Vaughan said it would not have been...
...but it is at least possible that a determination has been made at the Pentagon that the Latin Americans can now themselves train their own elite counter-insurgency forces without help from us -- as for helicopters and other counter-insurgency logistical accoutrements, the United States will continue to be a source of supply...
...Events like those of May and June, q196*tend to linger longer in Latin American minds than they do in ours...
...Sedwitz noted that virtually nothing had been said about multilateral approaches to these problems, or on the possible role of inter-American organizations...
...He urged that the group speak to the larger conceptual matters and not get bogged down in current and transitory data...
...In 1970, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru signed an agreement establishing the Andean Code, which set common rules for the treatment of foreign investment.and placed limitations on foreign capital in the area...
...of Sucrest Corp., the bulk of whose sugar came from the Caribbean...
...When the Creole project began in the 1930's there was no integration of oil activities with the country or people of Venezuela...
...Quigley said about 20 percent, or about 100,000 tons out of the two million that we consume...
...private investment and Latin American countries...
...Sec...
...property without adequate compensation...
...The man who planned the coup, Kermit Roosevelt, the CIA Director, the Secretary of State, the President (Eisenhower), two important troubleshooters, and two important negotiators were all members of the CFR at the time...
...Rockefeller commented that going into a country with onehundred percent U.S...
...67-68...
...BR TOP SS I N THE C F R dck.f...
...government...
...The Tupamaros are a daily challenge to the Uruguayan regime...
...The decision to develop it was taken in 1964...
...This seems to be a paradox...
...Bronheim agreed and said that the group must examine individual countries and specific events...
...Rogers, in adjourning for dinner, observed two important points that had not been mentioned: 1) aid levels...
...Agency for International Development...
...Feldman referred to the problem presented by the Andean investment code,* which must be considered in depth...
...Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay would be the most difficult to integrate because thev were exporters of products "heavily competitive with the agricultural exports of the United States...
...He also noted that U.S...
...Sedwitz, taking up the point, observed that while Chile may now seem to be more radical and ideological in its approach, stability may be achieved sooner...
...Military conflicts in Indochina, the Middle East and dissension within its own borders are sapping the strength of the government...
...foreign policy...
...It now seems that the Cuajone project can be successfully financed only if Washington and perhaps other Western governments make a policy decision that the project should go forward...
...CFR I,IV,V...
...Inter-Amer...
...Despite interminable meetings, there was little progress as different ministries were involved and did not work together...
...Copyright Q 1971 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...European Affairs Asst...
...He said that because the United States needs Chile's copper, it might be impossible to break Chile by boycott without at the same time damaging U.S...
...For example, Henry Stimson wrote an influential article entitled "The Far Eastern Crisis" printed in the magazine Foreign Affairs...
...For example, after pumping millions of dollars into the Latin American military to develop a powerful pro-U.S...
...and Latin America should explore their needs for each other and how both sides can best satisfy them...
...interests are not incompatible with social development in Latin America...
...Why should the minutes of these meetings be made public...
...If countries follow the pattern of Chile and Peru in nationalizing and not paying, the investment community will surely take some action...
...The important point, in any event, is that the United States continues to be viewed as a profoundly anti-revolutionary, anti-radical-change power, and that it is seen as being ready to give its help to South American States who would undertake to curb states with collectivist, communist, radicalreformist tendencies...
...IFC - International Finance Corporation...
...The members called upon were: 1) Alphonse De Rosso, 2) Samuel D. Eaton, and 3) Jerome I. Levinson...
...Let us now change our point of view and look at the hemisphere with an eye out for security threats that may be perceived from the United States by official North America...
...Krogh offered to send to the hair man some work he had done which bore on the questions dicussed...
...Finally, Mr...
...investment in Latin America does not bulk particularly large, taken against not only our investments elsewhere which amount to $59 billion -- but also against what the President recently told us was a $1 trillion national economy...
...If the Soviets establish themselves in Brazil, U.S...
...McCloy took to Germany with him a group of aides who were all CFR members and who had studied Germany while part of the post-war planning groups at the CFR five years before...
...Eaton's idea that Latin America regards the "United States as the enemy" was the only point that touched on irrationality in Latin American policies...
...policy, to consider the factors that involve the United States in Latin America, and to examine both bilateral and regional problems of interest to the United States...
...The real question is, whether U.S...
...private interests in Latin America must not be permitted to assume an overriding priority...
...at the Paris Conference that approved the plan, Douglas rallied more than enough support, and the Plan was approved by a majority of the 16 European nations attending...
...Chile must be given a chance...
...It has to balance a number of different interests, political and economic...
...We need a reassessment and a consideration of new leaders and forces in Latin America...
...ql-- mic and political aspects of a country's life...
...These conditions press the situation into a time frame and the question arises how the economy is going to work, especially if there are drastic reforms...
...It is necessary to address oneself to different countries and regimes rather than to the whole area, as each state is different...
...The U.S...
...Sovereignty in using them is tive thing, and that experimentation in political delegated to the institution...
...By investigating the Council's history, programs, financial support, membership and leadership we can begin to understand the role it plays in imperialism's global strategy...
...national interest...
...Perhaps the private profile in Latin America should, like its public counterpart, be lowered...
...Levinson's critique of "traditional" U.S...
...In February 1968 the provisions of the Miningr Act were updated, and over the next two years Mr...
...However, he felt the ultimate outcome would have been the same...
...Chile has been expropriating giant corporate interests without compensation...
...He said that the peasants, who stood to gain by land reform, had voted for Allende...
...We are moving * A right-winger who was with the U.S...
...Rockefeller Fo d.-trustee V-WChase Manhatta Bk.-di CIA Head-'53-'61 Center Inter-Am...
...He said that the Nixon administration has accepted the Rockefeller Report with interest and had made some recommendations regarding trade, but that it should try to develop a consensus in the United States about the proper terms of foreign investment and then do a lot more in the direction of international conferences...
...The study was called Mobilization of America's Resources in Time of War...
...Brown Bros., Harriman-ptnr...
...The company's plan then envisaged that Anaconda and Dow Mining have 50 percent, the Peruvian government 40 percent, and the IFC 10 percent...
...domination...
...Vaky thought that the security interest was a good topic, and Mr...
...For example, if expropriation without compensation occurs, the INF or the IBRD could dock the country's assessed contribution for reimbursement and institute penalties until payment is made...
...member, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, State Department (1963-64), CFR I,III...
...Mr...
...Chile should be given every possibility of success with its present government...
...he had likewise kept Ambassador Belcher fully informed the diplomat's job was to know what they were themselves eager to be kept Mr...
...Rockefeller said that it would be nice if all agencies had one idea on this problem...
...He questioned that very seriously...
...He observed that the government is called upon anyway in a crisis, so why not recognize the political element from the beginning, instead of waiting for the crisis and then being illprepared to handle it...
...National Security Council (1969), CFR I.V...
...Referring to the Velasco statement about U.S...
...He said on Allende's part should not be assumed...
...capital into Europe has been steady, plentiful and enormously remunerative to the U.S...
...Plank asked how infinitely expandable Japanese capacity is, and whether they are really in any more of a position than the Soviets to make major investments in Latin America...
...Oliver suggested that it is fruitless to look at hypothetical situations...
...One of his main decisions while High Commissioner (a post he held from 1949-52) was the loosening of investment restrictions for foreign firms wishing to invest in Germany...
...Invest...
...of N.Y.-truste Chase Intl...
...He said that in the U.S...
...It is not well defined but it must be...
...also participates...
...Costa Rica, which is democratic, is unimportant...
...Rockefeller turned to the Creole Petroleum Company as an example of his point, because he was familiar with it and because of its substantial size...
...I think it right to say, though, that if any or all of these states should follow the nuclear route, it would not be in response to any real or perceived threat, but simply in quest of grandeur et gloire...
...Robert McNamara Cyrus Vance Gen.Maxwell Taylor Stanley Resor Arthur Goldberg Glenn Seaborg John Gardner W.M.Blumenthal William Foster .. t4n...
...Dominguez asked just how important Latin America would be to the Soviets...
...Honduras and Salvadoran remain deeply distrustful of one another...
...Perhaps U.S...
...Gordon agreed, and felt that Santiago, where UNCTAD is to meet, provided the perfect setting for personal contact and discussion...
...Participation in equity and longterm copper supply contracts with the investing companies are involved...
...Chile is currently trying to buy patents from U.S...
...Levinson suggested that Japan, having purchased U.S...
...Olmstead, who was absent: If Chile does not live up to our concept of fairness, should the U.S...
...I have tried to stay within the security parameters that were set for me...
...Barber, Archibald, and Quigley...
...Sedwitz felt that the group had scarcely begunto scratch the surface, and that a number of very important issues had been mentioned by not developed...
...Rogers added that the U.S...
...Jova said that one difference is that our own problems remain unsolved and we can well afford to be more humble...
...trademarks was perhaps a mistake...
...citizens...
...r. East Aff,'22-2, U. ",Eitabe trLste A. . Anhassodor to rante-'53-'57 ir s g Ao iaitsafrfK Under Sec...
...In August of that year, the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs was created and Nelson became its first Coordinator...
...however, he did not see the Eastern bloc involved...
...As one group member phrased it: The process of change in Latin American society will carry with it changes in the status of U.S...
...But beyond relations, what should the United States do...
...lie said that Chile will soon become a residual supplier of copper...
...De Rosso said that the danger is there in any case, that any resource that lies outside the U.S...
...He served as a member of the Inter-American Committee on the Alliance for Progress from 1O64-1l66.- 14 - Mr...
...Levinson replied that part of the emotion derives from the fact that the companies have traditionally been regarded as exploiters...
...If Ford or Mobil shows interest in investing in Peru or Thailand, they can consult with experts at the council before taking the risk...
...and comparatively minor occurrences -- like the standing off Trinidad-Tobago of some of our vessels during last spring's riots -- set memories tingling...
...it must differentiate between countries...
...Eisenhower Keme dy Johnson Nixon President Vice President Presidential Assistant National Security Advisor Dir., C.I.A...
...is generally acknowledged as the source of the technology which Latin America wants...
...This answer seemed overly optimistic...
...Private transactions cannot be counted on to safeguard the public interest, assuming there is one...
...State ept...
...De Rosso said that he did, in Chile, though it would not do muc