The Issue
The election of an avowed Marxist government in Chile ranks as one of the most important political events in recent Latin American history. In this Newsletter we have tried to provide some basic...
...Nitrates as a percent of total exports were 5.5% in 1963, 4.4% in 1965, and 2.0% in 1968...
...All of the above involves, with certainty, an armed confrontation between the ruling classes and the workers...
...The Popular Action Front unlike the Popular Front of the 30's and the Unidad Popular of 1970, did not include the Radical Party...
...As a consequence its policy will be vigilant and active in defending the principle of nonintervention in rejecting every attempt at discrimination, pressure, invasion or blockade on the part of imperialist countries...
...1 1 l -- more than half of Chilean workers receive insufficient remunerations to take care of their minimal living necessities...
...Chilean rocksalt production, an important factor in the local economy of northern Chile, increased eightfold in 1965-69, largely due to increased mechanization by the sole large producer, Cia.Minera Santa Adriana S.A...
...The MIR document, on the other hand, outlines the host of problems that the U.P...
...advertising 6 market research...
...P8rke.Davi.s d Co...
...6, No...
...The New York Times, February 11 & 15, 1971...
...One of Allende's early challenges as president came when a group of homeless people occupied a lowcost government housing project called The Villa John F. Kennedy...
...No one knows whether the assailants meant to kidnap him in order to issue revolutionary communiques in his name, hoping to intimidate Congress and keep it from ratifying Allende on October 24, or if he was to have been a hostage to be killed if Congress elected Allende...
...The new state will work for the incorporation of the masses into intellectual and artistic activity both through a radically transformed educational system as well as through the establishment of a national system of popular culture...
...Business Latin America, November 26, 1970 and The New York Times, January 18, 1971).- 13 - as contributions so that the state will be a partner and not a creditor...
...The intensification of the class struggle during the Frei government, also created splits within the armed forces and caused the relative loss of their traditional monolithic posture which prevented the ruling classes from using them to maintain power before or immediately after the elections...
...rail, air and maritime transportation...
...It is more difficult when you have to defend specialized interests...
...by Saul Landau -- no reprint without permission of author...
...Although some small peasants, merchants and small industrialists may benefit from the state administration of credit, the nationalization of the banks would hurt powerful interests and we do not believe that it will be implemened with the passive acceptance of those whose very basis of power and wealth are being questioned...
...ALLENDE: Well, that is logical, but this you do not build overnight...
...1 5 Only the stuggle of the peasants with the help of all the people can solve them...
...This depends on the effective participation the masses have in this process, on the revolutionary composition of the political forces which lead the process and on the measures taken in the struggle against imperialism and financial, industrial and agrarian capital...
...SOCIAL TASKS The social aspirations of the Chilean people are legitimate and possible to satisfy...
...We have always affirmed that the seizing of power by the workers will be possible only through armed struggle...
...Unemployment and unstable working conditions are suffered by every family...
...Millions of dollars were spent that year to convince Chilean electors that an Allende victory would mean the end of the world...
...1964 -- 17.4...
...timely medical attention...
...Nitrates 5.5 4.4 3.2 2.3 2.0 n.a...
...majority interest in lamp plant...
...14 FOOTNOTES 1. Chile's Radical Party, formed in 1862 as a reaction against oligarchic rule, has represented the center in Chilean politics since the early 1930's...
...RCA International...
...will not signify opportunist deviations to the extent that we have our objectives and our path very clear...
...The fundamental task of the moment is to defend the electoral victory from the maneuvers of the bourgeoisie and imperialism, to push for mass mobilizations starting from these objectives, and to formulate a policy towards the lower rank officers and the troups of the armed forces...
...THE LIMITATIONS OF A U.P...
...Above all, the medical student and the doctor face head-on very clear social facts...
...An example of popular art that has sprung up on walls throughout Chile reflecting the themes of the U.P...
...The popular government will be many-partied...
...Education: Chile's illiteracy rate is 19 percent, which is especially significant, because illiterates have been disenfranchised...
...Because of such dramatic inflation, the unit of calculation in studies on income levels and wage decisions in not the escudo (as Chile's money is called) but the sueldo vital -- the vital wage -a minimum legal wage which is readjusted each year...
...But the American people are another matter...
...In addition, we have been exporters of raw materials, and you know perfectly well what has happened in the international market...
...communications...
...The popular and revolutionary forces have not united to struggle for the simple substitution of one president of the republic for another, nor to replace one party for another in the government, but to carry out the profound changes the national situation demands based on the transfer of power from the old dominant groups to the workers, the peasants and the progressive sectors of the middle classes of the city and the countryside...
...Grace & Co...
...For a summary of some of the points made in this book see, Monthly Review, January 1970...
...We understand that the new organization and administration of justice will come to the aid of the majority classes...
...Some political graffitti expressed the same sentiment: "Allende es el paredon" and "Allende es Comunismo" (Allende means the firing squad and Allende is Communism...
...e) Complete civil capability will be established for the married woman as well as for the children within or outside of marriage as well as adequate divorce legislation that completely safeguards the rights of the woman and the children...
...1. Wholly owned sales organization...
...It is for these reasons that the ruling classes, through the CD, are putting pressure on the U.P...
...The present development of their struggles for land and the liquidation of the land-holding system opens a new outlook to the Chilean popular movement...
...just began producing copper in 1971 after an investment of $130 million in the Rio Blanco mine...
...3. Inter-American Press Association declared that "freedom of the press in Chile is being strangled by Communist and Marxist forces and their allies...
...QERC, No...
...Diversification in the past has been significantly unsuccessful, as shown below: EXPORTS BY CATEGORY AS % OF TOTAL MERCHANDISE EXPORTS 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Mineral Products (total) 88 n.a...
...followed, in a very short time, by class confrontation...
...In the evenings we used to get together to discuss and analyze the different philosophies popular at the time, the different ideas and ideals...
...and 25 percent by ADELA...
...telecommunications .. 5. Standard Electric...
...f) The legal division between laborers and employees will be eliminated, the common denomination as "workers" will be established for both, and the right to organize unions for all those who presently do not have the right will be extended...
...The contradictions between the bourgeoisie and imperialism increase every time that the share of the bounty decreases significantly for any one of them...
...Its objectives will be: 1. To resolve the immediate problems of the great majority...
...Rheem Mfg...
...But we are sufficiently candid to not even say that about another government...
...The Edwards' bank is the principal stockholder in El Mercurio...
...We will look at the process objectively, with socialism as its only goal, with the understanding that our support or our opposition to the U.P...
...the agreement provided for "the participation of the workers in the process of national transformation through an effective representation of the workers in organizations of planning and economic development, as well as in the administration of state and mixed enterprises...
...13...
...See Alain Joxe, Las Fuerzas Armadas en el Sistema Politico de Chile, (Santiago: Editorial Universitario, 1970...
...3 0 For as long as inflation lasts the policy will proceed to establish automatic readjustments by law (Sources: ERC, annual supplements for 1965, p. 11...
...The respect of these rights will be guarded by the state and the workers of the respective enterprise...
...We have heard Mr...
...Between 1965 and September 1969, 15,826 families were settled in 488 "asentamientos," encompassing 2,098,000 hectares, only 167,000 of which were irrigated (International Commerce, January 5, 1970, p. 25...
...Also the ruling classes will be trying to sabotage industrial and agricultural production...
...For example, I told the coal workers, you are now producing 3,800 tons of coal a day, and you have to produce 4,700...
...On these bases it is necessary to assure the Armed Forces that they will have the material and technical means and a just, democratic system of remunerations, promotions and retirements that will guarantee to officers, noncommissioned officers and troops economic security during their stay in the ranks and later during their retirement and the effective possibility for all to rise up through the ranks based only on the individual's suitability...
...and IBM, which employs 355 people selling and servicing Its equipment...
...and August 1965, p. 10...
...ALLENDE: In fact the opposite took place...
...2. An annotated version of the Unidad Popular program -- the platform on which the left won...
...That is obvious, isn't it...
...of Commerce, 1969...
...This fact explains why in 1964 the left, while losing, obtained approximately 38% of the votes, but in 1970 it won the elections with less than 36% of the votes...
...Kennecott Copper...
...100% owned importing company . North American Rockwell...
...Quoted in Jose Yglesias, op...
...majority int...
...in accordance with the increase in the cost of living...
...under the constant threat of reactionary military coup, with the specific purpose of keeping Allende from carrying out his fundamental plans...
...The Chilean Congress has traditionally chosen the candidate who received the most votes...
...What is a free press...
...INVESTMENTS IN CHILE 1968 Sales Company (in US $) Employees Anaconda...
...Cerro Corp...
...6. To take all measures that will lead to monetary stability...
...LANDAU: And today how do you hold this coalition of yours together...
...a $137 million investment shared with Japaneses interests) and by the Continental Copper and Steel Corp...
...How is this possible...
...On March 4, 1971, faced with certain defeat in Congress and strong opposition for the president of the Supreme Court, the UP government withdrew the bill which would have established these courts...
...7. "Momios" translates mummies and refers to the monied class in Chile...
...its powerful economic interests are still intact...
...We are going to make them produce...
...Why...
...The instruments of the state's economic and social policy will make up a national planning system, they will be of an executive nature and their mission will be to direct, coordinate and properly order the state's action...
...Whether or not one can pass from a leftist government to more advanced phases in the construction of socialism, depends on whether or not we destroy the state capitalist apparatus...
...They continue to publish...
...telephones...
...A race which has been smashed, denied, and degraded physically and morally...
...However, in 1969 an OAS study reported that "true unemployment" in this area was more than 12 percent in 1969 (Business Latin America, February 19, 1970, p. 57)-- yet even this figure does not take into account hidden un- or under-employment...
...When we consider the possibilities of the U.P...
...Allende could not support the invasion because the homes were meant for workers and were built partly with workers' savings...
...President Frei defended the armed forces' actions...
...Schneider was murdered when he pulled a gun on rightists attempting to kidnap him...
...The Christian Democrats then supported Allende on Ocotber 24...
...7. According to one observer, Frie's campaign received about $1 million a month, for many months, from American sources, and an estimated $18 to $20 million more from Christian Democrats in West Germany, Italy and Belgium (Barnard Collier, "A Revolution without the Execution Wall," The New York Times Magazine, February 19, 1967...
...Furthermore, Chile has vast forests -- among the most important in Latin America...
...The Chilean Development Corp...
...2. To guarantee employment with adequate remuneration to all Chileans of working age...
...The enterprises that make up this sector will be aided by the general planning of the national economy...
...The increase in mass movement activity permitted what we thought would be very difficult: the electoral plurality of the U.P...
...majority int...
...The Communist and Socialist Parties, and the MIR (the Movement of the Revolutionary Left) have all organized homeless people for land take-overs...
...Quoted by Jose Yglesias, "Report from Chile: The Left Prepares for an Election, The New York Times (January 11, 1970...
...The large capitalist on the other hand uses his influence to protect himself from PAUC COKLIN_--PI CHILEAN FAMILY IN SLUMS inflation and in fact benefits from it...
...THE PROGRAM POPULAR POWER The revolutionary transformation the country needs can only be carried out if the Chilean people take power into their hands and exercise it effectively...
...She details its failures, concluding that Frei was "given the opportunity to demonstrate the viability of the peaceful, reformist model of development for Chile and for all Latin America...
...Nixon's opinion...
...General Tire...
...LANDAU: So you've always been in politics...
...Medicines will be distributed in sufficient quantities and at low prices based on strict control of costs in the laboratories and on the proper ordering of their production...
...The popular government will opt for the creation of an organism that is truly representative of Latin American countries...
...Box 226, Berkeley, California 94701 _I I- 2THE 1970 ELECTIONS A BRIEF BACKGROUND by Elizabeth Farnsworth The roots of Chile's governing coalition of leftist parties, the Unidad Popular (Popular Unity) can be traced back to Chile's first Popular Front Government in 1938...
...The masses are now committed behind a program, which implies an irreversible process in the forms of expression of their aspiration to be constituted as power...
...Mobil Oil...
...QERC, May 1965, p. 9...
...3 wholly owned branches...
...But this does not invalidate the fact that the electoral victory of the U.P...
...potable water...
...This makes the U.P...
...organized preThe small establish assigned in the unWhen conditions call for it, farmers will be assigned land for their personal property thus stimulating the organization of work and commercialization of the basis of mutual cooperation...
...The government considered the sympathy strike illegal, and, invoking an internal security law passed during World War II, decreed military intervention...
...Bank of America...
...STRENGTH AND STRATEGY OF THE RULING CLASSES...
...We shall fight the maneuvers of the "momios," we shall denounce the devious intentions of the CD and its political past, we shall support the revolutionary sectors of the U.P., and we shall try to shift the decision-making centers from La Moneda (presidential palace) and the corridors of Congress to the mobilized fronts of the masses...
...10 The Program of Government printed below was released in December by the leaders of the Unidad Popular after months of "round table" conferences...
...A strength to the extent that the dominant political forces are of the left (PS - Socialist Party and PC - Communist Party), in that its social base is made up of workers, peasants, and town dwellers...
...General Viaux was also implicated in the October 22 assasination of Commander in Chief of the Army Rene Schneider Chereau, a military leader apparently committed to non-intervention...
...Consequently, the university government will be responsible to its respective community...
...7 Largely because of those scare tactics, Allende lost the election by a wide margin, receiving only 38.9 percent of the votes to FreL's 55.7 percent...
...I am talking about the year 1940...
...They will also defend the coalition government against attacks from imperialist and other right-wing forces...
...We have not taken it from them...
...Because in spite of the setbacks suffered by imperialism in Vietnam and the advances of the Colonial Revolution throughout the world, imperialism is still immensely powerful as are also the native ruling classes of Latin America...
...Loans from the Inter-American Development Bank alone totalled $280 million during the decade of the 60's (QERC, No...
...We feel it is important to publish this material now because it has particular timeliness -- not only are important municipal elections coming up on April 4th, but, more generally, Chile is now the arena of a fierce struggle between those who wish to build socialism and those who wish to block it...
...Dept...
...However, the exercise of the regional and local organizations' powers will have to adjust itself to the boundaries established by national laws and by the general economic and social development plans...
...investments in Chile see footnote number 4 under the U.P...
...V, No, I / March 1971 50 C NACLA ' NEWSLETTER P.O...
...aid dollar to Latin America goes to U.S...
...December 1966, p. 9. IMF, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, pp...
...dustrial exports while industrial imports increase...
...The limited mobilizations of the last few weeks probably is not the sole responsibility of the U.P...
...and Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967...
...On January 7, 1971 the Minister of Justice announced plans for creation of neighborhood "people's tribunals" which would be charged with trying persons accused of anti-social behavior such as drunkenness, public nuisances, child neglect, wife-beating and other similar offenses -- misdemeanors and civil disputes involving claims of up to about $50...
...owns second largest iron mining...
...For a brief description of how this virtual monopoly of the country's main resource has been used and how this has affected the Chilean people, see the government copper corporation's full page ad in The New York Times, January 25, 1971, the source for the chart below (the apparent discrepancy between the figures given in the chart below and those cited above is due to the different sources used -- those above reflect the companies' claims, as reported in numerous articles in the U.S...
...Nevertheless, they continue to publish...
...2 3 23...
...The Christian Democracy caught in its own trap of Tomicist populism found itself incapable of supporting the "momios" 4 which they attacked so openly during the campaign...
...and Jaime Castillo Velasco, Las Fuentes de la democracia cristiana (Santiago: Editorial del Pacifico, 1963...
...Partly as a result of the scare tactics, Chile's women voted overwhelmingly for Frei in 1964...
...And we can understand that from his point of view he doesn't exactly like what we are doing...
...to permit them to produce what they want with the money of all Chileans, in place of fabricating what the great majority of the country needs...
...It has been translated from Spanish and presented in a slightly abridged version...
...ALLENDE: No, because later on these parties split, but it represents an important antecedent, because Chile was one of three countries in which there was a Popular Front...
...Also populist governments such as Sukarno in Indonesia, and Nkrumah in Ghana managed to last for some time...
...interventions in company management...
...Similar pressures have confronted his government in the south of Chile where independent leftists have led peasants in invasions of rural properties not chosen to be expropriated under the agrarian reform...
...4. Hidden investments such as those described by Maurice Zeitlin in his recent Ramparts article (April 1971) on Chile: " The Chilean Cotton Manufacturing Co...
...firms -- Anaconda and Kennecott -account for 80 percent of all Chilean copper production and a third, Cerro Corp., for an additional 10 percent...
...Petras, p. 346...
...Some are through investments in mining (copper, iron and others) 6. Susanne Bodenheimer analyzes Frei's program of "Revolution in Liberty" in the NACLA Newsletters cited above...
...3 He received only 5.4 percent of the vote in that election, losing to the Conservative ex-dictator Carlos Ibanez del Campo...
...They have to obey the same law as everybody else and if they don't pay, we'll apply the law...
...They plan (1) a reduction in the number of assembly factories (there are currently 11...
...6. The "26th of January" is the name of a camp in Santiago set up by squatters...
...So that this doesn't happen in Chile, we must elect Eduardo Frei president...
...Well, I have an experience which I am putting at the service of Chile, in a Chilean way, for the problems of Chile...
...Without exaggeration, estimates establish that from Chile, in about the last 60 years, in the neighborhood of $9,800,000,000 have been taken out of Chile...
...LANDAU: You are more popular now, in my opinion, than before...
...Yes sir, to see if they have obeyed the tax laws...
...LANDAU: Relations continue on as they had...
...the necessity of the people with regard to education and health are insufficiently cared for...
...Another source estimated urban unemployment in Chile at the more likely figure of 28 percent (International Labor Review, November 1968, pp...
...In May of this year (1970) we maintained the following: a. the increase in social mobilization constituted the most relevant political occurrence of the period, b. the elections would come within the framework of these social situations, c. the elections would only be partial and formal expression of the fundamental process at the institutional level, d. we would not carry out electoral activities as such but we would put our efforts in pushing mass mobilizations by revolutionary means and into developing actions directly related to these mobilizations...
...Afterwards, at the level of the masses, the task will be to push for the realization of the program...
...producers -especially the producers of capital goods and heavy machinery -- mining and construction equipment , aircraft, electrical generators, etc...
...Thus it will be a genuinely democratic, representative and cohesive executive The popular government will respect the rights of opposition that is exercised within legal bounds...
...Allende won 36.2 percent of the vote, a plurality...
...The U.P...
...88 86 88 89 Copper 69 70 73 78.5 77.8 80 Iron Ore 10.5 11.4 8.9 7.5 7.5 n.a...
...To liquidate rapidly the cultural and educational deficits inherited from the present system, a wide popular mobilization designed to eliminate illiteracy within a short period of time and elevate the educational levels of the adult population will be carried out...
...1. Xinority interest in petrochemical plants...
...For these reasons, although the U.P...
...They import everything from caps on their heads to the soles of their shoes...
...wholly owned assembly plant...
...I. IMPERIALISM AND THE LATIN AMERICAN BOURGEOISIES Without trying to go too deep we are interested in answering one of the questions now being discussed in the left: Is it possible that today we could have an alliance between important sectors of the national bourgeoisie and the left in order to develop an antiimperialist policy...
...I am aware of what they have accomplished and how difficult it has been to defeat the blockade...
...and France, where the Popular Front was led by Leon Blum, which left not even a part of a foundation for later generations...
...Jacques Chonchol, Allende's Minister of Agriculture, has moved his office to Temuco, in the south of Chile, and is personally supervising the accelerated agrarian reform process...
...This is not the place to evaluate at length Frei's agrarian reform program, though its apparent failure was decisive in the election of Allende...
...Moreover the revolutionary sectors within the U.P...
...We have not done anything illegal, nothing illegal...
...I came from the provinces to study in Santiago...
...but at the same time the Americans reaffirm the principle of nonintervention in Chile through various spokesmen and periodicals...
...The popular government will act to resolve pending frontier problems through negotiations that prevent the intrigues of imperialism and the reactionaries and will keep present the interest of Chile and of the peoples in the neighboring countries...
...Company Investments (Worldwide) Investments in Chile Percentage Anaconda $ 1,166,172,000 $ 199,030,000 16.64% Kennecott $ 1,108,155,000 $ 145,877,000 13.16% Company Profits (Worldwide) Profits in Chile Percentage Anaconda $ $ 99,313,000 $ 78,692,000 79.24% Kennecott 165,395,000 $ 35,338,000 21.37% . | , . Z _ _ -SOME U.S...
...78-79...
...And you know how powerful the oil companies are...
...We are certain that the ruling classes will not give up their privileges free of charge, and therefore the electoral victory assures the legitimacy and the mass character of the confrontation of classes which will precede the seizing of power by the workers...
...The organization mainly included students who were dissatisfied with the political strategy and tactics of the traditional Chilean left parties...
...Se we are a country which has to sell cheap and buy at high prices, because we pay manufactured article prices in countries where people have a very, very high standard of living...
...They are amazed to see a president whom they can touch with their hands They can talk to me, because I do not go around with an escort of tanks or surrounded by police...
...Presently, in regards to Latin American native bourgeoisies, the United States has also hardened its policy, in the cases of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Guatemala, Bolivia, etc...
...stable work...
...Box 57, Cathedral Park Station, New York, N.Y...
...For the purpose of caring for the developmental necessities of pre-school children and to enable the incorporation of women into productive work the system of nurseries and infant playgrounds will be rapidly extended and priority will be given to the most needy sectors of our society...
...Only an irregular war, which in its political and military development would weaken the ruling classes and strengthen the revolutionaries, could be successful in Chile...
...1965-66 -- S. Bodenheimer, NACLA Newsletter, February 1969, p. 8; 1967-68 -IMF, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, pp...
...LANDAU: Has the United States Government put any pressure on you...
...an end once and for all to high prices...
...majority int...
...the greater the poverty, the greater the disease rate...
...I think that ought to make things quite clear...
...75% interest in Rio Blanco copper mine...
...One picture which was widely circulated and used as a wall poster showed a Cuban worker receiving last rites from a priest before his execution by a firing squad...
...The general aim is specifically not limited to reforms within the framework of the existing system...
...Who does the CD think they are lying to when they ask guarantees regarding the armed forces after having boycotted the plan to better the conditions of the military retired personnel...
...And when it takes place, it will be more legitimate and massive, which makes the strategy of armed struggle today more valid than ever before...
...In the 60 next largest companies, approxiamately one third have foreign participation...
...The dominant classes, the accomplices of this situation and unable to help themselves, have intensified during the past 10 years Chile's indebtedness to foreign countries...
...In addition the new state will develop an extraordinary plan for the construction of school buildings that will be backed by national and local resources and mobilized by the basic organs of power...
...In May of this year, without descarding the possibility of an electoral victory of the left, we believed it would be extremely difficult, because we thought the ruling classes would be forced to pull out one of their candidates...
...News From Chile, The Embassy of Chile, Washington, D.C., January 4, 1971).- 10 - At the same time the popular government guarantees workers the right of employment and strike and to all the people the right of education and culture with complete respect for all religious ideas and beliefs and guarantees of the exercise of worship...
...5. Reorganization of extremely small properties through the progressive introduction of agricultural work cooperatives...
...120,000 were underemployed, and 600,000 who worked regularly held the kind of marginal jobs that economists call "hidden unemployment...
...electric utility ,in process of purchase by Chile...
...Into this area of nationalized activities will be integrated the following sectors: 1) the large mining companies of copper, nitrate, iodine, iron and coal...
...Goodrich...
...to permit them to fire workers if the workers request better salaries...
...but we can only say that it seems to us shameful and hypocritical on the part of the Christian Democratic Party to demand "democratic guarantees" of the U.P...
...d) Sufficient funds will be set aside for the purpose of carrying out an ample plan of housing construction...
...62.5% interest in nitrate mining and chemicals manufacture...
...The figures are from Chile's Direccion del Registro Electoral (courtesy of Paul Drake...
...Do you feel that the people have responded to the People's Union program...
...LANDAU: What was your first contact with Marxism and how did you become a Marxist...
...1 3 He was innaugurated on November 4. As candidate and as President, Allende has cited the Program of Government as the source of his programs, using it to lend legitimacy to his actions...
...It will arise from the struggle between brotherhood and individualism, the valuation of human work and its deprecation, national values and cultural colonization, and the access of the popular masses to art, literature and the means of communication and their commercialization...
...73.2 percent owned by Marcona Corp...
...Moreover, technology is often introduced by foreign firms, resulting in its exclusive use in those sectors dominated by the foreign interests, and a continued dependence on the original source of importation (of machinery, technology, and semi-finished products) since it becomes very costly for these investors to shift to production in other nations once the original investments in fixed capital have been made at the home base...
...present armed forces...
...I am a man who came to the presidency after 25 years as a senator, 25 years as a senator...
...We have not harassed the bank...
...But it is important because this country has land which could feed not 10 million but 20 or 25 million inhabitants...
...However, this insufficient analysis did allow us to develop the tasks of defending an electoral victory, a question which has been of first importance in the national situation and which will continue to be so for a period of time...
...In the meantime a good part of those who effectively produce are undergoing a difficult situation: -- half a million families need housing and many others live in terrible conditions with respect to sewer systems, potable water, electricity and health...
...I was the dean of the senate...
...It still has its industries, banks, land, and its allies in the army...
...We also believe that if this program is- 22 - implemented it will create a bourgeois and imperialist counteroffensive which given the energies and aspirations of the working class will bring about a quick radicalization of the process...
...A coalition of six independent leftist parties that supported a common slate of candidates at election time, FRAP is the direct antecedent of the Unidad Popular...
...This MIR document appeared in the Chilean publication Punto Final (October 13, 1970...
...It demands the permanence of the XII...
...And what was their initial investment...
...4. The imperialistic exploitation of backward economies is carried out in many ways...
...I go to the shanty towns...
...See the Los Angeles Times, October 26, 1970, and The Miami Herald, October 27, 1970, also El Mercurio for this period...
...Meanwhile, the Congress is debating a law that would nationalize all the banks...
...I have said this very clearly, you do not get socialism by decree...
...We have sent down there, not only a minister of agriculture, but we have also sent doctors, educators, anthropologists and sociologists...
...Our country has great resources such as copper and other materials, a great hydroelectric potential, vast extensions of forests, a long coastland rich in marine species, more than sufficient agricultural lands and so forth...
...The fundamental interests of the most important and dynamic Chilean bourgeoisie are in this sector of the economy...
...The people will be incorporated into the task of protecting public health...
...We were not only interested in studying material con- nected with our careers, but we were also interested in horizons that went beyond the university, the reality of our country...
...We have expropriated some industries, especially in woolens and textiles...
...Herman Pico Cana, who certainly does not belong to the Peoples' Union and who is the owner of La Tercera, has said that there is not any pressure, no threats, and no coercion against the press...
...LANDAU: Did you exchange opinions with Castro...
...The percentages for each candidate were: Candidate Men Women Allende 41.6 30.5 Alessandri 31.5 38.4 Tomic 25.9 29.9 (Mimeographed election figures from Chile's Direccion del Registro Electoral, courtesy of Paul Drake).-9The Popular Unity Committees will be more than electoral organizations...
...In the executive guiding of the educational apparatus there will be the effective representation of the social organizations already mentioned through their integration with local, regional and national education councils...
...The popular triumph will open the way to the most democratic political regime in the country's history...
...in lubricants plant...
...And in spite of this they have been able to develop a country...
...The people sell voluntarily because the price we have set is good business...
...1966 -- 21.7...
...We are moving within the existing possibilities...
...insurance, credit, marketing and production controls...
...Important sectors of the bourgeoisie cannot be expected to ally themselves with the UP to develop an antimperialist policy...
...The democratic culmination of this process will be translated into important contributions of the universities to the revolutionary development of Chile...
...and that it may not take the form of a popular insurrection which in a few hours will turn power definitely to the workers...
...Same source as information on iron and copper above...
...Neverthe less, the Christian Democrats threatened not to do so this year unless Allende made certain promises to them...
...companies in Chile represents only the tip of the foreign investment iceberg...
...I walk around like a private citizen...
...THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ELECTORAL VICTORY OF THE U.P...
...Through these means the government will try to create at least one unified school (basic and middle level) in each rural area, in each neighborhood and in each poblacion in the cities of Chile...
...when Mr...
...For this to be effective the labor and social organizations of workers, employees, peasants, pobladores, 1 9 housewives, students, professionals, intellectuals, craftsmen, small and middle-size businessmen and other sectors of workers will be called upon to intervene at their respective places in the decisions of the organs of power...
...At the same time attacks are perpetrated from the right, new leadership is formed which in the long run is trying to become the base of support for an eventual military coup and in the short run to politically direct maneuvers of economic sabotage and to pressure the CD in their demands to the U.P...
...Iron ore deposits are exploited by a private Chilean firm which in 1968 acquired the assets of Englehard Minerals and Chemical Corp., by the Chilean Steel Co., and by Bethlehem-Chile Iron Mines Co...
...Certainly their acceptance of Allende indicates that this is true, but no one knows to what extent they will come to the ruling classes' aid if Allende's government moves from reformism to revolutionary socialism...
...In these enterprises the rights of workers and employees to just salaries and working conditions should be guaranteed...
...2 4 CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW ECONOMY The united popular forces seek as the central objective of their policy to replace the present economic structure, putting an end to the power of national and foreign monopolistic capital and of latifundism in order to begin the construction of socialism...
...We need sufficient time in order to erase from the spirit, from the minds of these people what has been happening for more than a 100 years...
...The constitutional reform has been proposed and as soon as the law is passed we will do exactly what the Congress determines...
...As class privileges are eliminated in the educational system, the entrance of workers' children into the university will be made possible and adults will also be permitted either through special scholarships or through work-study systems to enter highlevel courses...
...To make educational planning a reality and to create a single, rational and democratic school system, the new state will assume responsibility for private establishments and will begin with those schools that select their students on the basis of- 16 - social class, national origin or religious preference...
...But this can not be considered an overwhelming problem for Chile...
...There will be a tendency to transform these structures into local organisms of the new political organization...
...An announcer broke in, "Communism only offers blood and pain...
...police...
...Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics, February 1971, p. 80...
...Neither do we recognize the existence of an agrarian feudalism with which to fight, etc...
...The New York Times (February 21, 1971) sums up Chile's foreign debt as follows: "This country of 9 million people, with a GNP of $5 billion a year, has a foreign debt of $2 billion, one of the highest ratios in the world...
...It is also seen in the growing difficulties faced by employees, professionals, small and mediumsized businessmen and in the minimal opportunities 2. James Petras, in his book, Politics and Social Forces in Chilean Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), pp...
...sales & wholly owned deodorant plant...
...9,000 million of economic surplus produced by and in Chile has been expropriated/appropriated by the world capitalist metropolist...
...A single state organization will be created with national, regional and local levels...
...New York Times, October 10, 1970...
...As Lenin said: those who govern, in actuality, are the immense layer of functionaries, technocrats, bureaucrats and militaries in the ministries,subsecretariats and corporations, etc., which only a revolution can displace...
...1965 -- 18.5...
...From that standpoint, we base the right to nationalize our own resources...
...Same source as information on copper, above...
...7. Allende's government has disbanded the Grupo Movil, which was an elite group of policemen especially trained in riot control and often accused of repressive tactics...
...Furthermore, it is towards this sector that American capital is being displace, and, according to tendencies observed in Chile and in the rest of Latin America, this is the sector of the economy the bourgeoisie intends to continue developing, by associating itself with American capital and by searching for foreign markets through the formation of Latin American or regional "common markets...
...agency, stands for Economic Commission on Latin America...
...The transformation of the educational system will not only be a task for technicians but will also be a task studied, argued...
...We have bought the shares from both Americans and Chileans in the case of steel and all the shares from Chileans in the case of coal...
...GNP per capita growth was 2.7 percent in 1965, 4.3 percent in 1966, but only 0.4 percent in 1967 (See: Susanne Bodenheimer, "Stagnation in Liberty, the Frei Experiment in Chile," NACLA Newsletter, Vol II., February, 1969, p. 8...
...5. U.S...
...The margin was nearly equal to the votes won by a leftist, defrocked priest, Raul Antonio Zamorano, who some suspected of being a stalking-horse intended to take votes away from Allende...
...They also interfere in education, culture and the communications media...
...The Members of the UP are the Socialist Party, the Communist Party (which is the third largest Communist Party in the capitalist world, after those of France and Italy), The Radical Party, The Social Democrat Party, The Independent People's Action, and the People's United Action Movement (MAPU...
...1. 60% interest in Chilean telephone company 2. All American Cables...
...2. Maj...
...Marine Construction h Design...
...and at the beginning and even up until the end, a sector of the middle class looked for protection under the wing of the "caudillos" of the right...
...PROGRAM We try to determine whether or not the U.P...
...There is an anthropological problem, there is a cultural problem, there is a problem of race...
...ALLENDE: At that time...
...Noth- ing like that occurred...
...I think I am even more popular now than I was before...
...program can not be absorbed passively by the capitalist system in Chile...
...The popular government will have as the objective of its housing policy that each family eventually becomes the owner of a house...
...of Commerce, International Commerce, January 5, 1970, p. 23...
...in which CORFO acquired a 37.5% interest in 1968...
...Bouchon is currently in a Santiago prison awaiting trial...
...In addition the resources the reorientation of the academic functions of teaching, research and extension around national problems will be encouraged by the realizations of the popular government...
...It is a mistake to confuse these temporary limitations on imperialist aggression with a strategic tolerance of leftist reformism in Latin America...
...In the future we must hope that the revolutionary sectors and those of the left will have more influence on the decisions than the reformists...
...We maintain that the electoral victory of the left constitutes a tremendous advance in the people's struggle for power, and objectively favors the development of a revolutionary path for Chile...
...8 The Unidad Popular was born in 1969 as leftists all over Chile became convinced that Christian Democracy had failed...
...Lands will also be set aside to create state agricultural enterprises with the most modern technology 4. In qualified cases land will be assigned to small farmers, tenants and agricultural employees who are able to do agricultural work...
...The caption read, "Chileno, Do you want this to happen in Chile...
...ALLENDE: Yes, they continue on in the same way...
...We shall maintain our political and military structure as long as the capitalist system prevails in Chile and as long as power is not effectively controlled by the workers, the defense of whose interests shall continue to be our sole reason for existence...
...At a given moment of the campaign the essential content of this program, enriched by the support and the discussions of the people and by a series of projected governmental measures, will be underlined in an Act of the People that will constitute for the new popular government and the front which sustains it an unrenounceable mandate...
...And following this law we will nationalize and we will pay indemnity, considering each case by itself...
...These are only a few examples of the new conception of government which we propose -one in which the people truly participate in the State apparatus...
...1970...
...administration will face in attempting to implement its program...
...We will benefit from experience wherever it comes from, from technology and science wherever it comes from, but adapting it to our reality...
...AID reported that as of mid-1968 only 9,000 families had been resettled and that in 1969, only 1,188 families had acquired new lands -an all-time low, (Inter-American Economic Affairs, Winter 1970, p. 88...
...6 Its popularity among both left and right grew during 1964 as the Christian Democrats, with financial help from the United States and Western Europe, conducted a campaign designed to scare the electorate away from Allende...
...on the time schedule and the sequence of these measures, on the form of payment (how long to receive payments, in cash, exchangeable for cash if reinvested in industry, what forms of appraisals will be used) and finally on the methods by which these measures are carried out (constitutional reforms, laws, executive decrees, etc...
...and the Edwards' bank has jeopardized Chile's credit...
...50 percent of Chile's working class children still do not finish the third grade...
...158-196...
...From the first day when the popular government assumes office it will open channels for the purpose of expressing the influence of the workers and the people through their social organizations in the adoption of decisions and the inspection of the functioning of state administration...
...b) To unify, improve and extend the social security system by maintaining all the legitimate conquests attained, eliminating abusive privileges, inefficiency and bureaucracy, improving and expediting the care of the recipients, extending the security system to those workers who still do not have it and handing over to the depositors the administration of the Social Security Treasuries that function within the guidelines of planning...
...Same source as cited above under copper iron and nitrates...
...DEEPENING AND EXTENDING THE AGRARIAN REFORM 2 7 The agrarian reform is understood as a process that is simultaneous and complementary with the general transformations that are desired in the country's social, political and economic structure in such a way that its fulfillment is inseparable from the rest of the general policy...
...Diplomatic relations, interchange and friendship with the socialist countries will be reinforced...
...their role is to dedicate themselves to the mobilizations of workers and students...
...Ten million dollars...
...MIR felt politically closer to the Socialist Party: but the Socialist had decided to follow the path of electoral politics and MIR had formulated a strategy of armed struggle as the necessary action to make the revolution...
...and they are numerous...
...Because they did not obey the law, because they did not pay their salaries, because they shut down 80% of their productive capacity, and thus created a very serious social problem...
...I have told the workers that they have to work more...
...4. Chile is extremely well endowed in mineral wealth...
...9 National police force, the carabineros, shot and killed nine people during an attempt to break up a squatters' invasion of private land...
...WE STAND FOR NON-INTERVENTION AND SELF-DETERMINATION" ALLENDE: Our struggle isn't against the people of the United States...
...The fight against inflation will be decided essentially on the stated structural changes...
...There will be diplomatic relations with all the countries of the world irrespective of their ideological and political position on the basis of respect for self-determination and the interests of the people of Chile...
...General Motors...
...Coca-Cola Export...
...business press, while the figures in the chart reflect the Chilean government's claims...
...For example, articles that say there is no freedom of press here...
...Its composition varied somewhat from 1956 to 1964...
...We can presume these methods will fail, but nevertheless the tactics are important elements of pressure for those who are negotiating their votes with the U.P...
...merchant fleet interests (Newsweek, November 19, 1969, p. 68...
...This will be done by the followers of the movements and the parties of the Left and will be aided by that multitude of Chileans who decide in favor of fundamental changes...
...Above all this is so when there is a low cultural level and no political understanding, when one has always been cheated, when one has been a victim of false promises for more than a century, and when one's grandfathers and great grandfathers have been frustrated and put down...
...On February 10, 1971 the Chilean Senate approved a constitutional amendment clearing the way for nationalization of all basic mineral deposits, including copper...
...Continued U.S...
...Sources: Journal of Development Studies, April 1970, IV, 3; International Commerce, January 13, 1969, p. 13...
...22, (January 1971), p. 2. 12...
...The introduction of technology unadapted to the local patterns of employment and factory endowment has resulted in largely unnecessary increased "technological unemployment" in several countries, especially Chile, Peru and Colombia...
...66-68...
...For the great majority on the other hand, to sell everyday their effort, intelligence and work is very bad business, and making decisions about their own destiny is a right which in large measure they do not possess...
...or else they can be peasants...
...The profound transformations to be undertaken will demand a socially aware and unified people, educated to exercise and defend their political power, scientifically and technically capable to develop the transitional economy toward socialism and completely open for the creation and enjoyment of the most varied manifestations of the arts and the intellect...
...As a consequence of world consumer demands for copper, and the current high price reached by the metal in the international market, great sources of copper production were opened in the rest of the world...
...sufficient wages...
...The CD is trying to get Allende elected, but "tied up" and conditioned...
...It seems that the predominant strategy of the bourgeoisie and of imperialism consists in allowing Allende to take power, to try and give him just a few months to govern, "tie him up" with the ropes of legalism, use the armed forces to guarantee the effectiveness of the ties, and thus have the U.P...
...That is to say, the total value of all the capital accumulated in Chile over the last 400 years has left its frontiers...
...Power is to be taken away from capitalists and landlords, and the process of constructing socialism is to be initiated...
...Freedom of conscience, speech, press and assembly, the inviolability of the home and the rights of unions and their organization will rule effectively without the limiting conditions presently established by the dominant classes...
...INVESTMENTS IN CHILE The Unidad Popular government plans to impose strict controls on the major industries of Chile in order to make them more responsive to the people's needs...
...Department of Commerce Trade List for Chile which reported sales of $1 million or more in 1968...
...Unlike many political platforms, it is a fascinating document which lays out the principal pro blems facing the Chilean people and a blueprint of a socialist solution to these problems...
...This allowed the U.P...
...As of 1968 less than 2 percent of university students came from working class families...
...A poblador is an inhabitant of one of the many poblaciones -- or slum areas -- of Santiago and other Chilean cities...
...Internally the school system will be planned with respect for the principles of unity, continuity, correlation and diversification of teaching...
...to permit them to deposit the profits they obtain in their foreign bank accounts...
...Each case will have the right to appeal to the highest possible constitutional procedures in Chile...
...ALLENDE: You have to think of two possibilities...
...from the point of view of imposing its right to govern, under the conditions it sees fit, essentially weak...
...Under socialism, it is understood that every individual does not have to publish what he thinks...
...The document lays out the fundamental problems that face Allende and the UP, including their analysis of how the opposition is currently plotting to overthrow him...
...These included a subsidiary of Ralston Purina and NIBSA, Chile's leading producer of valves and other fittings which is 50 percent owned by Northen Indiana Brass Co...
...Sumptuous buildings will be expropriated as they are necessary to be used as new school and boarding establishments...
...6The North American monopolies, with the complicity of the bourgeois governments, have succeded in taking control of almost all our copper, iron and nitrate...
...under-utilization of productive capacity in industry...
...A new political constitution will institutionalize the massive incorporation of the people into state power...
...8 wholly owned branches...
...The present government's brutal methods of violence, such as the actions of the "Grupo Movil," the beatings of peasants and students and the slaughters of slum dwellers and miners are inseparable from other no less brutal methods which affect all Chileans...
...From the government side, Allende has asked for MIR's support and he has granted a general political amnesty for all MIRistas...
...We are only referring to the initial actions in Peru and not to the possibilities that may open up (within the process and among the different tendencies developing...
...11-12...
...alone, between 1924-1951, shipped over $324 million from Chile to the United States on an intial investment of $2.3 million (James Petras, New Politics, Vol...
...In this Newsletter we have tried to provide some basic background information which is crucial to understanding current political developments in Chile: 1. The peculiar antecedents of the popular front and the elections of 1970...
...We have not stolen from the people their property...
...MIXED AREA This sector is called mixed because it will be made up of enterprises that combine state and private capital...
...On the other hand, in Chile the Popular Front re- presented a very important stage for us...
...Four months...
...What the majority wants can be published...
...The editors of Monthly Review describe the program in their January issue as follows: "It is hard to imagine a more sweeping programmatic statement...
...ALLENDE: Of course...
...Over 800 people were arrested during this strike, which was called to protest the government's forced-savings scheme, which would have fallen heavily on the wageearning classes...
...Manifestations of this process are the ECLA agreements,l the Peruvian process, (at least at the beginning), the Bolivian pantomime, 2 etc...- 19 - The Peruvian military, for example, took power not as leaders of a popular movement, but as a result of dealings amongst themselves...
...Brigadier General Roberto Viaux Marambio, who led the shortlived uprising, said its sole purpose was to dramatize the grievances of army officers and troops who receive extremely low pay and lack adequate equipment...
...We need good students, good scholars...
...But if you have to deal that way you have to say: well, look, mister, how much did you invest in this company and how much have you taken out...
...So in this line I read, studied and was the founder, later on, of the Socialist Party...
...By citing the Program as his guide to action, he quells people's fears that he will act dictatorially, one of his collaborators explained recently to a reporter...
...I must have been 28 when I founded with other companeros, the Socialist Party...
...Today, in order to buy the same that we bought 10 years ago, we have to deliver many more raw materials...
...They can be left groups that have not matured politically...
...in distributor of petrol...
...ALLENDE: We believe that the problem of the Araucanian, the Mapuches, is not a problem which can be solved only within the agrarian reform...
...We have bought it at a value higher than the shares really have today...
...For innumerable young men the possibility of working is very difficult and uncertain...
...The Ministry of Economy and the Government Development Corporation announced early this year their intention to reorganize the automotive industry...
...The annotations further explain the social and economic conditions referred to in the program...
...A former AID official testified to the close working relationship between AID and the IMF: "In Chile...
...or sentences of "forced labor" such as sweeping streets on Sundays or cleaning public parks...
...The police force should be reorganized so that it cannot again be employed as a repressive organization against the people and so that on the other hand it fulfills the objective of defending the people from antisocial actions...
...The same will be valid for those cases in which these enterprises obtain credits with the endorsement or guarantee of the state or its institutions...
...4, 1967, pp...
...See Serge La Favrie, op...
...For a useful bibliography of source material in Spanish and English on the Chilean left, see the Bibliography in Frederick B. Pike, Chile and the United States, 1880-1962 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1963...
...3)foreign trade...
...GOVERNMENT...
...In steel, we are producing 700,000 tons...
...For further summaries of Chile's economic crisis, see: Petras, pp...
...Sources: 1963-64 -- Kaplan, pp...
...The expropriation could include the whole or part of the assets of the expropriated fields (machinery, tools, animals and others...
...None of them are left wing...
...3 2 MEANS OF MASS COMMUNICATION The communications media (radio, book publishers, television, press and movies) are fundamental in helping the formation of a new culture and a new man...
...3. The response to this program and the electoral victory by one of Chile's principal armed revolutionary groups (MIR...
...government in a swamp of legalisms, maintains the threat of a reactionary coup by the military and keeps them from solving the fundamental problems of the country and people...
...COPPER Copper is the life-blood of Chile...
...These are exploited, among others, by Crown Zellerbach and a CanadianChilean joint venture, the two largest pulp and paper operations in Chile...
...to take over its iron mines...
...ALLENDE: Well, you said it...
...For them to condescend to continue "working" -of course only they have the luxury of working or not -- it is necessary: accumulated in Chile over the last 400 years (Allende/ Landau interview on KQED, broadcast March 4, 1971 -see text elsewhere in this Newsletter...
...See Petras, p. 241...
...majority interest in paper plant...
...there are truly revolutionary sectors...
...Every country has its own reality and each country has its own leaders, and the tactics that the leaders use will be appropriate to the reality of the concrete case here...
...III., (March, 1969...
...PETRODOW), 70 percent owned by Dow Chemical Co., is by far the largest complex to be built...
...Elements that are going to be wounded in their economic interests...
...What they do everyday is make decisions for everybody else...
...The film should be available for distribution in June 1971...
...Imperialism has snatched away from Chile large resources equivalent to double the capital invested in our country throughout the whole of its history...
...ALLENDE: The application of the law allows us to punish those who do not obey the law...
...You have seen the Christian Democrat papers (La Prensa, La Tarde) and the provincial papers, in which 80% or better 90%, are in the hands of the reactionary or right wing elements...
...Chile accounts for one fourth of Kennecott's annual copper production...
...6. The increase in the cost of living is a hell in the homes of the people and especially for the housewife...
...And finally, the president of the national press association in Chile, Mr...
...1964 -172.2...
...I have said it and I have written it for many years, today in Chile there are 600,000 children mentally retarded because they were not adequately nourished during the first eight months of their lives, because they did not receive the necessary proteins...
...The values of the capitalist society would have to be replaced by other values...
...The predominant political climate was one of fair play and the only flag that they could raise to oppose the electoral victory of the left was the right of the minority to defend its privileges,- 24 - which they could not do...
...These will be decisive steps for the liquidation of the bureaucratic centralism that characterizes the system of the present administration...
...VIII...
...Chile's 14th largest firm, is ostensibly under the control of the Chilean Yarur family...
...Copper is currently produced largely by two Anaconda subsidiaries, The Andes Copper Co...
...IS THE STRATEGY OF ARNED STRUGGLE FUNDAMENTALLY QUESTIONED...
...For us, the ruling class includes the North Americans, and the industrial, financial and agrarian bourgeoisie as a whole...
...The decided defense of self-determination of peoples will be stimulated by the new government as a basic condition of international life...
...we also know that the ruling classes, as taught by historical experience, will not hesitate to use violence in defense of their power and wealth...
...Moreover, we are acting only according to the law...
...and agricultural products...
...3. Wholly owned plastics plant Dresser Industries...
...The U.P...
...MIR criticized the Chilean Communist Party for being too bourgeois to make a revolution and for blindly following the Soviet line...
...THE MIR AND THE ELECTORAL RESULTS* The electoral majority obtained by the left has created a series of concrete questions inside the revolutionary left...
...Chile re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba on November 12, 1970, and with Communist China on January 5. On February 26, the government announced it would sell copper directly to Communist China...
...program, we must not look at an abstract economic model which the U.P...
...The vital for employees was 560 escudos per month...
...majority interest in ., shipyards L fishing fleet operation...
...The North American funds helped finance the massive propaganda campaign against Allende...
...Fatherland and Freedom...
...b) Technical education that is open to all contributions of modern military science, taking into account Chile's necessities, national independence, peace and friendship among people...
...aid to Chilean police see NACLA Newsletter, November 1970...
...photographic products...
...Alessandri and Frei assured us that they would put an end to inflation...
...4. See Petras, pp...
...in auto 6 railroad springs plant...
...But from that to sending me a letter saying, do not do this and do other things...
...Bernard Collier, "A Revolution without the Execution Wall," The New York Times Magazine, February 19, 1967, p. 84...
...It has been only narrowly beaten in election...
...Since their formation, MIR has expanded its operation to other areas of Chile, and they have been joined by the worker-based group, VOP (Organized Vanguard of the People...
...Chilean copper exports accounted for 69% of total Chilean exports in 1963, 70% in 1965, 79% in 1967, and 80% in 1969...
...c) To assure both preventive and curative medical and dental attention for all Chileans which will be financed by the state, employers and social security institutions...
...We did not foresee the possibilities of the U.P...
...It is also part of the strategy of the bourgeoise to create a reduction in industrial production, to refuse to negotiate the foreign debt and to reduce the planting of the fields thus increasing inflation and unemployment...
...sewers...
...Frei's government changed that, and illiterates and young people of ages 18-21 will vote for the first time in Chile's next municipal elections (April 4, 1971...
...Due to the existence of oil and natural gas deposits in northern Chile, the government has sponsored a petrochemical industrial complex around its refineries in Concepcion...
...How can they ask for guarantees for the political parties when they made organizations of the left illegal and jailed and tortured the revolutionaries...
...On another level, MIR has been involved in factory take-overs by workers, the seizing of the Catholic University in Santiago by 2,000 slum dwellers, student demonstrations and more recently, the armed occupation of farms by the Mapuche Indians in southern Chile...
...So the Peoples' Union program establishes three areas: the social part of the economy, the mixed (part state and part private capital), and the private area...
...How can people like Perez Zujovic y Carmona9 responsible for the assasination of town dwellers and miners in Port Montt and E Salvador, ask for "democratic guarantees...
...on the extent of the measures (what percentage of banks will be affected, how much of the mining industry, what is understood by latifundia, what is understood by "industrial monopolies," etc...
...None of these fundamental propositions has changed due to the electoral victory of the U.P.: the confrontation has only been postponed...
...One radio announcement consisted of the sound of a machine gun, followed by a woman's cry, "They're killed my son...
...LANDAU: It is what is meant by Latin Americans when they speak of imperialism...
...Currently, the state already has certain basic industries, like electricity and oil...
...During recent years we have grown at an annual average rate of 2 percent per capita...
...ifests itself in social and economic stagnation, 2 in generalized poverty and in the delays of all kinds suffered by workers, peasants and the other exploited classes...
...Above and beyond the tactical games of political representation, the Chilean bourgeoisie will try to strengthen its links with imperialism and to present a common front to the masses rising behind the UP...
...As of March 14th the government controlled 5 of the country's 22 private banks (The Journal of Commerce, March 15, 1971...
...in the actions of Concepcion, Tome, Coronel, Chillan and Los Angeles...
...to substantially modify this limiting legal framework (by means of constitutional modifications, plebiscites, dissolution of parliament, etc...
...These courts were to hear oral arguments and decide the cases on the spot without lawyers...
...In May we also established the general differences we had with the U.P...
...ALLENDE: Well, this is a utopian right -unreal...
...Neither must we suppose that the problems will come only from the size of the capital affected by the possible measures, but also from the political consequences implied by such reforms (right to private property, possible example to the rest of Latin America, etc...
...dollars were as follows: 1961 -- 97.2...
...The following MIR document appeared in October, after the elections but before Congress voted the presidency to Allende...
...Nevertheless a merely "purist" and blind opposition may alienate ourselves from a process which, passing through a historically significant confrontation of classes may be the beginning of the road to socialism...
...But there has been as international campaign, quite serious, which exists obviously inside the United States, where completely unfounded accusations are published in regard to Chile...
...The Latin American bourgeoisie has tried in the last few years to deny imperialism a greater share of the economic surplus that each country produces and this has brought about the so called "wave of nationalism" in Latin America...
...1970, pp...
...as long as there is exploitation and misery in the countryside and in cities of Chile...
...members...
...7 This is because violence means that while some have luxurious housing a large part of the population lives in unhealthy housing and others do not have even a roof over their heads...
...investments in Chile which stand to be affected by the policies of the Allende government...
...In organizations concerned with housing, operating within their jurisdiction and at their own level, the Neighbors' Councils and other organizations of slum dwellers will have the use of mechanisms to inspect their operations and intervene in the many aspects of their functioning...
...Only the United States and the Soviet Union produce more copper...
...8. Use of international shipping facilities is ex pensive, as the recent Rockefeller Report on the Americas has noted: about 20 cents of every U.S...
...metal office furniture " Standard Oil (N.J...
...There are also certain groupings in Chile that do not belong to the Peoples' Union that are pushing for the seizure of farms and pieces of farmland of a size smaller than the law allows the individual farmer...
...They only produce rtba: Frce Territory o America -- nd now Chile...
...Of course, there is a difference between working for a group of mine operators and working for the country or the people...
...Balanced against this, the pronounced goal of the stand-by loans has not been achieved, as shown by the increase in the consumer price index after a short period of respite in 1965-66: 1963 -- 45...
...The results are in full view...
...The results were very different when similar governments occured in the imperialist's backyard...
...2. The immediate incorporation of abandoned fields and poorly utilized state property into agricultural cultivation...
...in the last analysis, those sectors have recourse only to force...
...Allende needed their votes, and on October 9, after a week of negotiations, the Unidad Popular and the Christian Democrats presented Congress with an agreedupon list of constitutional ammendments to tighter guarantees of civil liberties...
...We learned very quickly that the greater the disease, the greater the poverty...
...However, we must import hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of foodstuffs of agricultural origin...
...ALLENDE: The first contact came from our unrest as university students...
...In Latin America, the United States, by passing its own formulation of the Alliance for Progress, since the 1965 invasion of Santo Domingo, has returned to a policy of "the big stick" even when dealing with petty bourgeois, "democratic" governments...
...Anglo Lautaro Nitrate...
...State Department official reports that during 1965 the United States wanted Chile...
...Quarterly Economic Review of Chile, annual supplements for 1965, 1969 and 1970, p. 2...
...and the absence of a political force to stand behind it make it weak and makes the path to government particularly difficult...
...public lighting...
...The big businessmen suck the state dry under the threat that there will not be private investment unless the helps and guarantees they request are granted...
...Logically, then, the reward for the people living in this brutal reality is simply to eat every day...
...ALLENDE: No, the agrarian reform is only a part of the plan for the economic and social development of Chile...
...2 Salvador Allende is an integral part of that tradition...
...We always thought that man should have a different dimension...
...Among the incidents of the "government's brutal methods of violence" referred to in this section of the platform are the following: In March, 1969, in the southern city of Puerto Montt, Chile's and in industrial, banking and commercial activities...
...The satisfaction of these just desires of the people -- which are really rights that the society should recognize -- will be a preoccupation of high priority for the popular government...
...9. Andre Gunder Frank writes, "it has been estimated that in the present century, U.S...
...He may live in a small house built as part of the Christian Democrat government's housing policy, or he may live in a cardboard shack with a tin roof, or even in a tent, in a poblacion which grew out of a "toma de terreno," a land takeover...
...Furthermore, there is a court to which the companies can appeal...
...The popular government will begin immediately a genuine administrative decentralization as well as democratic, efficient planning which will eliminate bureaucratic centralism and replace it with the coordination of all state organisms...
...2. For a comprehensive background in English on The Popular Front see John Reese Stevenson, The Chilean Popular Front (Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1942) and Frederico G. Gil, The Political System of Chile (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1966...
...LANDAU: And wouldn't you say that Indians wouldn't make the moves as they did if they didn't have confidence in the Peoples' Union government...
...As the level of the people's struggle increases in proportion to the failures of reformism, the position of the most reactionary sectors of the ruling class hardens...
...of the constitution demanded by the joint committee allows us to presume that Allende will take power without a confrontation...
...1, 1969, p. 13...
...See Monthly Review, January, 1971, for a discussion of some of the questions raised by this section of the program...
...Latin American economic integration should be constructed on the basis of economies that have liberated themselves from all imperialistic forms of dependence and exploitation...
...bases its strength on the legitimacy of "the democratic tradition in Chile," the political climate of fair play, the tactical weaknesses of the right, the organized mass movements, and the rare mass mobilizations which it has started...
...Cerro Corp., through its 70 percent interest in the Andean Mining Co...
...Two further very large copper mining investments have been undertaken by Cerro Corp...
...This is not the present situation...
...For a discussion of the Christian Democratic ideology and its sources of support, see Petras, pp...
...We don't expect to achieve socialism overnight, Mr...
...451-469...
...Moreover, the U.P...
...2. Licensing agreements (for example, Chrysler automobiles are assembled under license by a Chilean firm...
...That is what they mean...
...The situation is different with the industrial monopolies that the U.P...
...This means that in 1966 each Chilean had a larger quantity of goods than he has today...
...When the left coalition, Unidad Popular, under Allende's leadership was formed, MIR was critical of the UP's reliance on the electoral process...
...Time, October 19, 1970, The Miami Herald, October 29, 1970...
...Or in the province of Cautin, they can be Mapuches, whose lands were stolen many years ago and who have lived with half a hectare of land...
...YOU DO NOT GET SOCIALISM BY DECREE" LANDAU: Can you predict what some of the obstacles will be, on the Chilean road to socialism...
...among the occupants of seven land seizure actions in Santiago...
...The electoral majority obtained by the U.P...
...There are two producing firms: a government venture operated by CORFO and the very large ($49.6 million) Anglo-Lautaro Nitrate Corp...
...The electoral victory is a step forward fbr the masses in the defense of their interests, and the interests of the ruling classes, both national and foreign, are objectively being threatened...
...9. See Susanne Bodenheimer, "Stagnation in Liberty, The Frei Experiment in Chile," NACLA Newsletter, vol...
...majority interest in refractory...
...The composition of the U.P...
...The ammendment would guarantee the right of Chilean children to private non-profit education and would forbid political interference in education...
...The experience that already exists in this field and the vacuums or inconsistencies that have come up from it lead us to reformulate the distribution and organizational policies of land ownership based on the following directives: 1. Acceleration of the agrarian reform process by expropriating those fields that exceed the maximum established size, according to the conditions of the different zones, including orchards, vineyards and forests without the owner having the preferential right to select the reserve area...
...For a discussion of the scare campaign, see Eduardo Labarca Goddard, Chile Invadido, Reportaje a la intromision extranjera (Santiago: Editora Austral, 1968...
...nevertheless he still received a smaller percentage of women's votes than did the rightist candidate, Jorge Alessandri...
...All democratic rights and guarantees will be extended through the delivery to social organizations of the real means to exercise them and the creation of the mechanisms that permit them to act at the different levels of the state apparatus...
...The system of read-- 15 - justment dividends will be eliminated...
...Neither do we hide concessions to these sectors behind a 'middle bourgeoisie' as some are trying to do...
...Copper reserves are estimated at 92 million tons...
...minority interest in cable plant...
...The number of these urban land take-overs has increased in the past few years...
...Monetary policy should also include measures that adapt the flow of circulating money to the real necessities of the market, that control and redistribute credit and avoid usury in the money business...
...wholly owned pharmaceutical plant . Phelps Dodge...
...aid in substantial amounts was essential to the success of the new government's programs for modernizing Chile through evolutionary processes...
...recreation areas...
...The state apparatus remains untouched, its military apparatus and its bureaucratic army also remains untouched...
...Serge La Favrie, "La Revolution Sans Fusils," Le Nouvel Observateur, December 14, 1970...
...to govern with the capitalist state apparatus remaining untouched...
...L Tel...
...Readers Digest...
...and to place all the state apparatus at the service of the workers interests...
...Furthermore we, and I personally, have established that the agrarian reform be carried out under the Agrarian Reform Law...
...The popular government will base its force and authority essentially on the support the organized people give it...
...3, p. 87...
...Also recommended are two recent works: James Petras, Politics and Social Forces in Chilean Development (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1970), and Ernst Halperin, Nationalism and Communism in Chile (Boston: M.I.T...
...XIII...
...How can they dare to ask for guaranteed autonomy for the universities when they are the same ones who violate and insulted them...
...The first step will be to nationalize those basic sources of wealth such as the large mining companies of copper, iron, nitrate and others which are controlled by foreign capital and internal monopolies...
...Nevertheless the common interest of maintaining the system of exploitation and control on which they base their power and their wealth, prevails always above and beyond these lesser contradictions...
...and within the U.P...
...THERE IS A PROGRAM THAT UNITES US" LANDAU: Is that the origin of the Peoples' Union of today...
...MIR's actions have included expropriations from banks and supermarkets, bombings of imperialist targets like the First National City Bank and an attack on the Santiago Police Command Post...
...and even inside the United States itself there is a struggle against this sector -for example, when President Kennedy, as you remember, attacked the steel trust...
...Since the election MIR has agreed to put aside the initiated armed struggle for the moment, and has decided to organize active support for what they consider to be the revolutionary aspects of the UP's program...
...Why wouldn't you defend us on the same principle...
...will have to take charge of a very difficult economic situation with a foreign debt of $2 billion, owed to a great extent to American financial institutions, which can hardly be expected to offer Allende what they offered Frei in 1964...
...Chilean international policy and its diplomatic expression should break all forms of bureaucracy and immobility...
...Direct action (Helvetia 5 case as an example), mass mobilizations with revolutionary methods (26th of January 6 , for example) and street fighting will not lose their place as long as the capitalist system prevails...
...A former U.S...
...Allende faced two opponents during the long campaign of 1970: the first was Radimiro Tomic, former Chilean Ambassador to Washington, a Christian Democrat who promised to nationalize basic industries and accelerate Frei's social reforms...
...1 2 Under Chilean law, if no candidate receives an absolute majority, Congress must decide between the top front-runners...
...In January, 1966, copper miners in the El Teniente Mine in northern Chile struck for wage increases, and in March, miners of the El Salvador mine declared a sympathy strike...
...program is formulated, it strikes some vital nuclei of capitalism such as foreign enterprises, finance capital, industrial monopolies, and the latifundia...
...Since 1967 we have not grown, in fact we have gone backwards, according to the government's own figures (ODEPLAN [Oficina de Planificacion Nacional...
...Violence means that while some people throw food out, others have nothing to eat...
...208-9...
...3, 1970, p. 6...
...iously...
...taking over the reins of government...
...The FRAP was composed of the Socialist and Communist Parties and several smaller parties...
...Industrial Products 4.2 n.a...
...Adjustments will be necessary in accordance with the political situation which the country is going through...
...LANDAU: The North American people still aren't clear about this...
...The government will proceed at a pace that will be defined technically to establish a minimum wage and salary system of equal levels for equal jobs regardless of the enterprise where these jobs are carried out...
...To me, it is not important that a student says to me that he is a left wing leader, if he is a poor student...
...Moreover it will assume power under the legal and institutional system presently in effect,which will drown its plans in a swamp of legalisms, constitutional transactions, projects of laws submitted to parliamentary procedures, etc...
...It must take charge of a country with a low rate of growth, with a diminished industrial and agricultural production, with an inflation which certainly this year will surpass 40% and with a considerable increase in the unemployment...
...3 5 tor Progess the United States and various international lending agencies had vested interests in shoring up the weak Chilean situation...
...100% owned pharmaceutical plant...
...Therefore, Cuba's problems are not the problems of Chile...
...6 3. The development of monopolistic capitalism impedes the widening of democracy and exacerbates the antipopular violence...
...This means that of every 100 escudos that Chileans produce, 50 go to line the pockets of 10 oligarchs and the other 50 are shared among 90 Chileans of the people and the middle class...
...Of the 100 largest companies in Chile, 61 have external capital invested in them and in 41 of these foreign participation is greater than 30 percent...
...We have an industry that is different: we have a higher level...
...3, 1969, p. 10...
...Has the strategy of armed struggle failed in Chile...
...either one gives some security to American capital -at least to the extent of allowing it to transfer its investments from one sector of the economy to another -- or American interests are threatened and a policy of intervention will develop...
...Chile promised to follow the monetary and fiscal policies dictated by the IMF, receiving in return the stabilization loans (short-term foreign currency loans...
...Chile's fish and fish products industry is second only to Peru in Latin America (QERC, annual supplement, 1969, p. 5...
...I have said this to the people many times -- for example, the students...
...In early January, 1971, Allende signed an agreement with the Central Unica de Trabajadores (CUT), Chile's Central Federation of workers...
...LANDAU: What year was that...
...In spite of participating in both fronts actively, the hands of imperialism have not been tied up...
...farmers will have titles of domain that their ownership of the house and garden to them and of the corresponding rights divided fields of the cooperative...
...I was Minister of Public Health under the government of Pedro Aguirre Cerda...
...One writer estimates that the Christian Democrats received $1 million monthly from American sources, and around $18 to $20 million more from the Christian Democrats in West Germany, Italy and Belgium...
...I know the Cuban struggle...
...There are a whole series of factors to influence them...
...We have to produce 2 million tons in six years...
...intends to nationalize the copper industry...
...WAS OUR ELECTORAL POLICY FUNDAMENTALLY WRONG...
...ORGANIZATION OF JUSTICE The organization and administration of justice should be based on the principle of autonomy that is constitutionally safeguarded, and on real economic independence...
...In the meantime, the majority of the people are selling their shares...
...That is, a shanty town resident has the same right to publish as Agustin Edwards, but of course he has not the money...
...The ruling class has not given up and different sectors are trying various strategies that would permit them to maintain power and wealth in the short run...
...children's playgrounds...
...The returns were as follows (Figures cited in Pike, p. 424): Jorge Alessandri 387,297 Salvador Allende 352,915 Louis Bossay 190,832 Raul Antonio Zamorano 41,268 6. Petras, p. 197...
...32.5 million), (QERC, No...
...49% interest in Chuquicamata 6 El Salvador copper mines, 75% in Exotica copper mine...
...International Commerce, January 5, 1970, p. 23...
...The same is happening in education, health, and in work itself...
...And finally, we created a state investment corporation which was the foundation of Chilean heavy industry, steel, oil, and electricity...
...All of which doesn't mean that I can not benefit from the experience lived by the Cubans...
...3. Insurance, shipping and other investments related to international trade and marketing...
...The increase in social movement in Chile also means there has been a sharpening of the class struggle in the last three years...
...They will receive adequate financing and authority for the purpose of caring for, in working with the Neighbors' Councils and in coordination with them, the problems of local interests of the communities and their inhabitants...
...For a people to succeed in building a distinct society, you need an organized, a disciplined, and a conscious people...
...In carrying out these proposals there will be the general improvement of living conditions of workers and the consideration at the proper level of the responsibilities of educators...
...Chile's next elections are April 4, 1971, to elect regidores, or town councilmen in all the municipalities of Chile...
...Bethlehem Steel...
...In addition the truth can be published...
...178-180...
...Malnutrition affects their growth and limits their ability to learn and educate themselves...
...is struggling to become a government based on the electoral majority it obtained, and to be a government of the left will mean to occupy certain public offices such as the presidency, ministries, etc., with U.P...
...In short, we present a fundamentally anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist, socialist program and not one which is purely anti-imperialist, anti-monopoly, anti-feudal and democratic, as do some forces of the U.P...
...In November, 1967, the police and army killed or injured at least 22 persons participating in a general strike led by the leftist National Confederation of Chilean Workers (the CUTCH...
...24, No...
...UNITY AND ACTION OF THE ORGANIZED PEOPLE The growth of our workers' forces with regard to their number, their organization, their struggle and the awareness of their power reinforce and propagate the desire for profound changes, the criticism of the established order and the clash with its structures...
...1966 -17...
...5 These are the same problems that derive from class privileges and which will never be renounced voluntarily...
...Whose interest does El Mercurio represent...
...Today many fundamental questions remain unanswered...
...Petroquimica Dow S.A...
...Some indications of this are the IPA declaration and the New York Times editorial supporting a military coup in Chile, etc...
...The electoral majority of the left, above and beyond the possible direction the political leadership may take, or whether or not the confrontation is postponed, opens up a new historical period for the working class...
...980,000 of these lived in the greater Santiago area where government figures show unemployment as follows: 1963 -- 3.7...
...7. A high number of Chileans are poorly fed...
...THE PRESENT SITUATION AND THE PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE...
...The manner in which those problems are resolved will determine whether or not, or when MIR will again resume armed opposition...
...3 Chile's problems can be resolved...
...Shortly before the election, the conservative El Mercurio, Chile's most widely-read daily newspaper, carried a front page article which discussed Russia's 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia, intimating that Russian tanks were an inevitable byproduct of an Unidad Popular victory...
...6) in general all those activities which determine the country's economic and social development such a the production and distribution of electrical energy...
...5) the strategic industrial monopolies...
...POLICY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT The state's economic policy will be carried forward through the national system of economic planning and the mechanisms of control, orientations, production credit, technical assistance, tax policy and foreign trade policy as well as through the state's administration of the economy...
...U.S...
...The Communists...
...Popular Unity Government:Basic Program Annotations by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Marc Herold INTRODUCTION The parties and movements that make up the Coordinating Committee of Popular Unity, without endangering their own philosophies and political profiles agree completely in the analysis of the national reality explained below and in the programmatic ideas which will be the base of our common action and which we release for the consideration of the people...
...With this economic situation it will not be easy to solve the problems of the workers, considering there are no easily accesible sources of capital (nationalizations are a limited source unless they are massive with very low indemnities...
...For example, it can make decisions that obstruct the task of the peoples' government...
...We have never discarded the possibility that a country may pass to socialism as a "ripe fruit" when the worldwide capitalist system is in agony and socialism prevails on this planet...
...Kodak...
...The New York Times, February 3, 1971...
...wage and price regulations...
...The people have already elected president Salvador Allende and this is not negotiable at any cost...
...A NEW INSTITUTIONAL ORDER: THE POPULAR STATE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION A new power structure will be constructed through a process of democratization at all levels and an organized mobilization of the masses...
...A modern, patriotic and popular conception of the country's sovereignty will be defined based on the following criteria: a) The supporting of the national character by all the branches of the Armed Forces...
...In spite of this, imperialism has been forced sometimes to accept reformist governments where in the short run it could not intervene because it was tied up in bigger confrontations, as in the case of the Lazaro Cardenas government in Mexico which nationalized the oil...
...That of the banks and of the monopolies...
...5. A listing of the major U.S...
...Well, we will see if they keep their promise...
...The North American policy regarding reformist governments of the left has been basically one of open opposition...
...We contemplate the existence of a Supreme Tribunal whose members will be designated by the People's Assembly with no limitation other than that which emerges from the natural suitability of its members...
...The U.P...
...and one must not discard the possibility that the Southeast Asian conflict, the problems of prestige for the "leader of the free world," and the movement within the United States against the war in Vietnam, may limit the political actions for a short period of time...
...People can greet me and I can greet them, although, clearly, I do not spend my whole day saying hello to people...
...The "Tacnazo" 8 questioned the power, destroyed part of the military discipline and to a great extent politicized the young officers, the petty officers and the troops...
...C-F- 18 - MIR's Response to the U.P...
...Numerous and new sectors of the people have been incorporated into the struggle for socialism, and the electoral victory gave the masses the feeling of victory and the right "to govern...
...Would you go along with this...
...The largest religious demostrations took place during that time [of the Popular Front government...
...Thus, we developed our activities on the basis of either an electoral defeat of the U.P...
...The New York Times reported October 29, 1970, that according to Allende's own economic planning team, his government will inherit a demand for almost 900,000 productive jobs, equivalent to almost 1/3 of the labor force...
...In addition to full nationalization of copper, the government purchased the controlling share of the Lota Schwager Coal complex near Concepcion on January 1, 1 1971 and has begun talks with the Bethlehem Steel Co...
...15,000) 10,705 302 1,575 4,000 4 0 250 100 366 34 250 47 108 358 100 493 200 625 34 2 5,535 58 467 153 * 10,187 7 6 86 53 583 480 220 115 260 248 51 86 1,300 29 66 325 * * Not available Source: U.S...
...5. Petras, pp...
...in the new society they will have a place in the vanguard to continue their action...
...But Cuba is not like Chile...
...Would you say that the Indians have been awakened a little by the triumph of the Peoples' Union...
...We believe it would be useful to open up the discussion at a high and fraternal level, within the left, a discussion which others could turn, against our will, into ammunition for the enemy...
...U.S...
...Between 1958 and 1964, Chilean Christian Democracy became a mass movement, a new phenomenon in Chilean politics which "competes with the left in its appeal to populist or reform sentiments, but at the same time maintains firm social and ecomonic ties with business and foreign enterpreneurial groups...
...Just about every major company in Chile will be affected, with the greatest moves directed against the large copper mining companies -- Anaconda, Kennecott and Cerro (see below) -- where over half the known U.S...
...The different streams of opinion will flow into it and will manifest themselves...
...2) the country's financial system, especially, private banks and insurance companies...
...Forty others were wounded...
...In the same way all discrimination between men and women or because of age in relation to wages and salaries will be eliminated...
...I would imagine that all presidents would like to supply work -- they can't...
...1964 -- 4.2...
...Chile is the world's only significant producer of natural nitrates, which are used in the production of fertilizers and explosives...
...Furthermore the masses who were susceptible and anxious to mobilize on the 4th of September have become TV watchers and radio listeners of the political situation...
...economic aid to Chile through fiscal year 1968 was $1.238 billion (Inter-American Economic Affairs, Winter 1970, Vol...
...This calls for rejection of any use of the Armed Forces to repress the people or participate in actions that are of interest to foreign powers...
...II., (February, 1969) and vol...
...5 Allende tried again as FRAP's candidate in 1964, but he lost that year to the Christian Democrat, Eduardo Frei...
...It is much harder to achieve socialism through legal means...
...LANDAU: In this sense, President, is this a method that comes from winning electoral power...
...In 1967 these three companies accounted respectively for 13.3%, 47.2%, 30.5% and in 1958 for 15%, 48.4% and 26.7% of total Chilean copper production...
...All of this is for the purpose of nationalizing foreign capital, and returning all the banks, all the land, and all the factories to all the people.- 21 - VI...
...Frank, p. 99...
...These organizations will have to share responsibility and develop initiatives in their respective areas of action as well as the examination 21...
...1964 -- 39...
...program...
...National Secretariat of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Movimiento de izquierda revolucionaria) M.I.R...
...Popular unity is made for this...
...through the usurious North American loans that oblige us to spend in the United States and transport the purchased articles in North American ships, etc...
...Frei received 50 percent of the male vote and 63 percent of the female vote...
...The industrialization of the construction will be developed by controlling prices and by limiting the amount of the profits of the private or mixed enterprises that operate in this area...
...3 4 At 33...
...First they have to fulfill their responsibilities and then they have the right to say they are political leaders...
...How many magazines are there in Chile...
...We respect the right of the people to choose whatever government they desire...
...197-255...
...And these are not isolated instances...
...wholly owned cable company...
...The heterogenous political composition of the U.P...
...The disaffection of the Christian Democrat "rebeldes" and the formation of MAPU occured partly because of Frei's reluctance to carry out radical agrarian reform...
...Nevertheless, we are moving right along...
...In fact, employment in manufacturing actually declined as a percentage of total employment between 1925 and 1960...
...AREA OF SOCIAL PROPERTY 2 5 The process of transforming our economy will begin with a policy destined to make up a dominant state area formed by the enterprises that the state presently possesses along with the enterprises that will be expropriated...
...El Mercurio, Edicion Internacional, November 8-15, p. 4...
...Allende reports a figure of $9.8 billion over the last 60 years -- a sum equal to the value of capital 'What really ripes me, Highy, is they did it with demoratie vote...
...We shall also open discussions at the mass fronts to give impetus to this process from the base...
...All this has demonstrated once again that reformism is incapable of resolving the people's problems...
...But this sector will not allow the expropriation of the great portion of agrarian properties without receiving a good indemnity, simply because the big landowners are to a great extent the same, or belong to the same families as the industrialists and bank owners themselves...
...LANDAU: And here President Allende, would you say that the North American copper companies have extracted a lot...
...5. MIR carried out an armed occupation of the town of Helvetia...
...They will say that liberty is in danger, that violence will rule the country, and so forth...
...in manufacture and sale of steel shipping containers...
...For example, in the case of the banks...
...Edwards should be here, in Chile to answer legally for what his bank has done...
...On October 24 the Chilean Congress overwhelmingly proclaimed Allende as Chile's President...
...To stimulate and orient the mobilization of the people of Chile toward the conquest of power we will set up Popular Unity Committees everywhere, in every factory, large farm, slum, office or school...
...2 1 The generation of every organism of popular representation should be carried out by universal, secret and direct suffrage of all men and women of more than 18 years of age, both civilian and military, both literate and illiterate...
...8. The Radical Party candidate, Julio Duran, received only 5 percent of the vote...
...Peaceful Transition to Socialism...
...A law clearly defining conflicts of interest will be established which will call for the resignation of those deputies or public employees with high responsibilities who act as representatives of private interests...
...Allende compaigned especially diligently among women in 1970...
...The Anaconda figures are from our own calculations based on various business press sources...
...We have to answer for our actions to a congress in which we do not even have a majority...
...We must establish very clearly the difference between a temporary setback of the ruling classes and a strategic defeat which has not yet taken place...
...5. Chile governs and legislates in favor of the few, the big capitalists and their followers, the companies that dominate our economy and the large land owners whose power remains almost intact...
...to check the rate of inflation, support the establishment of an Inter-American military force, oppose the admission of Red China to the United Nations, accelerate the reform of its tax collection arrangements, and reach a workable agreement with its embattled U.S.owned copper companies...
...The armed forces, the traditional reserve force used by the ruling classes as a last card to play when their interests are being threatened, were not able to operate with ease...
...Concerning political structure the popular government has a double task: -- to preserve and make more effective and profou