Generals of the America, Unite

...A military operation is but one of several ways to combat communist insurgency...

...The basic ingredients for insurgency are clearly visible...

...and those of the nation we are seeking to help - must often play a major role and use their special equipment and capabilities to help the people help themselves...

...This, of course, calls for operational procedures that prevent enemy agents from gathering information...

...Mao used the peasant as the backbone of his movement...

...o Wariness and vigilance...

...Self-help, self-government, and self-defense all create in the people a greater feeling of belonging to a viable community by contributing to their own local and national salvation...

...The time-honored demand for effort and skill is ever-present...

...Another penetrating lesson we have learned from our experiences in South Vietnam is the importance - and the difficulty - of denying intelligence to the enemy...

...It is the armed forces of a nation that provide the security necessary for law enforcement, nation building, and all else a nation does...

...A well trained infantry batallion can fight and defeat either guerrillas or larger forces...

...But, important as military and police forces are, the other functions of government and society cannot be forgotten...

...One only needs to read his newspaper to know that the communists have used insurgent warfare throughout the world with varying degrees of success...

...All the communists have to do is to find these weak spots and then cause them to ferment and fester...

...In fact, the demand for individual skills is perhaps far greater in this sort of warfare because there are more small unit operations - more demands placed on the individual soldier and small unit leader...

...Intelligence must not be viewed as an end in itself...

...I could quote several examples of what I mean by learning the guerrilla's tricks, but I will mention just one...

...The fact that we are here is proof of that desire for cooperation...

...In the climate of South Vietnam reliable wire communications are often difficult to maintain...

...The premium is - as always - on ingenuity...

...Once the Viet Cong controlled the countryside by his expert use of ambushes - the classic guerrilla tactic...

...But, I want to preface my remarks with two observations: first, historyhas already shown us that each insurgency has differences - that there is no single solution or strategy...

...They are all there for us to examine...

...so are the preparations and actions of the insurgents...

...The South Vietnamese are freedom-loving people - they are our friends - they asked us to help them so they could cheese their emn destiny, a destiny the communist leadership in Hanoi planned - and still plans - to central...

...As military men I realize that you have a special interest in some of the specific tactics and techniques we have learned to use in combating communist insurgency...

...Now - night and day - the Viet Cong has become the hunted instead of the hunter...

...Our elements maneuver so as to cause the enemy to mass and present a lucrative target for artillery and air power...

...Weariness must never be permitted to cause the fighting man to drop his guard...

...If I were to list some of the peculiar demands upon both governments and armies in fighting insurgency, I would certainly include these: o Determination...

...Again, may I express my deep appreciation for the honor you have bestowed upon me today in permitting me to address tia conference...

...In South Vietnam, H Chi Minh is relying en an insurgent trained outside the target country and on an army infiltrated from the same direction...

...When a regular military force operates in an insurgency or guerrilla warfare nviroment, it is extremely difficult - if not impossible - to screen installations from enemy observation and penetration...

...The insurgent is waiting for the first sign of carelessness...

...I was pleased to accept that invitation because as military men I believe that we, perhaps more than any other profession in the public service, recognize the immediate threat to the countries and people we serve that is posed by the sort of thing which is taking place today in Southeast Asia...

...We use what might be called a combination of the old and the new because our operations usually begin by a slow intensive area search, followed by a violent and decisive application of power once we have fixed the enemy...

...On occasion we have even altered certain aspects of a planned military campaign because of adverse psychological considerations...

...We know - and respect - the determination of the insurgent...

...o It is to our mutual benefit to share experience...

...We have found, through experience, that the psychological impact of military activity warrants special attention if the operation is to be successful...

...Naturally, everything a nation does - any nation - must be done behind the protective shield provided by its military services...

...An army should be a cross section of the people it protects...

...However, I will simply point out a few principles that we have learned there...

...A moment ago I mentioned the importance of coordination...

...It is in the area of civic action that we see exemplified one of the finest attributes of any army - that an army exists for the benefit of the people...

...We use our firepower in every way possible to save manpower...

...Self-help means that the people must learn to contribute to their own development by working with their government to improve the capabilities of local communities to, in turn, provide for the people, Self-government means getting people interested in local administration and involved in such things as the election and activities of local officials...

...Such participation in common defense not only increases security but serves to isolate the communist insurgents from the people upon whom they must depend for their existence...

...For this reason I believe that the techniques of insurgent warfare are high on the list of threats which each of us must oensider...

...Pacification, simply defined, is the action taken by combined military and civilian processes to restore, consolidate and expand government control so that nation building can proceed...

...As I said, we must not expect to find the patterns identical or the tchniques always similar...

...At every level of civil administration the institutions and rganizations of government must show the peasant, and the tradesman alike, that his government is looking out for him...

...In his invitation...

...In an insurgency situation this method of handling intelligence will not work...

...When this firepower has done its work, infantry units move - by air, water and land to out off his avenues of escape...

...Lenin built his revolution around the proletarian worker...

...I am particularly grateful for the opportunity it affords to join with you in discussing the threats and problems that face our countries...our hemisphere and the Free World, of which our American states are such an important part...

...I would not attempt to enumerate or to describe them here...

...He is not only an expert in the use of psychology for his own purposes, he is an expert in the field of distorting our intentions and capitalizing on our mistakes...

...Nation building calls for all elements of government to contribute something...

...I cannot stress too strongly how important security is, because without it all the other gains a nation makes - such as improvements in government administration, educational progress, and health and welfare - are lost...

...Above all, I believe, an army must be trained to work in the bush - to invade and operate in the kinds of rough terrain and remote areas where the communist insurgents usually live and function...

...I refer here to activities that we call nation building...

...We realize also that we are opposed by a communist foe who s a demonstrated expert in the psychological field...

...o Professionalism...

...Our use of his own tactic has turned his environment against him.-12An army must be prepared to accomplish all of its assigned missions - to meet all threats...

...But special measures must be taken, particularly in jungles and mountainous areas, to extend the range of unit radios...

...How shining and near could we see the future if two, three, or many Vietnamu flourished on the face of the earth with their quota of death and their great tragedies, their daily heroism, their dealing of repeated blows to imperialism, their forcing of the latter to disperse its forces under the blast of the growing hatred of the peoples of the world.-10I believe that the eonfliot in South Vietnam today is a part of mans continuing struggle for freedom...

...We know that if aggression under the guise of "national liberation" succeeds there, it is ready to be marketed...

...Equally manifest is our desire to cooperate - both as representatives of our countries and as comrades in the profession of arms - in taking steps to meet the challenges and solve the problems confronting us...

...It is a well recognized fact that it is far easier to destroy something of value than it is to build something of value...

...I wish I had more time to spend on this because it is really a subject in itself, one on which many books have already been written...

...Now lot's turn to another consideration that my country has found to be essential in combating insurgency...

...This is usually done by positioning relay stations on hills or mountaintops or by relay from a light aircraft...

...The people must be encouraged to take part in government...

...Also, every operations plan should include a counterintelligence annex...

...Of particular importance in South Vietnam has been the close support of tactical aircraft, and the massed fires of artillery positioned to fire from central positions at many different targets...

...An army's reason for existing has been aptly described in these words: "Rampart of the nation - protector of the people...

...It involves cooperation with the police by providing timely intelligence, making guides available to the military and, in special situations, bearing arms to assist in local security...

...It also calls for appropriate population control, including the early issue of identification papers to friendly citizens - papers that cannot be easily stolen or counterfeited...

...I cannot close my diseusion of military operations in South Vietnam without paying tribute to the gllant men of all the armed services of my country and of South Vietnam - and of Australia, Korea...

...This is so because there is a relative freedom of movement of the civilian population - there are no neatly drawn combat lines...

...This poses a threat that will be present for a long time...

...The fact that we - and our countries - are concerned about these threats and problems is clearly manifest by our presence here at this conference...

...Control, skillful use of terrain, security, fire and maneuver - all are common denominators in any type of battle...

...We have kept this thought foremost in mind in helping the South Vietnamese to build up their forces, and to give their Army the capability to work with the police in finding and rooting out insurgents throughout South Vietnam...

...Because we recognize these facts, I am happy to have this opportunity to share my experiences nd thoughts with you...

...Expediency must never become an excuse for low standards of performance...

...Men and units must be able to make the guerrilla's habitat their own - to learn the guerrilla's techniques and use them against him...

...Yet, these two observations do not detract from the lessons that we can learn from our experiences in South Vietnam...

...Supply economy and supply discipline must be practiced by every unit and by every member of the unit...

...Our strength lies in cooperation...

...We have found through experience that military operations against guerrillas tend to sharpen the ability of forces to meet all threats...

...They have joined forees courageously in the fight to help a small nation throw back aggression and withstand the savagery ef terrorism and intimidation while building a free country...

...Some of the lessons that we have learned "the hard way" can, perhaps, be of benefit to others...

...Living among the people, protecting them, and enforcing the law in a ust manner places them in a position where they can do more than any other group of public servants to gain the confidence, respect and support of the people...

...Let's look at maneuver - the moving part - first...

...New Zealand, the Philippines, and Thailand...

...We have learned many lessons in this area, and we must continue to learn...

...It is very easy for the enemy to learn your habits of operation by observing your units as they prepare for their various kinds of movements and operations...

...Every event in the daily lives of the population has a distinct impact on the minds of the people...

...A great deal of attention must be directed at the training of the individual soldier and the small unit leader...

...In South Vietnam we have had to seek out the enemy in high mountains, in deep jungles, and along lowland waterways...

...By this I mean that the finest intelligence available is worthless until it is coordinated, evaluated, and put into the hands of the user - the commander - the man who can do something about it...

...Every nation-building act we adopt, in which the people can take pride and place confidence, is a direct and shocking blow to insurgency...

...Communications in an insurgency situation are critical...

...o As in all conflicts, all of us are prone to learn the hard way but, in my judgment, what we learn the hard way we learn better...

...Another activity with which we have gained a great deal of experience in South Vietnam is generally termed pacification...

...It has become an insurgency backed by outright invasion...

...Our experience in training men and units for the war in South Vietnam has revealed two things - first, that our training policies are basically sound, and, second, the specialized jungle or other area training must be given in addition to standard programs of instruction...

...The world has many dissatisfied people whom the communists can exploit in their quest for destruction of free society...

...In what we call conventional warfare, the intelligence agencies of one nation operate in complete isolation from the intelligence agencies of their allies...

...In most countries the intelligence agencies of government services even isolate themselves from each other...

...In most situations radio is the chief means of communication...

...We know that South Vietnam is a communist laboratory...

...We must have at least equal determination - persistence...

...Productivity is a basic requirement...

...It is on these fundamentals that I will attempt to concentrate, because our success against any insurgency depends upon what we do in these areas...

...Self-defense means that the people actively and willingly assist the police and military forces in securing their home areas...

...Every major military action must be evaluated in terms of what impact it will have on the attitudes of the people...

...I feel that the prospects of repeated "Vietnams" around the world present a very real danger to the security of every freedom-loving people...

...Its actions must demonstrate by deed, attitude, and conduct that it is for the people...

...If security fails, the people cannot help but lose confidence in their government...

...Building a strong nation involves many actions...

...The seeds of dissent are, and have always been, present in every society...

...But I believe I can summarize the matter in this way...

...it must be used as a means to an end...

...Some of this terrain has been as inaccessible as the mountains of Ecuador, the jungles near the headwaters of the Amazon, or - on the other hand - as open as the coastal plains near Guayaquil...

...In this same vein I am pleased to tell you that we have found that the great majority of our equipment has proved adaptable to counterinsurgency operations...

...In conclusion, let me emphasize these thoughts: o The insurgency environment is dynamic...

...It is interesting to note in this connection - and to me gratifying - that armies which have enjoyed the most success in recent years have been those which have moved off the parade ground and away from the comforts of the garrison, and have trained under conditions that more closely resemble those that the soldier generally finds in the actual battles against guerrillas...

...Its systems must be flexible and adaptable...

...We have a saying in our Army, and I am sure you have a similar one in yours, that an army must be able to 'move, shoot, and communicate...

...The heavy and special logistical requirements of this kind of warfare demand an especially close relationship between combat and combat support units...

...There is another area in which coordination plays a leading role - that of collecting intelligence...

...More than ever, intelligence collection must be timely, responsive, and detailed...

...Two things, however, are likely to remain the same the propaganda describing each insurgency will picture what they term an "oppressed" people rising to overthrow the alleged oppressor...

...The basis for what I will talk about is, of course, South Vietnam...

...They must be able to respond to every movement and kind of operation of the fighting units they support...

...We make extensive use of long-range patrols to acquire intelligence on a route of approach or withdrawal of the enemy...

...In an insurgency situation these requirements become quite specific...

...Once they become interested on a local level, they will begin to take notice of and participate on a higner level...

...To see ingenuity commonplace on the battlefield in Vietnam was one of my most gratifying experiences...

...Rationing of resources is critical...

...And the key word I mentioned before - coordination - must be forever emphasized.-11Although nation building sokuds like a function of civil agencies, it has been our experience that military forces - our w...

...second, what began in South Vietnam as a classic example of communist insurgency was greatly expanded by the introduction of regular forces from North Vietnam...

...Anyone who does not believe that the threats are both real and worldwide should remember these words of the late Che Guevara issued as a typical communist challenge...

...I am proud of then and I am proud to have been with them in that struggle fr freedom...

...Of all the lessons that my country and its Armed Forces have learned recently about dealing with communist subversion and insurgency, none is more important than the matter of coordinating the efforts of all national agencies, civilian and military...

...I want to point out at the beginning that I certainly de not have all of the answers...

...Through insurgency they have found a cheap way - a means that they can afford - to attempt to destroy established societies and to confront world powers...

...The objective - a communist dictatorship - will persist...

...My country has learned much - but we still have much to learn...

...I refer to our becoming masters of the ancient tactic of the ambush...

...Excess baggage and excess stocks are not only wasteful, they make a unit sluggish on the move...

...Many of your governments, supported by your armies, do this well indeed...

...And, particularly important is the requirement that at each level of government - particularly within the police forces - efforts and resources must be pooled to meet the common need...

...General Adalberto asked that I speak about experiences of a military and professional character acquired from our operations in South Vietnam...

...Particularly important among the civilian agencies, of course, and again at all levels are the police forces...

...For instance, economic agencies of national government must administer programs that foster prosperity and hinder inflation...

...It was my privilege, incidentally, to have visited each of these otherwise beautiful places thirty-two years ago while a second lieutenant - a shavetail Just out of West Point...

...You and I both know that fighting men are masters of ingenuity...

...Where indifference has existed in the past, particularly in rural areas, it has to be overcome...

...And I would like to emphasize "help the people help themselves...

...In difficult terrain against guerrilla-type enemies, communications between units must be quick and reliable...

...Political action is critically important...

...Supply forces must deploy with the combat forces in the early stages of the conflict...

...The target of communist insurgency is the people, so the civilian agencies responsible for caring for the needs of the people have a major role in eliminating grievances and creating unity, and for building national pride and confidence in government...

...To be successful, pacification must be planned and carried out in a way that will engage the people themselves in self-help, self-government and self-defense...

...Nation building takes in all those measures and actions which develop social structure in which the people work in unity to reach common goals...