HARVEST OF ANGER: Angro-imperalism in Mexico's Northwest
Baird, Peter & McCaughan, Ed. & Project, NACLA West Mexico
Introduction With the July 4th election of Jose Lopez Portillo as President of Mexico, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) enters its sixth decade of uninterrupted rule. The new president,...
...manufacturers of MACE), and the Lake Erie Chemical Co...
...Southwest...
...The Indian communities, which could show no legal titles to the land they lived on, were brutally swept away by the advancing colonizing companies...
...banks for credit, and thus reducing the bank's interest in financing them directly...
...According to this ejidatario, the corruption within the bank makes even the exploitation of the private companies pale by comparison...
...interests in northwestern Mexico...
...Information for the case studies compiled from The Packer, March 25, 1972, December 4, 1971, January 17, 1976...
...Their role within the industry is rising...
...4 1 1111111 IIIIIIIII IV- I ICI IIII - -III...
...rounds Mk...
...The object of this balancing game is nothing less than the maintenance of the capitalist system.II...
...gas gun S&W 4-75 . . 127 S&W #210 37mm...
...Another 10,000 foreign policemen received advanced training at IPA and other police schools in the United States...
...1 3 The reduction in agricultural output has had important effects on the rest of the economy...
...The capacity of a collectivization policy to reduce the massive unemployment and hunger for land, however, is extremely limited...
...One CNC spokesman claimed that the squatters who remained would no longer be recognized as members of the CNC, "until they have heeded our call to get off the lands...
...Besides the distributors, the growers have gone to two other main sources for credit: (1) The supermarket chains like Luckys and Safeway, which both have offices in Nogales, have financed certain producers over the years...
...Many are armed, admittedly with ancient 30-30's from the Revolution, but nonetheless determined to face a stand-off with the repressive forces...
...INDIAN LABOR: FROM CHURCH YOKE TO CAPITALIST BONDAGE In the 1850's the Mexican Republic faced a decisive moment in its history...
...Brauer, in referring to the collectives, explained, "We're organizing the campesino not simply to produce, but also to develop social consciousness...
...S&W 9-75 " " " 2,000 S&W #3 CS grenades S&W 9-75 " " " 300 S&W #23 CS barricade-piercing S&W 9-75 " " " projectiles 140 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 10-75 Prison Department 40 qt...
...The campesinos, however, were not waiting...
...agribusiness...
...7. Roberto Tamayo Muller, President, UNPH, "La horticultura en el pasado, presente y futuro de Mexico," I1 Simposio Nacional de Parasitologia Agricola, memoria IAP, Organizaciones Agricolas de Sinaloa, November 8, 1974...
...They had requested this piece of land from the government officials in Mexico City for 20 years to feed their growing families, but it belonged to Miguel Dengel, one of the powerful growers allied to U.S...
...Their histories have been interwoven, just as their futures will undoubtedly be...
...2 For the small peasant producer "growing opium up here is neither a pleasant, nor a very profitable profession," wrote a reporter who visited the northwest highlands region in the late 1960's...
...Just as factions of the industrial bourgeoisie failed to grasp the long-range importance of a number of Echeverria's changes in foreign investment and technology laws21 so the rural bourgeoisie has balked at any attempts to ease the class conflict by modifying their traditional position of unchallenged privilege...
...Ed McCaughan Typeset by Archetype Peter Baird Original Cover by Malaquras Montoya NACLA-West Mexico Project 2I...
...They used cheap labor and govern- ment assistance to produce cash crops like cotton, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco, henequen and vanilla for sale primarily to foreign markets...
...imperialism in creating a dependent rural bourgeoisie closely aligned with U.S...
...Roberto Tamayo, for example, one of the largest Culiacan growers, is currently president of the UNPH...
...Hoping to strike fear into the obstinate growers, the government lashed out in press conferences at the latifundios and their "imperialist allies" who continue to monopolize the lands at the expense of the campesinos, subverting the "true goals of the Revolution...
...One of the workers from Bustamante's packing shed who was jailed after leading a strike there a few years ago explained to NACLA in a recent interview how Bustamente gets around the law: Bustamante is a prestanombre, one of the thousands of these traitors to their country...
...capital and technology, took the dominant position by the early 1970s, shipping 60 percent of the tomatoes marketed...
...Looking for an escape valve, the two presidents from 1958-1970 reversed the trend of the previous 18 years and distributed large amounts of land - nearly 32 million hectares to a half million campesinos.* The land distributions of Presidents Lopez Mateos and Diaz Ordaz, however, did little to alter the trend toward increased concentration of land and wealth in one class, at the expense of the mass of campesinos...
...S&W S38-110JHP ammo...
...agribusiness...
...According to workers at the packing shed, the minimum wage is never paid there...
...Consequently, ever since the switch to vine-ripe tomatoes, according to one expert, "there has been a tendency for the concentration of production and distribution of the produce into fewer but larger enterprises...
...This section will look at one key sector of northwest agriculture - winter vegetable production - through which we hope to clarify the role of U.S...
...The grower...
...The strongest UGOCM unions operated in the areas of intensive capitalist agriculture: the Laguna region of northern Mexico, the Yaqui Valley and parts of Michoacan.9 The manipulation of Article 27 of the Constitution and the anti-worker programs of the Government since the 1940's had a profound effect on the development of class structure in all of Mexico...
...AICk5 Guided by the ideals of the French Revolution and the principles of laissez-faire capitalism, the Juarez government undertook a major reform of Mexican society...
...Cardenas approached agrarian reform differently for he believed that the ejido could be economically as well as politically viable...
...What has happened to the Mexican Revolution...
...agribusiness in shaping both agricultural development and class relations in the Northwest...
...cartridge gal...
...Military 12 S&W #15 CS rubber-ball gas gren...
...dropped sharply...
...which would have made the plots reasonably productive...
...The Yaqui War would soon join with the fires of a dozen rebellions throughout the republic and become a single flame of revolution...
...But these policies also caused the worst recession in Mexico in the past 15 years, with production and employment dropping in important sectors of the economy...
...From here we will only be removed to the cemetery...
...Because the DEA-supplied hardware is almost identical to the OPS-supplied equipment, and since most foreign police units engage in both conventional and anti-drug programs, GAO concluded that it would be difficult to detect or prevent violations of the 1974 act...
...The Canelos also use an elaborate drip-irrigation system designed by the DuPont Company, employ ten assistants with agricultural degrees, own over 70 tractors, two crop-duster planes, a passenger plane and 30 trailers...
...Another proposal given attention in the press was the elimination of the infamous derecho de amparo - literally the "right to protection" - which Alemin had written into the Constitution in order to protect private landowners from expropriations...
...S&W 37mm...
...Consequently, between 1936 and 1939 large tracts of land were expropriated in the irrigated districts of the Yaqui Valley in Sonora, the Laguna district and in Yucatan, and collective ejidos were established with government financing...
...Under Section 414(e) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, the Office of Munitions Control is required to provide Congress with weekly listings of all commercial arms sales * These licenses are required for export of any item on the U.S...
...A number of -growers and distributors claim that the U.S...
...Politically, the State is being challenged by a resurgence of labor militancy, provoked by a consistent decline in workers' buying power and growing anger over the heavy-handed control of trade unions and peasant organizations by the State labor bureaucrats...
...Thousands of young women pack tomatoes for export in large sheds owned by U.S...
...Arizona Republic, December 15, 1975...
...it began its first volume shipments of tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables in 1971, from 1500 acres owned by the de Saracho family in Culiacin, Sinaloa...
...The head of a Sinaloa grower association announced ominously to the press: "All is fair in war, and the war has begun...
...S&W Pepper Fog gas formula rds...
...S&W S38-110JHP ammo...
...misc...
...Agricultural strikes and land occupations in the 1950's by the Communist-led Independent Peasant Confederation (CCI) in several states were signs that another major conflict was around the corner...
...The capitalist class in Mexico and the U.S...
...Documents acquired by Polak, Winter and submitted to a Federal Judge in San Francisco indicate that S&W officials traveled around the world to demonstrate their products and to develop contacts with local police officials...
...Excelsior, December 1, 1975...
...S&W S32ACP-71MC ammo...
...4. "Uruguay Police Agent Exposes U.S...
...Using these listings, NACLA has been able to calculate the value of some commodities...
...S&W 11-75 " IRAN 100 100 10,000 100 S&W .357-cal...
...revolvers S&W 10-74 Metrop...
...S&W riot-control equipment S&W 6-75 For tests by Army EL SALVADOR 8,000 rds...
...revolvers JA 5-74 " " 100 SAM .38-cal...
...Between the two, they supplied less than a fifth of all agricultural credit extended in 1960.4 A new bank, however, was recently created to centralize the government's rural credit operations: the Banco Nacional de Credito Rural...
...Still another was the United Sugar Co...
...revolvers S&W 4-75 " 322 SA .38-cal...
...The same process of capital accumulation which concentrated lands within the large corporate holdings also created a mass of landless workers forced to sell their labor-power to the corporations by which they were dispossessed...
...The U.S...
...In addition, by organizing the best ejidos into collectives, the government hopes to partially regain its quickly eroding base of social support among a sector of the campesinos - just as Echeverria sought to strengthen the government's base within the labor movement in recent years by granting a number of important wage hikes...
...as well as close relations with the Arizona state government, U.S...
...The new president, however, will assume power during one of the most difficult crises yet faced by the capitalist world's oldest single-party state...
...However, the heart of the program to develop a revolutionary alternative in the countryside is the independent organization of farm workers, who at this time do not share even the minimal protection offered by unionization...
...are produced by peasants in the non-irrigated areas which were seriously affected first by droughts and then by flooding in the early years of the decade...
...Excelsior, March 21, 1976...
...dominated agribusiness: Culiacan, Hermosillo, Mexicali, Coachella, Los Angeles, Delano, Phoenix, Sacramento...
...The growers are fearful of the unionization drives...
...220 Night FI 4-75 Vision system 10 MIECO P-25A telephone scrambler FI 5-75 " 10 MIECO P-10 radio scrambler FI 5-75 COSTA RICA 24 GOEC Mk.VII Chemical Mace baton S&W 4-74 Costa Rica police 24 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 4-74 " " " 6000 rds...
...revolvers FI FI FI FI FI S&W FI S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W 8-74 10-74 10-74 10-74 10-74 3-75 5-75 6-751 6-75 ) 7-75) 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 10-75 2-76 Min...
...and Jos4 Luis Cecefia, et al., op...
...4. A.B...
...1 0 In some countries, the introductions are made by members of the U.S...
...They'll try to suppress the organizing...
...The bases for this policy were the laws of Colonization and Unused Lands...
...protecting growers from enforcement of federal labor laws such as minimum wage, social security payments and housing etc...
...gas gun S&W 3-76 Federal Security 250 S&W #67 gas mask S&W 3-76I Forces co Qty...
...Produces copious tearing and a burning sensation on skin...
...Although the State Department deleted all cost data from the documents supplied NACLA under the FOIA, it is possible to make some price calculations from other sources...
...On the one hand there has been created a powerful, though dependent, rural bourgeoisie and on the other a rapidly growing rural proletariat...
...25 per year for profit-making and government organizations ($48 for two years...
...Under this provision a landowner is issued a certificate guaranteeing his protection against expropriation...
...As one farm worker employed by a company of U.S...
...newspapers: All aboard for Mexico...
...A subsidiary of the Ex-Cell-O Corp...
...POLICE EXPORTS TO THE THIRD WORLD MUNITIONS SALES BY MAJOR U.S...
...2) U.S...
...In fact, only a small portion of the landed elite was severely affected by the agrarian reforms promised in the Constitution...
...The number of landless campesinos employed in agriculture increased 60% between 1950 and 1960, from 2.3 million to over 3 million, while 85% of the peasants who did own some land barely survived...
...NACLA interview with CAADES official, Nogales, January 1976...
...The average daily wage in the northwest is a little over $2.50 to $3.00 for those migrants who work part of the year on their own plots, and closer to $5 for the year-round workers...
...For over a dozen years the growers have paid "dues" to the corrupt leaders of the powerful Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM) for the admitted purpose of preventing genuine unionization of farm workers...
...The only "concession" granted was that the growers would establish a fund to build factories in the mountain areas, thereby creating employment centers away from the rich valley lands that are the targets of the campesinos...
...They were marked by social inequalities and rivalries, but the lands they lived, worked and hunted upon were based on a system of communal use, not private property...
...Peasants invaded tens of thousands of hectares in Zacatecas, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Chiapas, Tamaulipas, Sonora, Nuevo Leon, and Oaxaca...
...LR CN gas projectiles S&W 4-75 " " 3,800 S&W 37mm...
...revolvers S&W 6-74 " " 175 SAW .38-cal...
...gallon gren...
...S&W 4-75 1,000 rds...
...capital were invested in Mexican production through the Nogales distributors, the super market chains and Arizona banks...
...Then there began a general discontent among the workers of the packing shed, the poor people...
...Heroin and marijuana are now said to be Mexico's principal exports to the U.S., with a street value estimated at $20 billion a year.' As in the case of vegetables, the drugs are harvested in Mexico's northwestern states by poor peasants, but are financed and controlled by U.S...
...WHO GETS THE 454 YOU PAY FOR A POUND OF TOMATOES...
...They required volume shipments that only the largest operations could supply...
...revolvers S&W 10-74 " i 23,000 rds...
...So far, the battle to establish independent unions is still uphill...
...The Sinaloa Dam, in the Valley of Culiacan, for example, opened up 65,000 hectares, most of it going to enlarge the handful of wealthy growers and their U.S...
...drug buyers were cut off from their traditional suppliers of heroin in Turkey, China and Indonesia and began to look to Mexico for a nearby source...
...SR CN gas projectiles S&W 4-75 " " 140 S&W #210 37mm...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Exporter Date RecipientQty...
...A special committee from the U.S...
...Families like Tamayo, Clouthier, Cardenas and Ritz - all vegetable growers in partnership with North Americans - own the distributorships for U.S...
...Also active in the northwest is the recently created Independent Union of Agricultural Workers and Peasants (CIOAC), which has demonstrated its independence from the government-controlled organizations...
...Unlike the powerful rural bourgeoisie, however, the campesinos remain unorganized and isolated from their class allies...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...first contract...
...The details of this conflict will be seen more clearly in the following sections on land invasions and unionization...
...The CTM has since become fully integrated into the PRI governmental structure, its heads appointed to posts ranging from small-town mayors to congressmen...
...There is no possibility the government will go communist," was the confident pronouncement of Al Whichtrich, the Chamber's executive vice president, recently named by Phillip Agee as a C.I.A...
...origin, with Up-John and A. L. Castle the principal suppliers of vegetable seed and Anderson Clayton still dominant in cotton seeds...
...Dun and Bradstreet, op...
...This was dramatically expressed by a packing-shed worker in the north of Sinaloa, who said, "We see every day that we can't live on the miserable salary that they pay us...
...The termination of the Public Safety program has not meant an end to U.S...
...Agricultural exports from Mexico to the U.S...
...While the constant migration makes for a rather unstable work force which is difficult to organize, a certain continuity is added by the fact that many workers follow the same pattern each year, often working for the same ranches season after season...
...At the same time, OPS funnelled an estimated $150 million worth of arms, vehicles and other hardware to favored police forces abroad.' While the ostensible goal of OPS was to assist in the "professionalization" of Third World police forces, its real objective was to strengthen indigenous repressive capabilities...
...For the first time in thirty years the land distributions affected the irrigated districts of capitalist agriculture, largely in response to militant demands from farm workers who were employed on the agribusiness enterprises...
...The solvents help pene- trate the outer skin layers so that the CN affects the nerve end- ings directly...
...Most crimes (including the 300 murders in Culiacan in 1975) are drug related...
...The resistance of the Yaquis and other groups to the north was even stronger...
...The first law, in 1883, authorized colonizers (foreign or Mexican) to lay claim to "virgin lands" and construct compaii(as deslindadoras (colonizing companies) to survey the land, build irrigation systems where possible and divide it for sale...
...Government also played an important role in insuring that the right kind of leaders took over, using arms shipments, gunboats and diplomatic recognition when it deemed appropriate...
...and finally the farm workers' drives towards unionization which have altered significantly the panorama of class conflict in the countryside...
...and Mexican capitalists in the northwest...
...Minlstry rds...
...financier - be it a bank or a supermarket chain...
...One of the first U.S...
...When it was over, ten people lay dead and dozens wounded amid the furrows of the El Chaparral ranch...
...agribusiness...
...If you want to kill us, if that's what you came for, here we are...
...Men, women and children also travel the highways and dirt roads that take them from their willages into the heart of U.S...
...The government-owned railroad offered the growers discount rates to ship carloads of workers up from the south, and open-air cattle trucks made daily runs to the mountains to recruit Indians...
...police assistance programs abroad, American firms continue to provide arms and training through the commercial arms sales program and the Drug Enforcement Administration's overseas aid program...
...As a result of a drop in world demand and price for cotton, and efforts by the U.S...
...ammo...
...revolver S&W 3-76 Sao Paulo 10 Redfield #117001 rifle scope FI 4-76 Brazilian Army 350 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace FI 4-76 CHILE 500000 rds...
...X., No...
...The gringos have purchased less from us in order to maintain high prices in their country, and since they have a noose around our necks, they've paid us less, too...
...Their influence, however, should not be underestimated...
...F1 4-75 100 FL #206 CN.projectiles FI 4-75 " " 100 FL #233 CN blast projectiles FI 4-75 " " 200 FL #6003 gas mask FI 4-75 " " 12 SAW #21 37mm...
...revolvers S&N 10-74 " " 357 SAW .38-cal...
...The application of the reform, though, would be something else altogether...
...There is little doubt that the Cardenas reforms, long overdue, enabled the ruling party to withstand the most serious challenge to its power since the Revolution...
...police programs after the Congressional aid cut-off of 1973...
...88 60 314 976 162 182 338 1101 334 Varo #6000 Nite Viewer Redfield #117001 rifle scopes FL #201 37mm...
...break with Cuba was the best thing that happened to their business...
...The local population of the northwest still only accounts for a little more than a third of the region's agricultural workforce, but since the rapid decline of cotton production after 1970,* there have been more than enough workers all year round...
...FI 12-74 10 FL #280 Federal Streamer FI 12-74 50 FL #115 CN gas grenades FI 1-75 " 50 FL #555 CS gas grenades FI 1-75 50 FL #203 CN gas cartridges FI 1-75 PAKISTAN 10,000 S&W #3 CS gas grenade S&W 9-74 Federal Security 15,000 S&W #1 CS gas grenade S&W 9-74 Force, 5,000 S&W #104 CS grenade S&W 9-74 Rawalpindi 1,500 S&W #67 gas mask S&W 9-74 100 GOEC Mk.III Chemical Mace S&W 9-74 250 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 9-74 500 GOEC Mk.IX Chemical Mace S&W 9-741 2,000 S&W #2 CN gas grenade S&W 4-75 Punjab Police 4,000 S&W #1 CN gas grenade S&W 4-75 " 6,000 S&W #25 CN gas grenade S&W 4-75 " " 2,226 S&W 37mm...
...Today the majority of the population of the Sierra Madre region is said to be involved in the drug traffic in one way or another...
...As conditions worsen for farm workers and peasants, however, they also have begun a resurgent drive toward organization and defense of their standards of living and dignity - a movement which is intensifying daily...
...Assistance, pp...
...The week before last the UGOCM planted their strike flags in the four corners of one of my tomato fields and they didn't let anyone enter...
...grenade proj...
...However, the price is set by the company, and the ejidatario explained that many of the peasants don't make enough money on the sale of their cotton to pay back the loans, and are left with only $2 or $3 at the end of the season...
...7. Noroeste (Mexico), April 8, 1976...
...4 Also key in the trend toward concentration was the rise of the large chain stores to a dominant position within the market during the 50's and 60's...
...Justice Department and other agencies have increased their efforts to control the drug flow from Mexico, which now supplies 90% of the heroin to the half-million addicts in the U.S...
...but first it is helpful to briefly review the overall economic and political crisis which the current government is attempting to resolve...
...The land invasions remain isolated, spontaneous actions, and as such can be repressed by the State if it is forced to do so...
...revolvers SW 9mmn.-cal...
...La Santa de Cabora, as she was called, threatened foreign investment in the area for years until a joint force of Mexican and U.S...
...The commercial sector in the northwest, owned for the most part by the growers, closed down their businesses, and industrial and banking organizations made statements supporting the landowners' action...
...The restructuring seems to be taking place on a large scale, with each step carefully planned and with considerable resources directed towards training and technology...
...Wilson went on to explain that the growers are planning another work stoppage: All of the private sector of the northwest is getting together like they did last year...
...I lil iliilllllllllll lillll ll l| lillllllillllllllllllll 450 YEARS OF CHICANO HISTORY An excellent new paperback book of 550 drawings and photos with brief introductions in English and Spanish...
...Just as campesinos in the northwest look northward to the example being set by farm workers in the U.S., so does the strategy of militant unions and political organization in the U.S...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...the workers too must find that their strength and survival lies in such an international alliance...
...however, he warned, "This depends on the laws affecting that sector" - a clear reference to the current conflict...
...9. The Packer, January 17, 1976...
...cit., p. 70...
...Consequently the drive to keep wages at rock bottom is even more exaggerated in the dependent export economy of the northwest than in the United States where farm workers' wages are infamously low...
...investors who control the deadly trade...
...More often than not, however, solutions were negotiated, expropriated lands were paid for, and individuals affected by the reforms were allowed to keep the best 100 hectares for themselves...
...4. NACLA interview, June 12, 1976...
...CN LR gas proj...
...The manager of the new bank's Culiacan branch claimed in an interview that 80% of the bank's funds will be made available to ejidatarios arid peasants, reflecting the government's need to fortify agricultural production in the ejido sector...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...When the rural bourgeoisie made it clear that even to discuss modification of these provisions was akin to heresy, the government attempted to force the landowners into accepting minimal reforms...
...The same violent process, however, is occurring throughout all the agrarian states of the country...
...Once we start that organizing," says the UFW's Lyons, "the companies will respond the way growers respond anywhere...
...However, others saw capital invest- ment as a more viable form of foreign control...
...Most important, this is a history of a people's struggle for land and freedom from both foreign and domestic oppressors - a struggle which continues today in the irrigated plains and valleys of northwestern Mexico...
...Harvest of Anger The Mexican Revolution, as we have seen, never resolved the class conflicts that brought it about...
...Relations between the Mexican and U.S...
...0 Loading animal feed at Anderson Clayton's plant in Culiacan.22 challenges to industry in recent years...
...After three and a half decades of attacks on Cardenas' collectivization schemes as communist attempts to undermine the private sector, the government has concluded that, in fact, collectivization is necessary for the further development of capitalism in the countryside...
...they just shouted 'al ataque muchachos' and they attacked us...
...jumped from $33 million in 1965 to $95 million in 1966...
...Each room will hold over 40 tons of tomatoes...
...In Sinaloa, where the development of corporate farming has grown more quickly than elsewhere, the number of farm workers doubled between 1960 and 1970 - from 66,000 to 126,000.1 The majority of these workers are permanent members of the proletariat - which is not to say they are permanently employed, only that they are permanently landless and without recourse to other means of income...
...Hundreds of trucks arrive daily, stopping first on the Mexican side to be inspected and cleared through both Mexican and U.S...
...In 1972, the government reversed its policies - as others had done in the past - increasing public expenditures and liberalizing restrictions on the banks...
...Section I reviews the role of U.S...
...1920-1934: A REVOLUTION FOR WHOM...
...growers' publication, "While mechanical harvesting is not suddenly going to be dominant in the Mexican vegetable growing scene, growers are considering this possibility in the future, whether it be 10 years or 20 years from now...
...According to the official of a government bank in Cualican, 20-40% of the state's total agricultural credit comes directly from foreign sources...
...Over the past year hundreds of similar land occupations have taken place in the rich farm districts along the coast of Sonora and Sinaloa...
...revolvers S&W 1-76 Army Internal Se- curity Forces NEPAL 25 Mauser HSC .380 auto...
...Over the entryway of each school are four bold letters: FORD...
...I think there may be a chaotic situation for a while, but eventually someone will have to grow the vegetables...
...And at an average cost of $100,000, the 296 V-150 "Commando" armored cars sold by the Cadillac-Gage Company were worth an estimated $29,600,000 - not counting spare parts, training, etc...
...In the river valleys of Sinaloa they labored on early sugar plantations and mills, while under the Jesuits they were obliged to enter the mines or work on church lands without pay...
...colonizing companies which dispossessed millions of Indians from their lands at the end of the 19th century, creating in their wake the misery that sparked the Mexican Revolution...
...which would play such an important role in future years...
...The DEA's commodity assistance program has been rising steadily - from $2.2 million in Fiscal Year 1973 to $12.5 million in FY 1974 - and now matches the discontinued OPS commodity program...
...which displaced numerous villages to develop 58,000 hectares for sale...
...They didn't try to talk to us, didn't even tell us to leave...
...revolvers S&W .357-cal...
...agribusiness...
...Subscriptions: $10 per year for individuals ($18 for two years), $16 per year for non-profit institutions ($30 for two years...
...the government intervenes, forcing the campesinos to leave the land until the court can settle the dispute - twenty or thirty years later...
...6. Except where otherwise indicated, the data on migrant farm workers was provided by Mexican government officials...
...The irrigation systems, the farm equipment, the crop dusters, the packing sheds - all are the latest in U.S...
...10-75 Caracas police 10-75 fTerr.Fed.Delta L Amacuro police 12-75 Mi n.Communi cations 12-75 " " 12-75 Carabobo police 12-75 Monagas police 1-76 Milit.Intelligence 2-76 Monagas police 2-76 I 2-76 State Police,Laras 2-76 " " " 3-761 State Police, 3-76 Portuguesa w CA Recipient Qty...
...Echeverria says the peasants can do it, and the government will provide the resources...
...Although arms sales to foreign police forces do not approach the magnitude of regular military sales (which in Fiscal Year 1975 topped $9.5 billion), they probably have a greater effect on the day-to-day lives of people living in the Third World - particularly in those countries where the police play a major role in controlling the population and suppressing dissent...
...arms manufacturers have sold over 35,000 handguns, 4,525,000 rounds of ammunition, 152,000 gas grenades and projectiles, 296 armored cars and 4,665 cannisters of MACE to police and prison agencies in the Third World...
...cit., pp...
...The Indian communities that could not escape into the nearby Sierra Madre mountains after the conquest were forced into semi-slavery to produce for the Spanish overlords...
...S&W S&W SAW S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W 10-74 10-74 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 2-76 2-76 2-76 2-76 Paraguay police "It It It "II "II "I, "II "II "II II II II II II II It PERU 1,500 FL #115 CN gas grenades JA 12-75 Civil Guard 1,260 FL #515 CS gas grenades JA 12-75 " " TRINIDAD 50 FL #6003 gas mask FI 9-73 Trin/Tob police 2 F. #452 shotgun launchers FI 9-73 " " 50 FL #455 12-gauge laucher cart...
...Clearly, if any serious effort is to be made to curb arms deliveries to authoritarian regimes abroad, some new inspection and control measures are required...
...S&W 7-74 " " 24 S&W Tru-flite Mk.II 12-gauge S&W 7-74 " barricade-piercing proj...
...They met fierce resistance from the Sinaloa Indians who eliminated more than one expedition, and it was over 100 years before their colonization was complete...
...For their Nogales operations, they purchased a modern, air-cooled warehouse and packing plant with seven receiving doors, another seven truck-loading doors and a two-car rail spot...
...The rural bourgeoisie's intransigence and narrow vision of the current crisis has led to their confusion and mistrust regarding the position of the government vis a vis the land invasions...
...Deardorff-Jackson is a relative newcomer to the Nogales deal...
...Since the early seventies, the nation's economy has been marked by increasing instability as the foreign debt, the trade deficit and inflation spiral out of control...
...Assistance Programs in Vietnam Hearings, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., 1971...
...FC .38-cal...
...Congressmen, headed by extreme right-winger Larry McDonald, addressed a letter to President Ford warning that the land occupations were only one of many signs that Mexico was "going communist...
...Another grower claimed it was to protest the government's "move toward communism," while another said it was an ideological defense of private property which was at stake...
...In early May, Merle Hayes, president of the powerful American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico, 2 9 declared that U.S...
...S&W S38-158RN amno...
...Also included were a company-paid medical plan and a base wage of $2.60 in 1975...
...FI 9-73 " " 6 FL #201Z 1.5"-cal...
...revolver S&W S&W S&W S&W S&AW S&AW S&W SAW S&AW gren...
...The de Saracho's started their gassing operations in 1975 to save money on field labor costs - "it is easier to pick mature greens than pinks" - and to improve the quality of the fruit arriving at DeardorffJackson's set-up in Nogales...
...Government and Diaz agreed to give each country free passage across the border to pursue the rebels...
...The charros won't do it because they're afraid he'd cut them off his payroll...
...Section II will discuss this industry and its effect on class relations...
...The delicate heroin poppies and marijuana plants are not grown in the irrigated valleys of the Pacific coast, but instead amid the highlands of the Sierra Madre mountains that stretch from Guerrero in the south to Sonora in the north - an area of nearly 23,000 square miles poorly suited for farming...
...This same amount is sold for $12,000 to the processor and, much diluted, it could be sold for as much as $1 million on street corners in the U.S...
...Bangor Punta...
...6 1958-1970: MONOPOLIZATION AND TIMID REFORMS The heightened monopolization and impoverishment caused by the postwar agrarian policies of Aleman once again threatened to disrupt the development of capitalist agriculture after 1958...
...CS gas proj...
...You go and buy tomatoes now, a tomato costs 25 cents...
...In Hong Kong, for instance, the Polak, Winters representative was aided by Dow Cheplical, and in Singapore by the American Presidents Line...
...The main thrust of government policies in agriculture has been (1) to increase the amount of money poured into the countryside from 10% of the federal budget in 1970 to 20% in 1975...
...13 FINANCING THE TOMATO DEAL Production of winter vegetables, and particularly tomatoes, requires vast amounts of capital...
...S&W 5-75 HAITI 6 C-G V-150 Commando armored car C-G 9-73 Palace Guard 1 Mecar 90mm...
...market faced by the Northwest Mexico winter vegetable industry comes from Florida, historically the leading U.S...
...With arms raised, the campesino leader, 27-year-old Juan de Dios Teran, walked toward the commanding colonel to surrender...
...IMPORTS OF FRESH VEGETABLES FROM MEXICO TOMATOES ALL VEGETABLES MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION YEAR POUNDS DOLLARS POUNDS DOLLARS 1962 233 $ 17 334 $ 26 1963 240 21 342 30 1964 246 27 338 36 1965 265 29 397 40 1966 359 52 524 67 1967 362 43 542 60 1968 387 47 619 68 1969 446 68 740 101 1970 641 95 1,001 137 1971 570 84 945 128 1972 582 88 1,002 135 1973 749 115 1,292 176 1974 591 64 1,108 107 source: USDA-Organizing in the Sunshine StateThe only significant competition for the U.S...
...they are angry, determined veterans of years of struggle against oppression...
...The Packer, January 15, 1972...
...Police Operations in Latin America," NACLA Report (January, 1972), pp...
...We are tired of promises," declared the leader of one land occupation in Sonora, "of corrupt leaders and charros of the CNC, CCI and the UGOCM...
...5 Corruption of Mexican businessmen and government officials, however, is only half the reason why it will be difficult to stop the drug traffic...
...8. Stopping U.S...
...Another new gas on the market, Purafil, is used to slow down the ripening process so that tomatoes can be held for days at a time when the market drops off...
...Many of these have ended in violence by army troops or grower-financed vigilantes...
...They are the organizations which bring the agribusiness system together on a political and social level, and lead the corporate interests in their process of expansion and in their struggle against the growing efforts of farm workers in both the U.S...
...The stoppage shows it's not just the working class that moves things...
...rifles FI 2-75 " " 4,000 rds...
...But once Madero assumed power he refused to disband the federal army or act on the agrarian question...
...Congress voted in 1976 to require advance notice of all commercial arms sales of $7 million or more, but this will not affect police sales, which rarely exceed that amount...
...1 GOEC Star-tron viewer 88 S&W .38-cal...
...pro- ducer of winter vegetables...
...exports of vegetables dropped by about 5% that year...
...Who gets all the money...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient BOLIVIA 12 S&W .38-cal...
...It is not difficult to imagine, then, the fierceness with which the growers fight independent labor organizing in their fields and packing sheds...
...Wilson managed to remain untouched by the agrarian reform, partly because he "legalized" his holdings by taking on a Mexican prestanombre, Benjamin Bon Bustamante...
...Beginning in 1946, government financed programs began damming the large rivers of Sinaloa, Sonora and Nayarit and dug enormous canals to carry the water to the dry plains and valleys...
...4 Cardenas, as head of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), set out to bring peace to the countryside by distributing massive amounts of land - nearly 18 million hectares to some 800,000 campesinos, more than all of the previous "revolutionary" governments put together...
...The growers seemed satisfied that they would control the Commissions, not expecting much opposition from the other members...
...It is now the largest food company in Mexico, employing over 4,000 workers and with annual sales of over $148 million and profits of $6.9 million in 1973.921 The seemingly unshakeable patience of the campesino has been pushed to the limit, and the words of four and half million landless peasants echo across the valleys of the northwest, off the hills of Zacatecas and through the rain forests of Chiapas: "We have waited sixty years for land that belongs to us, and we're tired of waiting...
...The Secretary of Agrarian Reform admitted that nearly one-fifth of all the lands distributed by the Revolution had been on paper only...
...Madero assumed the presidency...
...interests and northwest Mexican growers: G.A.C...
...The number of ejidos situated on lands sufficiently productive to be worth collectivizing is at present a small percent of the total...
...DuPont de Nemours & Co...
...According to one CAADES official: We are beginning to provide advice and technical aid to ejidos and are promoting cooperatives to increase the productivity on the ejidos...
...Barbara is married to a son of the Bon Bustamante family of Sinaloa, a classic prestanombre (name lender) family which associated years ago with Jimmy's and Barbara's father...
...Conard in The Packer, January 19, 1974...
...54-63...
...While cotton exports used to account for nearly 1/5 of Mexico's total exports, they now represent less than 2...
...The narcotics boom brought slick buyers sporting machineguns into the mountains where the peasants, drawn by the cash or intimidated by the guns, began to grow the new crops...
...Cardenas used all his political genius and presidential power to steer a middle course between the dissatisfied classes...
...Only after a long struggle which included a work stoppage, for example, was the CIOAC able to gain recognition from the government controlled Board of Conciliation and Arbitration to organize workers in the El Fuerte and Culiacan valleys of Sinaloa...
...3132 over $100,000 in value...
...At the same time it encouraged immigration from abroad and the entry of foreign capital...
...Ford and John Deere tractors plow up the earth, and crop dusters sweep down covering the fields with Niagara and Dow chemicals...
...and Mexican Production Areas, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1969...
...The growers also quickly reorganized themselves into a national organization - the UNAN, National Agricultural Union - to replace the bureaucratic national organization of growers which Echeverria had previously established...
...of Interior 8,000 rds...
...CS gas proj...
...II "II "II "II of Interior "II II II II II II " I Commandant, Se- curity Forces Special Security Forces Min...
...The main effects of extending U.S...
...That same week, thirty U.S...
...FI: Fargo International, Kensington, Md., distributors of police arms...
...imports of such labor intensive crops as tomatoes, melons, cucumbers and strawberries - all of which used large numbers of low-paid Mexican seasonal workers in the U.S...
...The coming of a UFW contract brought a new world to the Coke workers, including the job security through a union hiring hall that allowed many families to stop traveling for work and settle down in one place...
...For a grower with a spread of several hundred or thousand hectares, the capital investment can be in the millions...
...They drive the latest model U.S...
...A grower hires a labor contiactor to provide workers when they are needed...
...Certainly not the banks, and the government would go broke trying to...
...The UGOCM, as mentioned before, continues to have an important base of workers and peasants who have precipitated many strikes in the tomatoes and other crops, despite a leadership which appears to be moving more and more into the sphere of the PRI-controlled organizations...
...They can't take the land and that is what we want...
...Cominpafieros del arado y los de toda herramienta: nomtis nos queda un camnino i agarrar un treinta-treinta ! Corrido Treinta-treinta28 have raised the consciousness of many workers, but have also shown the ultimate flaw of spontaneity...
...Excelsior, May 24, 1978...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date NETH...
...Can produce permanent eye damage...
...The massacre of ten campesinos in the Yaqui Valley is not an isolated case...
...revolvers S&W 4-76...
...If they're going to drown, they're going down screaming...
...Florida farm workers strike Coca Cola for thel...
...6. Foreign Agricultural Service, Fruits and Vegetables-U.S...
...Support from the campesinos and workers is crucial at a time when the Echeverria administration unintentionally antagonized sectors of-the very class it is ultimately trying to protect: the bourgeoisie...
...4 And a Congressional study team concluded that in Guatemala and the Dominican Republic the OPS program served only to identify the United States with government violence and repression...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, NY...
...revolvers S&W 5-74 Jerusalem police 70 GOEC Mk.III Chemical Mace S&W 8-74 National Police 2,000 rds...
...Produces tearing, coughing, burning sensations on skin, nausea, and choking...
...The effect on the government was substantial...
...3.50 individuals, $5.00 institutions (includes postage...
...asked a veteran of many broken strikes...
...stance in the face of annexationist talk, but he was influenced by U.S...
...The 1974 act did not affect overseas operations of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), nor did it restrict direct commercial sales, of police equipment and services to foreign governments...
...A prime example of a highly technified agribusiness company is the Canelos ranch, one of the largest vegetable producers in Culiacan...
...However, labor insurgency in the past two years in Mexico has brought werall costs there closer to those in Florida, where transportation is cheaper and there are no import duties to pay...
...cit., p. 141...
...newspaper magnate Randolph Hearst alone possessed 7 million hectares in northern Mexico, an area roughly one-fifth the size of California...
...3,000 growers suddenly moved their hundreds of tractors from the fields and onto the highways and streets of the northwest capitals...
...This action represented a serious challenge to the PRI-controlled State which in Mexico had traditionally designed and directed the organizations representing the different classes...
...Singapore Pol ice I1 I1 Pol ice Academy Customs Dept...
...revolvers S&W 12-75 Min...
...Winning strikes will be just as hard, as they must be recognized as legal by the same board...
...organizations have grown much closer over the years, as agricultural production on both sides of the border has come to form a more integrated system...
...AGRIBUSINESS Unlike the economically depressed and politically turbulent thirties when Cardenas began his reforms, the beginning of the next decade was relatively stable and economically promising, The intense period of agrarian reform had lessened the tensions in the countryside, as reflected in a higher rate of private investment in agriculture...
...These growers often advance credit to groups of small producers who associate with them to use their equipment and packing sheds for a fee...
...241-69...
...gas guns S&W 4-74 Police 15,000 S&W #18 37mm...
...88-102...
...Of these crops, cotton was then the most important employing over half, and 50,000 migrants harvested the nation's tomatoes...
...and as seen above, the rural bourgeoisie and their labor-agents present a formidable opponent whose tactics range from blacklisting to arrests and assassinations of union organizers...
...The Bluebook, op...
...Bangor Punta Corp., Annual Report for 1974, p. 12...
...Spokesmen for CAADES, one of the most powerful grower organizations in Mexico, say they have been discussing with Echeverria the possibility of joint ventures between the growers and collectivized ejidos in order to assure that they function properly...
...But under Cardenas' successors the CTM began a sharp turn to the right and began to break strikes instead of leading them, although retaining a militant rhetoric of class struggle...
...My brother and I found a loudspeaker and went around explaining who the responsible ones were - the company and the CTM union that should have fought for our raise in the first place...
...As prices for vegetables soared and the volume coming out of Mexico increased, a number of U.S...
...2 Ultimately, it became impossible to disguise the repressive nature of the Public Safety program...
...The property north of the boundary established by the Treaty of Guadalupe was swindled away from its Mexican owners over the next 20 years...
...are unified around their mutual interests...
...It is less clear what would have happened to these reforms had they been carried out beyond the end of Cardenas' presidency in 1940...
...At the same time, U.S...
...Echeverria's government realized that something had to give if the entire countryside were not to break out in a thousand small rebellions...
...See ibid., p. 56...
...One farm worker described an average day in his life: I leave home at two or three in the morning and walk to the road where a company truck passes by...
...Why should he...
...8 Since 1973, however, there has been a slow-down in the vegetable industry...
...The ejidatarios provide their lands and labor...
...Cotton too became a million-dollar industry almost overnight, when Houston-based Anderson Clayton Co...
...FI 2-76 " " East Asia HONG KONG 1,000 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 9-74 Hong Kong Police 5,000 S&W #17 LR 37mm...
...A community of Chinese had already been producing and using heroin on a small scale in Sinaloa, and this practice was greatly expanded without sigllificant interference from U.S...
...FC #380-AP .380 M/C ammo...
...2 3 Among the larger California growers with investments in Mexico and important posts within the WGA are the Deardorffs of Deardorff-Jackson and Hal Abatte of the Pacific Farms Co...
...2 Dozens of land occupations, affecting several thousand hectares of the rich valley lands, remain unresolved throughout the northwest, and despite the growers' insistence that the government take action to remove the squatters, Echeverria's administration is clearly afraid of the consequences of using brute force...
...and international markets, but the vast majority of the Mexican countryside was still underdeveloped - "unexploited" according to the cien- ttficos...
...It took the ejidatarios three years to get payment for their cotton crop...
...This ejido encompasses several thousand hectares, and lies just south of Los Mochis...
...The company now ships Mexican vegetables from December to May, and California fruit and vegetables from June through December...
...C30 References SECTION I 1. Excelsior (Mexico), October 25, 1975...
...Madero had sided not with the peasant revolutionaries who had brought him to power, but with the foreign and national bourgeoisie left over from the Diaz regime...
...They have been the personal, direct links between the Mexican rural bourgeoisie and the larger U.S...
...Disseminated by grenades, shells and sprayers of various kinds...
...Daughters of so-called confidential employees, girls studying in high school, are the owners of land...
...Some groups on the left feel Echeverria represents a leftist faction of the ruling PRI - the party which has controlled the State for nearly half a century - and that he must be supported against the growing attacks of reactionary sectors of the bourgeoisie...
...The land boom thus cemented the already strong ties between U.S...
...Excelsior, December 30, 1975...
...Such U.S...
...For the next 35 years Diaz ruled with an iron fist, surrounding himself with a group of economic planners, "los cientificos" who oversaw the rapid transformation of Mexican society based on the massive influx of foreign capital...
...The growing militancy of the cam- pesino has been matched only by the stubbornness of the landowners...
...This history is complex, filled with violent upheavals and contradictory developments, but throughout it there have been certain uninterrupted trends consistent with the growth of capitalism in dependent nations...
...3 1 Right now the Echeverria government is awkwardly vacillating, showing itself incapable of pleasing either the bourgeoisie or the popular classes in its efforts to pacify the class struggle...
...distributors, many of whom "take an active part in production management, such as providing expert advice on fertilizer application and on disease and pest control...
...Should a group of campesinos claim that a parcel of land is legitimately theirs, the grower possessing such a certificate resorts to the derecho de amparo...
...Furthermore, although Congress has called for restrictions on military aid and sales to repressive governments abroad, no mechanisms exist for Congressional oversight of commercial police sales...
...5 Consequently, an ever greater number of peasants are forced into the rural proletariat...
...The three presidents that followed Cardenas - Avila Camacho, Miguel Aleman and Ruiz Cortinez - representing the interests of the aspiring Mexican bourgeoisie, jumped at the chance to take advantage of the favorable international situation...
...S&W 6-75 Attach6, 12 S&W #17 37mm...
...Thus over the next two decades the State abandoned the ejido system, and instead spent billions of pesos of its resources (including massive foreign loans) to fortify large-scale privately-owned agriculture - a major part of this investment going to the already developing northwest region...
...Export agriculture was to be the base of the new agrarian policy, with the beneficiaries being the small group of landowners and capitalists, not the thousands of ejidatarios...
...For all his efforts and risk, a grower harvesting a kilo of opium would likely receive no more than $300 from the buyer, probably his total annual cash income...
...S&W S38-158RN amm...
...revolvers S&W 3-76 11 I1 ABBREVIATIONS: amno...
...FL CN gas formula qts...
...while for those growers completely independent of the distributor financially, the take of the sale is about 69%.16 Only five or six growers, however, have become nearly self-financing, according to CAADES...
...pistols FI 12-74 Police HQ 12,500 rds...
...3 3 But equally true, the export of this capitalist agriculture has created in Mexico a class of farm workers and disenfranchised campesinos who are now locked in a battle against this imperialist system...
...The days of the Diaz regime were now numbered...
...CAADES in turn, along with other State associations, makes up the UNPH (National Union of Vegetable Producers) and the UNAN (National Agricultural Union), a recently formed organization of impressive political force...
...One of the first was the Almada Sugar Refining Company, which came to Culiacan from New York in 1880 and bought up some 13,000 hectares of sugar-cane fields for less than two pesos a hectare...
...gas gun S&W 10-75 11 I1 161 S&W ,357-cal...
...When the market in the U.S...
...The foreign debt and inflation began to soar once again because of (1) international inflation which greatly increased the costs of Mexican imports, (2) insufficient production of oil and food products which led to increases in imports, and (3) accelerating payments abroad from interest on foreign loans and profit remittances - these two growing together by 30% in 1973.12 Crisis in Agriculture Central to the general economic crisis was a slow-down in agricultural productivity which had first become apparent around 1965.- By 1972 and 1973, there was an absolute reduction in agricultural production, particularly in production for the domestic market which dropped by 2.5...
...See Section III) Of the regional organizations, the most powerful is the Associated Growers of the Culiacan River (AARC...
...5. Excelsior, 3/16/76...
...However, the government made two serious miscalculations: (1) it greatly underestimated the power and unity of 24 the rural bourgeoisie, and (2) it overestimated the degree of control which the State's corrupt campesino organizations maintained over their increasingly militant members...
...S&W 3-76 80 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 3-76) 45 S&W gas mask S&W 3-76) State Police, 200 S&W #17 37mm...
...S&W 10-74 " " KENYA 50 50 100 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 4-74 S&W 4-74 S&W 12-74 Police MOROCCO 10,000 6 40000 513000 50000 1 60 60 rds...
...The sombreroed men and shawled women faced 125 heavily armed troops and police agents...
...But the day that we are united - then it will be different...
...The growers and their foreign friends also sent numerous delegations to Mexico City to negotiate with the President...
...This data on weapons exports has emerged from a NACLA study of the status of U.S...
...A special team of narcotics agents was assigned to the U.S...
...Their main reasons for getting into the deal, according to third-generation company man Tom Deardorff, were to take advantage of the truck stops the company was already making in Nogales, and to be able to supply tomatoes almost all year round...
...3. U.S...
...This process of monopolization has impoverished the peasant sector and created an ever growing mass of landless campesinos who are forced to sell their labor power to survive...
...The massacre of 5 campesinos in the state of Veracruz, 8 in Oaxaca, 4 in Michoacan, 2 in Nuevo Leon and 16 in Hidalgo in the last year are mere indications of the deep problems that affect the entire Mexican countryside...
...pistol ammo...
...The Charros of Agribusiness The most powerful weapon and sinister ally of the growers against any and all attempts of farm workers to organize themselves is sindicalismo blanco, or sell-out unionism...
...Any land that is legally held under the Constitution will be respected...
...The bourgeois presidents from Carranza to Calles (1913-1934) became cattlemen, ranchers and industrialists themselves, especially in the northwest where agriculture was highly profitable...
...That the crisis was centered particularly in the sector producing for the internal market reflects (1) that in the past, most resources have been pumped into the export sector, (2) that governmental price policies traditionally kept the price of basic foods stable (until 1974) in order to provide cheap food for the urban industrial sectors, and (3) that much of the basic foods (corn, beans, etc...
...The first real boom for the vegetable deal, as it is called in the industry, came as a result of the changes in the international economy provoked by World War II...
...From a deposition in the court records of Case C69-177WTS, Polak, Winters & Co...
...6. For text of these and related measures, see: Comptroller of the United States, Stopping U.S...
...revolvers SAW SmM...
...and Mexican partnership expressed it: The patrones are very interested in keeping us separated, and as long as we are disorganized they will keep taking advantage of us...
...cit., p. 141...
...Munitions List (as defined in Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 121...
...The Spaniards had to use subtle methods in their conquest of the Confederation...
...Some of them will try to leave the area...
...Others claim that, in fact, his economic policies have been most beneficial to the most monopolized sectors of the economy, and that his politics reflect nothing more than a "vanguard" vision within the bourgeoisie that sees certain social reforms as necessary for that class's survival...
...FL #289 gas dispensers RA #870P 12-gauge shotguns rds...
...There was renewed clamoring for eliminating the derecho de amparo, reducing the legal hectarage of private property and even nationalizing the irrigation districts...
...FC: Federal Cartridge Co., Minneapolis, Minn...
...prompted the deportation of more than 200,000 Mexican immigrant workers, greatly increasing the number of unemployed workers in the Mexican countryside...
...6 BUT POLICE AID CONTINUES...
...6, July-August 1976 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, NY 10027...
...As additional data becomes available through the FOIA, it will be summarized in future issues of the Report...
...agribusiness companies, also have strong investments in the region's commerce, industry and banking...
...represent the government in all exports of fruits and vegetables...
...The distributors are in constant telephone communication with their growers, ordering truckloads of produce to be U.S...
...This export-oriented agrarian policy consisted of: (1) slowing land distribution and crippling government-run institutions like the Ejido Bank that had made the ejidos viable...
...Back then, the company was promising us a raise every month, but months passed and they didn't pay it...
...Deardorff-Jackson Deardorff-Jackson is a modern, extensive agricultural corporation with production in Mexico and southern California...
...In 1947 several leftist peasant leaders broke away from the CTM to form an electoral coalition of opposition groups on the left, united around the new Popular Socialist Party (PPS) of Vicent Lombardo Toledano...
...there was not enough capital for investment...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient INDONESIA, conld 60 qts...
...to the huge refrigerated warehouses of the distributors, many of whom own the produce in partnerships with Mexican growers...
...The voice was that of Miguel Angel Robles, one of the 400 campesinos-peasants and farm workers-who had occupied a piece of rich farm land in southern Sonora...
...revolvers SAW .357-cal...
...Nearly 1/3 of that income is spent just on food...
...projectile LR = long-range qts...
...There is debate within both the bourgeoisie and the Mexican left over whose interests the Echeverria administration actually represents...
...farm equipment, automobile, fertilizer and pesticide products...
...Zapata and his poorly equipped troops carried out a brilliant guerrilla war against the federal troops of Madero and the procession of generals who followed him over the next six years...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...While the control of fprm workers by the system of growers and charros must not be underestimated, the general agricultural crisis has not only increased the level of exploitation of farm workers, but also forced the workers into more decisive action...
...banks have also been important sources of credit...
...agribusiness in Mexican agriculture makes it clear that such a long-range strategy can only be successful when it coordinates the struggles of campesinos in Mexico with farm workers in the U.S...
...to strengthen its own cotton production, Mexico's cotton output has plummeted from 2.6 million bales in 1965 to a little over 1 million this year...
...and sabotaging collective bargaining by signing sweetheart contracts with the growers...
...An UGOCM leader even claimed that it was the growers who were actually supporting the continued invasions in an attempt to prevent the Secretary of Agrarian Reform from carrying out the business of redistributing land...
...In Mexico, foreigners cannot own land within 50 kilometers of the coast, and according to the Constitution, no one can own more than 100 hectares...
...The capitalist landowners, then as now, fought bitterly to retain their individual interests...
...police equipment...
...And packing is not only done in the sheds, but often right out in the hot fields where the vegetables are picked...
...Advisors," NACLA Report (July-August, 1972), pp...
...Without the nearly half-million farm workers in the northwest today, the tomatoes would rot on the vines, Sr...
...Market...
...S&W S38-158RN amno...
...The basic problem, however, has not been resolved, but has only been exacerbated by the conflict...
...4 The distributor becomes the contact between the Mexican grower and the U.S...
...Less able than their more productive U.S...
...Rafael Lopez left behind 10 children, the oldest 15 years old...
...Support is also given to the reorganization and collectivization of the ejidos, but the emphasis is on the need for their democratization and independence from the State...
...The Party of Socialist Workers (PST), one of the left groups which supports President Echeverria as a left force within the PRI, has been active in the mobilization of thousands of cane and tobacco workers in Veracruz and Puebla over the past few years...
...Land Invasions 1975 was an explosive year in the countryside...
...Carlos Pereyra, in Excelsior, January 19, 1976...
...Ibid., January 19, 1974...
...Production in Mexico expanded much faster than in the United States where wages were rising and resources wereoriented towards the war...
...2 0 A final mechanism for the transfer of agricultural technology is the relationship between research institutions...
...FI 12-74 Bermuda Police Qty...
...long rifle ammo JA GOEC Star-tron viewer S&W GOEC Pepper Fog gas generators S&W qts...
...Manufacturer & Product VENEZUELA, con'd 12 S&W #1310 gas gun S&W 3-76 State Police, 300 S&W #1092 CS gas grenade S&W 3-76 Portuguesa 200 S&W #1182 37mm...
...Zapata realized that he had been betrayed...
...Chemical Weapons: CN: Chloracetophenone, commonly known as "tear gas...
...Unemployment in the northwest has worsened in the past five years as cotton production has plummeted, the vegetable deal has slowed down, and as more resources are being concentrated in low-risk, high-profit grains which use relatively little labor...
...Traditional landowners in the southern part of Sinaloa and elsewhere organized rural militias that terrorized peasant leaders...
...Given the enormous balance of payments deficit, the foreign debt and increasing inflationary tendencies, the government was forced to rely on a traditional post-election policy of reducing public expenditures and applying tight monetary controls...
...2) There are a number of modern, far-flung agribusiness corporations like Deardorff-Jackson of Oxnard, California (annual sales, $4 million) and Dixon Tom-A-Toe, a Georgia-based company (annual sales, $20 million...
...The Bon Bustamentes are reported to control about 12,000 hectares of land in Sinaloa...
...Well, right away we called our CTM delegate and we told him, 'Go and fix up this situation however you can because they're invading your territory.' He went right away to the state CTM office and together they went to see the governor...
...Conse...
...2. Michel Gutelman, Capitalismo y reforma agraria en Mexico, p. 36, ERA, Mexico, 1971...
...Mexican growers see the WGA as a model organization, and its influence in the Mexican vegetable industry can only be expected to grow as California corporate interests invest more in Mexican vegetable production...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Exporter Date RecipientQty...
...Embassy in Mexico City in 1969, coinciding with a U.S...
...The 1974 act also contained a "sense of Congress" motion (Section 502B) calling for the termination or reduction of military aid to any government which "engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations on internationally recognized human rights...
...At least a part of its land lies within the productive irrigation district, yet the collection of small wooden houses and shacks which form the center of the ejido reflect the poverty of the community...
...By 1957 60 percent of agricultural production was destined for export, with only 2% of the farms "* These figures are deceiving, though, as revealed by the current head of Agrarian Reform, Felix Barra...
...This practice is still very common, but beginning in the 1940's a new method of survival opened up...
...Francisco Gallardo, another major grower in Culiacan, is commonly believed to be heavily involved in the heroin business, though he has never been brought to trial...
...There is also an advantage in the cheaper child labor which represents about 10% of the migrant work force...
...Similar calculations indicate that total income from sales of gas grenades by all four firms was approximately $1,641,340...
...As they are now operating, the financial institute or company which provides the credit makes all the decisions regarding production and sets the price at which the crop will be purchased...
...When the growers demanded that the squatters be removed, the government ordered the Pacto Ocampo groups to retire their members...
...This national organization, some of whose leaders come from the Mexican Communist Party, has defined a program which focuses on the independent unionization of farm workers...
...revolvers S&W 3-75 10,000 rds...
...Punto Cr(tico, #44, January 1976...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...The distributor advances money for each stage of the production, takes a commission of about 10%, and the profits are divided more or less 50-50...
...Consequently Charles was raised in a produce atmosphere between Nogales and Culiacan with his father, Harry...
...cit., p. 24...
...4) pursuing an open-door policy for foreign investments in all areas of the economy, including agriculture (direct foreign investment rose from $449 million million in 1940 to $1.6 billion in 1958);5 and (5) facilitating capital accumulation for the industrial sector by maintaining low farm wages and food prices and high prices for industrial goods...
...customs officials, then into the U.S...
...states and several foreign countries to take courses in such subjects as: Firearms and Non-Lethal Weaponry, Firearms Instructor, Advanced Combat Match Training, Automatic Weapons Seminar, Security School, and Night Surveillance Techniques.' 8 S&W also runs an Armorers School (for training in firearms repair and maintenance...
...S&W S38-158JHP ammo...
...Bangor Punta Corp., et al., in the National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Cal...
...These policies have accentuated the tendency toward large capitalist enterprises...
...deals with vegetable exports just like they do with braceros - they ignore them when its convenient and get tough when they have to...
...The traditional governmentcontrolled campesino organization like the CNC (Confederacion Nacional Campesinos) and slightly more independent groups like the UGCOM (Union General de Campesinos y Obreros Mexicanos) were allowed to mobilize thousands of campesinos in a new wave of land invasions, particularly in Sinaloa, heart of the stubborn new agribusiness interests...
...It is he who is feeding off the people...
...capital financed all the railroad construction in northern Mexico, while Euro- pean capital continued to dominate in the south...
...The agrarian policy of the Government since the Revolution, then, has been forced to respond to class pressures by vascillating between policies that accelerate growth of the commercial sector, and policies that are designed to contain class conflict and slow monopolization...
...for #452 JA 3-74 25 FL #715 armored bomb squad suit JA 3-74 35 FL Federal Fogger gas generator JA 3-74 80 gal...
...S&W 1-76 150 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 2-76 " " NETHERLANDS ANTILLES 30 50,000 3,000 5,000 qts...
...Antonio Vargas MacDonald, Siempre (Mexico), May 12, 1976...
...role in arming, training and advising foreign police forces...
...In 1969, the firm set up S&W Security Services, Inc...
...And what if one of these people under whose name the land is legally registered should demand that land...
...The WMVDA maintains a lobby in Washington D.C...
...For an excellent discussion of Echeverria as a representative of the monopoly sectors of the bourgeoisie, see Roland Cordero, op...
...While some cinder-block housing is provided by the growers for the permanent employees* the migrants either construct their own temporary camps out of cardboard, tin and tar-paper, or sleep outside in their cotton-picking bag or a tomato bin...
...Fracisco Javier Guezrero, "La colectivizaci6n capitalist del campo," in Cuadernos Politicos, #3, January-March 1975...
...With the CTM the bourgeoisie has a majority," an independent union organizer explained, "and the government can vote in favor of the workers...
...recession and rising wages, and workers are being laid off by the thousands.'1 0 Still others risk the dangers of crossing illegally into the United States, hoping to earn "good money" from the U.S...
...These organizers around here could give lessons to Chavez...
...A columnist of the Mexican daily Excelsior concluded about this strategy, Convinced that the agricultural proletariat constitutes the increasingly decisive force in the rural area, the agrarian bourgeoisie is now pushing for a sell-out unionism capable of neutralizing the political risk represented by the approximately four million farm workers whose basic interests are not long in making themselves known...
...The exclusive support of the State, and the approval of the growers gives the CTM a power that must never be underestimated...
...Trade unions organize rural workers into mass organizations to defend their class interests, give them greater economic and political power through higher wages and strikes, and help obtain the minimal democratic rights necessary for further political organization...
...Its members grow and ship over 90% of the vegetables and melons from California and Arizona and over 45% of the nation's total production of these crops...
...Excerpts from interviews with farm workers in Sinaloa reveal better than anything else the anti-union role of the CTM and the total disdain of the workers for the charro leaders: The federal government authorized a new minimum wage months ago, but Bustamante (the boss) is still not paying it...
...Chemical Mace: an aerosol mixture containing CN, kerosene, trichloro- trifluorethane, and 1-1-1-trichloroethane...
...Data on companies from Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar and Middle Market directories (1976), and The Bluebook, Fruit and Vegetable Credit and Marketing Service, Spring 1975...
...In the late fifties and sixties, when cotton production was booming, the growers of Sinaloa and Sonora sought to * The Culiacan Growers Association (AARC) began a rural housing project in the sixties to deal with the problem of squatters who often built homes alongside the roads and then eventually occupied the growers' lands next to them...
...With little credit and assistance from the government, the ejidos remained marginal to production, while the private sector increased in size and importance...
...revolvers - Singapore Pol ice Customs Dept...
...Who says this is true...
...The beginnings of the pole vine-ripe movement gave dealers here 25 customers for every one thay had during the mature green deal...
...a variant, called the Federal Streamer, is sold by Federal Laboratories...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...efforts to strengthen the repressive capabilities of Third World police forces...
...The formerly Church-owned lands were quickly pur- chased by the hacendados, making this landed oligarchy the...
...For a time in the late fifties, when the bracero contracting system was taking thousands of farm workers into the United States, growers in the northwest instituted the "casta de los dos mil," caste of the 2,000...
...and (3) the current drives toward unionization of farm workers which, while less dramatic than the land occupations, have far greater long-range implications for the development of class struggle in the Mexican countryside...
...Conditions were ripe for a "new relationship" between the dependent and imperialist bourgeoisies of Mexico and the U.S...
...For while the army and police have repressed many of the land occupations, the Echeverria government actually has moved with extreme caution throughout these explosive conflicts, combining selective repression with occasional land redistributions and large doses of "revolu- tionary" rhetoric...
...I think that's what's going to be happening now a lot down there...
...Sinaloa's Governor Alfonso Calder6n, for example, who has tried to mediate the current land-invasion conflict, rose to power as a CTM leader in the statewide electrical workers union...
...of Jamaica 100 S&W #21 37mm...
...They meet in their luxurious haciendas to discuss the most recent union struggle being waged in their tomato field or packing shed...
...connection" is broken can there be hope of eradicating the narcotics trade that enslaves the small producers as well as the consumers...
...and the Canelos family, Carlos Bennen and the Tamayos, Pacific Farm Co...
...The strike kept growing, gaining the support of the student's from the nearby University of Sinaloa, until it was brutally broken by the army...
...companies involved in the northwest, is allowing the Mexican growers to take the overt role in pressuring the government...
...TWO CASE STUDIES There are dozens of examples which illustrate the closer relations that exist between specific U.S...
...military equipment is often used in Latin America for purposes other than drug control...
...Even if it were, it would hardly make up for the long stretches of seasonal unemployment faced by most migrants...
...The principal causes, however, have been (1) increased production from Mexico's major competitor, Florida (due mainly to favorable weather), which led to stricter U.S...
...The same is true of migrant farm worker patterns in the United States, but there the United Farm Workers Union has learned to turn what seems a serious disadvantage into a strength: a union structure that moves with the crops...
...ZAMBIA 1 Javelin #221 nite vision system FI 12-74 Zambia Police 20 S&W .38-cal revolvers FI 2-75 1 Leatherwood-Remington #40X 7.62 FI 4-75 " cal...
...The contractor then puts the people in a labor camp he owns, and takes a portion of their wages for food, rent, and the right to have the job...
...industry was beginning to produce for the allied war effort and in the coming years looked to Mexico to supply it with cheap raw materials, agricultural products like cotton and vegetables, and cheap labor in the form of easily deportable braceros...
...That task has been made considerably more difficult by the inability of important sectors of the bourgeoisie to share the government's broader vision of the class struggle ahead...
...Noroeste, 2/2/76...
...A crystal, it is formed into an aerosol and disseminated by gre- nades, shells, sprayers ("Pepper Fogger"), etc...
...1 7 Students come from most U.S...
...SOUTH KOREA 120 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 50 FL Federal Fogger gas generator 275 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 26,500 S&W .38-cal . cartridges 300 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 286000 S&W .38-cal . cartridges 2 GOEC Star-tron viewers 60 GOEC Mk.111 Chemical Mace 200000 WI .38-cal...
...gas gun GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace FL CS gas generator FL #235 CN gas kit with #201 gas guns & extra grenades FL #6004 gas mask qts...
...CN SR gas proj...
...JA 2-75 100 FL #530 CS gas projectile JA 2-75 " " 165 SAW .38-cal...
...2) outlawing debt peonage, thereby "freeing" the peons from the haciendas to sell their labor on the market...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Qty...
...Madero feared Zapata and traveled to Morelos to offer him a large hacienda in the state of Veracruz in exchange for withdrawing his campesino army...
...revolvers S&W 6-74 " " 10 S&W .22-cal...
...cars, send their children to the best U.S...
...agribusiness technology...
...The workers, some of them in beat-up cars, most on trains and buses, move north each year up the coast for the vegetable harvest in Sinaloa and Sonora, and then on into the fall cotton harvest in Sonora and Baja California...
...purging and blacklisting anyone who leads a strike or tries to organize...
...S&W 8-74 " " 150 S&W .38-cal...
...R. Cordero, op...
...According to a USDA study, U.S...
...pistol ammo...
...That averages out to $72 per gun, which means that Smith & Wesson's total income from the 34,075 revolvers it sold during the 30-month period covered was approximately $2,453,400...
...In the current conflict between the rural bourgeoisie and the campesinos, in any case, it seems clear that Echeverrfa is attempting to represent and defend the general, long-run class interests of the bourgeoisie, while at the same time trying to conciliate and postpone the most violent manifestations of the conflict...
...see below) The rest of this section will look more closely at the many-faceted relationship between production in Mexico and U.S...
...No one who knows Mexican history can doubt that this struggle will be long and violent...
...28-42...
...de Marina 20,000 rds...
...Through this network of organizations, the industry is increasingly able to coordinate production and pricing and chart a common strategy of opposition to unionization of farm workers in both Mexico and the United States...
...Many of the workers move with their families, a trend that is on the rise as women and children are forced to work in order to supplement the family income...
...it is not a question of distances, but of working together so that we can leave something for the generation that comes after us...
...and (2) a renewed emphasis on collectivization of the ejidos...
...As in other parts of the Republic, the Yaqui and Mayo Indians of the northwest responded to the colonizing companies with numerous but largely spontaneous armed rebellions and raids...
...S&W 11-75 !I I! MALAYSIA -- - 130 C-G V-150 Comnando armored cars C-G 4-73 Malaysian Police 81 C-G V-150 Comnando armored cars C-G 4-74 to I# 5,000 rds...
...vegetable distributor whose Sinaloa holdings have been the target of land occupations, told NACLA: "The impact of the invasions so far has been more psychological than real...
...Valley National extends some credit directly to the Mexican growers, either for agricultural operations or more likely for purchases of equipment and supplies in the U.S...
...When the price of cotton on the market was extremely high for a number of years, the bank was paying the ejido less than 2/3 of the market prices - with the bank officials raking off the top...
...and in South Vietnam, OPS built dozens of Provincial Interrogation Centers (where torture was commonplace), helped expand the prison system, and sponsored the infamous Operation Phoenix assassination campaign...
...plants are closing down due to the U.S...
...blockade of Cuba and the termination of the bracero program - a joint U.S.-Mexican Government agreement by which thousands of Mexican farm workers were employed yearly in U.S...
...There's an agreement signed that each of these people owes so much money to the company - their land is "mortgaged" to the company...
...While millions of dollars of credit are extended yearly to the corporate farms, private banks have never lent to ejidos, mainly because the land is State-owned and cannot be mortgaged...
...Its members grow about 75% of Mexico's export tomatoes and about 80% of all produce grown in Sinaloa...
...Given the competitiveness of the U.S...
...INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS Agribusiness interests in Mexico and the United States have long been organized into wealthy, powerful, class- conscious associations which promote the development of capitalist agriculture in a variety of ways...
...In the Laguna district in north central Mexico, for example, there were some 104 strikes by farm workers in 1935 alone...
...The regional uprisings became a national movement when Francisco Madero, an intellectual and son of a wealthy Mexican family disaffected from Diaz, called for the resignation of the dictator and establishment of bourgeois democracy in his manifesto El Plan de San Luis...
...With the threat of a nationwide boycott of Coke, Minute Maid signed a contract in 1972 and under great pressure from the workers renewed it in 1975...
...1011 vine-ripe tomato was "the real revolution in the produce business in Nogales...
...3) The United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association is the international organization which brings together the growers of Mexico, California, Arizona and Florida, as well as producers from other states...
...revolver S&W 12-741 Min...
...900,000 hectares of land which had been granted to campesinos in Sinaloa remained in the hands of the growers...
...under the Bracero Program...
...and dispatched "Public Safety Advisors" to some 40 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America...
...agribusiness techniques into the northwest, however, have been (1) a further concentration of resources within large corporate farms, (2) a drain on Mexico's balance of payments, and (3) the displacement of thousands of farm workers by machines...
...Excelsior, May 21, 1976...
...Labor costs are one of the few factors the grower can partially control, given that the market price of the crop and the cost of inputs like chemicals and fertilizers are all determined in the United States...
...This Report will focus on the land struggle in the vast irrigated territory of the Mexican northwest...
...The northwest today is characterized by an increasing concentration of lands within the modern agricultural sector...
...Early ripenng of all produce at high prices...
...Nevertheless, numerous rebellions and successful raids on the missions continued up until the end of the 19th Century...
...On the other hand, when there is no Florida produce on the market, inspection is very lax and they let all the garbage go through.' 0 Within the limits placed on the industry by market factors, however, the distributor calls the shots...
...Multiply this voice half a million times for every salaried farm worker in the northwest, and one begins to understand the potential for an organization that represents workers' demands for economic and political survival...
...While in 1950, 84% of Mexico's ejido families earned over half of their income from their land, by 1960, this percentage had dropped to 66%.2 For most ejidatarios, whose incomes average less than $50 a month, the most viable solution today is to rent their plot to a large land-owner and then work full time as a day laborer in the tomato or cotton fields...
...capitalists, anxious to control Mexico's natural resources, provided the bulk of investment capital during these years...
...any which is not legal will be expropriated and paid for at a good price...
...In the northwest, as throughout the new republic, the arable lands remained in the hands of the Church...
...gas gun JA 2-75 " " 100 FL #570 Spedeheat CS gas proj...
...Above all, they take the control over the workers' lives away from the grower and return it to the workers themselves...
...3. Wall Street Journal, 5/3/67...
...Its program included the introduction of public education, an overhaul of the judicial process and a strengthening of ties between state and federal government...
...It's Not a Question of Distances" The Pacific Northwest, as we have seen, is a great passageway that connects the Mexican republic to the continental United States...
...But leftist organizers that talked with NACLA in recent months believe that the very corruption and obvious class collaboration of the CTM labor bureaucrats will be their undoing - the CTM may speak in the name of the rural working class, but the working class does not follow their leadership...
...capital...
...imperialism into the Mexican countryside, fostering the rise and predominance of capitalist agriculture which is guided by the needs of the international capitalist market rather than the needs of the Mexican people...
...S&W S22LR-MX ammo...
...Public Safety Advisors to the notorious "Death Squad...
...Past efforts to organize in Florida's fields have largely failed...
...2. See: "Command and Control: U.S...
...Today vegetable exports - two-thirds of which come from Sinaloa - are a cornerstone of the Mexican economy, representing 9% of the nation's total agricultural output and over 10% of all commercial transactions between Mexico and other countries Mexico now supplies over 60% of all fresh vegetables consumed each year in the United States between December and May...
...revolver S&W 1-76 Honduras police 100 S&W .38-cal...
...The magnitude of the problem takes it out of the realm of simple economic solutions, and the government is aware of this, even if sectors of the bourgeoisie it represents are not...
...It was given the name "Proletarian Emancipation...
...revolvers 1,442 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 183 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 1 GOEC Star-tron viewer 3,550 FL #555 CS gas grenades 90,000 rds...
...after all, a lot of industry came to Florida looking to get away from unions in the north...
...Manufacturer & Product BRAZIL, con'd 12 S&W .357-cal...
...2. Noroeste, 6/22/76...
...a rising merchant class and the civil and military authorities...
...This Report, which is part of a NACLA book on Mexico to be published in 1977, will limit its scope to the agrarian aspects of Mexico's current crisis, and will focus exclusively on the northwest, which-we visited for several weeks earlier this year...
...619-23...
...S&W S38-158 ammo...
...of Interior Min...
...schools...
...S&W 2-76 Royal Thai Police 100 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 2-76 " I1 I1 161 S&W .357-cal...
...It's the same damn thing here as with those factories, just a different commodity...
...There is a federal minimum wage which applies to farm workers, but it is seldom enforced...
...The Agricultural Experimental Station of Sinaloa, for example, which was established in 1974 with state and grower funding, works closely with the University of California at Davis, a central research arm of California agribusiness...
...and, Michael Klare, "Operation Phoenix and the Failure of Pacification in Vietnam," Liberation (May, 1973), pp...
...CN gas shell SAW 12-751 Prison Dept., 12 S&W #17 37mm...
...But Zapata never changed the original demandsof the Plan de Ayala and fought until his death...
...Since the strike at Campo Wilson, such actions have become even more common in the fields and packing sheds of Sinaloa and the other northwestern states...
...Since 1950, the number of landless farm workers in Mexico has soared from 1.5 million, representing only 30% of the people employed in agriculture, to nearly 5 million, well over half of the agricultural work force...
...Headed by Charles L. Smith, former supervisor of weapons training for the FBI, the Academy is described as providing "public and industrial security forces with expert training in riot control...
...expand the work force by establishing a labor contracting organization in conjunction with the Mexican government...
...The unrest was similar in the northwestern states where commercial agriculture prevailed...
...GOEC: General Ordnance Equipment Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., produces Mace, other police equipment (a subsidiary of Smith & Wesson...
...This is still a much debated question in Mexico today, especially now that President Echeverria and his successors are comparing their agrarian and social reforms to those of Cardenas...
...competitors to pay higher wages, the Mexican growers will not give an inch, unless they are forced to...
...S38-158RN ammo...
...One distributor claims the cost of production per hectare of green tomatoes in the 40's was $80...
...Those conflicts have only sharpened as the expansion of capitalist agriculture has continued to polarize the countryside into social classes with irreconcilably different interests...
...maintain communications with their partners and competitors in the U.S...
...In 1975, Mexico imported $940 million of "highly automated machinery and equipment," according to a government engineer, with which the country "runs the risk of increasing unemployment in the countryside...
...From a letter in the court records of Polak, Winters vs...
...As one Sonora grower said, "How much longer can we put up with this...
...The de Saracho's own over 1500 acres of vegetables, 1,000 head of cattle, a modern packing shed, a tomato puree processing plant, and an ice plant...
...And despite a Congressional ban on the use of Federal funds for such purposes, it is evident that some DEAlsupplied hardware is being used for non-drug programs...
...growers will mechanize their labor intensive crops and export production of certain items to Third World countries like Mexico, just as in the case of the industrial runaway shops...
...120 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 11-75) National Defense 60 S&W .357-cal...
...The President has assured us," gloated Gonzalez, "that the Constitution will not be changed...
...S&W 3-75 I# tI 25 S&W .357-cal...
...Due to the rapid expansion of capitalist agriculture 96 percent of the population held no land whatsoever, yet 80 percent still lived in the countryside...
...United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, 1974...
...Quoted by Manuel Mejido in Excelsior, January 19, 1976...
...because they want to get all the fruit packed that was picked that day...
...Of course, we expect to have a part in the management so that we know where our money is going...
...The American Chamber of Commerce, however, worried as it is, remains much closer to the reality of Mexico, and was quick to announce that the Congressmen clearly "don't understand the social pressures this government is under and the possible solutions it can use to resolve the problems...
...By 1975, the DEA had 400 agents stationed overseas - about the same number of agents that OPS had deployed...
...The ejido land given out was some of the worst available, without irrigation or technical assistance for the peasants who received it...
...While exact figures are lacking, it is known that such sales and grants now amount to several tens of millions of dollars per year and constitute a major transfer of repression technology to the Third World...
...cartridges 310 S&W .38-cal...
...agribusiness empire, helping to forge a highly capitalized export economy dependent on U.S...
...agribusiness into the northwest has sped the development of modern capitalist agriculture and the class structure which it creates...
...s Another aspect of U.S...
...The initial investment must have been considerable, for at the end of a year of trial-and-error in 1975, the de Saracho's poured another $150,000 into changes and improvements in the gassing system...
...The volume of Mexican tomatoes shipped through Nogales, for example, dropped from a peak of 674 million pounds in 1973 to 608 million in 1974, and down to 565 million in 1975.' The decrease in production is partly explained by the general international crisis of capitalism: recession which has restricted the U.S...
...Accordingly, Cardenas also enacted legislation to (1) collectivize the formerly individual ejidos so that they could function on a larger and more efficient scale, (2) give ejidos preference for water and irrigated lands, and (3) create the State institutions needed to make the ejidos work, most important among these the Ejido Credit Bank...
...Irrigation systems, new technology and the capital to employ hundreds of salaried workers gave them an enormous competitive advantage over the more traditional and less capital-intensive haciendas...
...The main characteristics of the government credit institutions have been a lack of sufficient resources to finance agricultural development adequately and lending policies concerned primarily with guaranteeing repayment of the loan...
...Excelsior, May 15, 1976...
...For years the only employment available was to descend into the valleys and work during the cotton, sugar cane and tomato harvests...
...S&W JA JA JA 7-74 3-75 3-75 3-75 N.Ant...
...As the Arizona Republic, which keeps close watch over events which may harm Arizona agribusiness interests reported: The speed and efficiency with which the growers' strike was organized and the substantial support it received from business and financial leaders of the country have obviously shaken those close to the party [PRI] hierarchy . . . Before the strike ended it created a reaction in at least a dozen Mexican states and produced a fresh flow of Mexican capital into Arizona, Texas and California.2s The immediate reaction of the government was to carry the bluff a step further, with the President calling the growers fascists attempting to undermine the country as similar forces had done in Chile...
...Phillip Agee, Inside the Company, CIA Diary, Penguin Books, 1975...
...A CAADES official in private admitted that "The present agricultural policies of Echeverrfa have been very beneficial to our sector, in that it has updated price guarantees, which has allowed the grower to make a considerable profit...
...These struggles have shown that significant political and economic gains can only be won by the rural workers when the dozens of isolated strikes, protests, land occupations and walkouts become one coordinated and class conscious movement...
...But now things are worse for us than ever...
...Punto Critico, #44, January 1976...
...GOEC CN gas formula S&W 4-75 II (I 435050 rds...
...Retailer .18 Wholesaler .04 Distributor .03 Grower's Profits .02 Misc...
...380-cal...
...As a result of these acquisitions, Smith & Wesson produces a full line of police equipment, including handguns, riot shotguns, chemical agents, clubs, helmets, gas masks, sirens, and such specialty items as the Breathalyzer (for testing alcohol intoxication), the Identi-Kit (for developing composite drawings of suspects), and the Star-tron night vision system (for nighttime surveillance...
...12 FL #280 CN Federal Streamer FI 8-74' Bermuda prison 12 FL #211 Aerottol tear gas baton FI 8-74 system 36 FL #284 CN gas cart...
...68-70, 1975, P.O...
...43-44...
...By 1910 U.S...
...extreme poverty means few workers and their families can withstand a strike for longer than several days...
...However in 1971 the UFW sent several organizers from California to Florida, where they found 2000 Black workers at Coca Cola's Minute Maid Orange groves already demanding improvement of their conditions...
...Office of Munitions Control, Licenses nos...
...Companies that agreed to promote irrigation, furthermore, were given control of rivers and all the minerals found around them...
...Military Apparatus (New York: NACLA, 1972), pp...
...Thus by 1924 some 93 million hectares still remained under control of haciendas that the Revolution had vowed to break up...
...This is not to say that the peasants' demand for land is to be ignored...
...What we want is the land...
...S&W S38-11OJHP ammo...
...Santiago" Wilson, Jimmy's and Barbara's fathermoved from the U.S...
...Indeed, some of the most authoritarian Third World regimes - including those in South Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Iran, and Brazil - are among the major importers of U.S...
...In the long run, the success of the campesinos' struggle rests on their ability to unify with the rest of the working class, building workers' organizations which can defend and lead them in their struggle...
...Bob Barber 13 delivered to their Nogales warehouse at a given hour...
...arms supply firms - Smith & Wesson, Jonas Aircraft & Arms Co., Federal Laboratories, Inc., and the Cadillac-Gage Co...
...In 1971, Mexico also imported $14 million in seeds from the United States, and $2 million in winter vegetable seeds alone...
...In an effort to pacify the region, villages were burned and their populations resettled in guarded camps, crops were destroyed and every manner of atrocity was committed against the campesinos to break their spirit...
...they will bring no immediate relief for the three million campesinos who face long periods of unemployment...
...In Sinaloa, in 1975, 792 people, mostly children, died from diarrhea and dehydration...
...In the last few months there have been an estimated 50 "invasions" involving 10,000 hectares in the northwest...
...FL CS gas formula FI 3-76 " " 1 GOEC Pepper-Fogger gas generator FI 3-76 3 Javelin #223 nite vision system FL 3-76 " " NICARAGUA 189 S&W .38-cal...
...The more modern representatives of agribusiness, however - the growers of wheat and vegetables, for example - more often have responded in ways which correspond to their new class conditions: their ability to mobilize support among industrial and financial circles to which they are tied and their influence over the government even at federal levels.23 In December, 1975, in response to the government land expropriations, the landowners of Sonora and Sinaloa organized an industry-wide work stoppage...
...Former U.S...
...de Transito del Guayas...
...These new labor leaders around here are very adept and present a danger to our whole operation...
...That is why we need a revolution, because we are ready, because we are tired of demogagy of the government and its charros...
...narcotics control assistance for riot control and counterinsurgency purposes...
...revolvers S&W 12-74 150 FL Model-P armored vests JA 2475 " " 12 FL #201Z 1.5"-cal...
...2. Mexican-United States Agricultural Commission, The Fresh Vegetable Industry of Mexico and the United States, A Review of Wartime Developments, IAC Series, No...
...revolver S&W 1-76 Armed Forces HQ 200 S&W .38-cal...
...This Report, however, will focus on only two examples: one partnership which represents a family empire built up over decades since one of the early American "tomato pioneers" first ventured into the northwest, and another which represents the more recent appearance of modern corporate interests in the vegetable deal...
...It is the history of powerful hacendados (landowners) and U.S...
...3. The Packer, January 15, 1972...
...Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic Staff Memorandum, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., 1971...
...colonizing companies...
...Date of License Exporter (Mo-Yr) Recipient ARGENTINA 2 GOEC Star-tron night viewer S&W 10-74 Federal Police BAHAMAS 20,000 rds...
...From a letter in the court records of Polak, Winters vs...
...Who was Lazaro Cardenas, this populist hero of millions of Mexico's poor, and headache of capitalists in the 1930's, and at what were his reforms aimed...
...First is the expansion of U.S...
...Later when the price of cotton plummeted, the ejido received no money at all from the bank for a crop which had already been delivered and stored in the bank's warehouse...
...According to the Packer: The Sarachos are the only ones in Mexico who are gassing tomatoes in any volume...
...So we've lost a big part of our crop...
...A worker at one of the largest packing sheds in Culiacan, who daily loads tons of tomatoes onto trucks for export to the U.S., explained, In the empaques you should earn about 20 dollars a week, but the patron only pays you 16 at the most...
...13 S&W is believed to control 75 percent of the domestic market for these products, and a substantial share of the international market...
...S&W S9-100FMC ammo...
...This fact too is part of the system, but could change with time...
...To take the land by force, work the land...
...The Unmaking of the Mexican Revolution MASSACRE IN THE YAQUI VALLEY EL CHAPARRAL, Sonora, Mexico...
...of Nogales is one of the larger distributors, shipping well over 12 million pounds of vegetables a year and with annual sales of more than $5 million...
...The conditions in the packing sheds, which hire mostly young women, are no better than in the fields...
...2. Fernando Rello and R. Montes de Oca, op...
...Government controls over imports of Mexican vegetables, and (2) rising labor militancy in the countryside which has pushed up wages and undercut Mexico's main competitive advantage over Florida...
...7. Punto Critico (Mexico), #47, February 1976...
...The rural bourgeoisie called the bluff, however, and announced production would not be resumed until the problems were settled...
...Together, the two S&W schools have an annual enrollment of about 1,000 students, and as of 1975 could boast of a combined alumni of 4,000 police officers...
...In most countries, OPS' efforts were concentrated on riot-control training, intelligencegathering systems, and rural counterinsurgency operations...
...Many