U.S. Training Programs For Foreign Military Personnel. THE PENTAGON'S PROTEGES
NACLA
Introduction This issue of the Report documents and analyzes U.S. military training programs for foreign military personnel. While emphasizing programs for the Latin American armed forces, we also...
...President, have been West Point graduates...
...8. New York Times, November 1, 1970...
...f. Psychological Aspects of Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Psychological and sociological factors that influence the individual to join, endure hardship, and stay with insurgent organizations...
...Army and the other services, government agencies and allied military personnel...
...This task is better suited to the capability of police and paramilitary forces, and * A 1970 Special Study Mission to Latin America from the House Foreign Affairs Committee found that 85 percent of the Brazilian military who would come to the United States under MAP training would be on orientation tours...
...8. Quoted in Miles Wolpin, Military Aid and Counterrevolution in the Third World (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, D.C...
...face-to-face communication - most important element...
...Quoted in Philippe Nourry, "Camping Tonight, Camping Tonight," Atlas, May, 1968, p. 19...
...In addition, as economic conditions continue to worsen in these Training "The Other Side" In addition to nationalist military officers, several guerrilla leaders, whose careers began in the military, received U.S...
...ARMY INFANTRY AND RANGER SCHOOL-Ft...
...Once you do one project all by yourself the villagers will forever after expect this from your team...
...interests...
...It is not possible to take political power without first obtaining a certain level of control over the population, as well as popular support...
...Air Force Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base...
...Among the major customers for U.S...
...Military Command & Ranger School Civil Affairs ol Police School Gen...
...How can we be sure that the riot quellers of today will not be the rioters of tomorrow...
...Most of the Latin American military leaders who conducted the nine coupe between 1962 and 1966 had been recipients of U.S...
...22, 1974...
...strategy was the view that no true development could take place in a climate of instability and rebellion...
...The role of this institution in promoting pro-U.S...
...Although the teams are made up of men from all of the services, the Eighth U.S...
...mission and target analysis 6. PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS a. PSYOP Planning: Concepts of PSYOPS planning...
...Objective verification is generally difficult, since its content is open to varying interpretation depending on the knowledge, values and attitudes of the individual...
...However, a Pentagon spokesman indicated that the only real change is a partial withdrawal of Army units from the Command...
...regulations governing the use of U.S.-supplied weapons by NATO countries...
...initiation...
...of Alhambra, Calif...
...New York Times...
...Even9 though the amount of aid to Latin America is small, another official explained, "Henry never knows when a million here and there might come in handy...
...According to a RAND study, the mission of the MTT's is to train counterparts to adapt U.S...
...control...
...hegemony in Latin America...
...The maintenance of military bases and the network of alliances that surround the communist world is not enough to stop revolutionary war and, unfortunately, its field of battle is widening every day...
...The Congressional drive to regain authority over foreign policy decisions has led to numerous confrontations with the Administration...
...But to the extent that military expertise or professionalism is Increased in areas of counterinsurgency, nation-bulldlng and multi-sector development planning, the military would tend to become more rather than less involved in poJltcs...
...70 In responae to the growing wave of guerrilla activity in the citiee, new coursea have been devel- oped on urban guerrilla war- are and on so pmicated "crimd investigation techniques...
...In October 1975, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and Puerto Rico sent ambassadors, cultural officers or military attaches to attend Hispanic Week at West Point and to mingle with the cadets and guests...
...officers...
...military aid programs...
...1,473.8 - 363.2 14,115.6 1,173.5* 5,205.2 22,331.3 Regional 958.9 - 7.3 - - 834.7 1,800.925 Region & A. MAP B. FMS, C. Excess D. MASF E. PL480, F. Sec...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945-June 30, 1972 (Washington, D.C.: 1973...
...2. U.S...
...new ideas in urban warfare...
...Therefore, the alleged goals of the program were to strengthen the region's defense against external attack, while at the same time allowing the United States to gain a dominant influence in the hemisphere by providing arms and money to the Latin American armed forces...
...The United States will be forced to adapt its policies to the challenges from the nationalist military governments and to the increasing unviability of the repressive military solution...
...U.S.-sponsored military training contributed to the heightened politicization of the armed forces through anti-communist indoctrination and by stressing their role as guardians of internal security and economic stability...
...And coups in Peru, Bolivia, Panama and Chile were carried out by officers who had attended the USARSA...
...map exercise planning an operation in a built-up area j. Improvised Explosives: Types and use of improvised explosives...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military Assistance Training and Developmental Television, 91st Cong., May 7, 1970, p. 7. 10...
...Leavenworth also offers visiting trainees exposure to all aspects of American life through orientation tours and visits to points of interest...
...Long regarded by the public as an impediment to the development of "democracy" in the hemisphere, the military gradually began to be portrayed by U.S...
...A major goal of much - if not all -- American-sponsored training is to contribute to such attitudes...
...4 S. Z C5, 7V7 ( I:4 1r Q CS 5 1 2 1 45 5 6 8 83 8 6 4 11 1 3 4 10 5 2 4 2 2 29 21 18 53 7 9 44 2 80 2 1 2 1 1 14 15 3 12 1 1 2 2 8 1 5 3 23 20 130 14 1 33 6 3 4 6 13 4 32 9 99 24 23 1 8 1 6 10 8 7 5 7 2 1 28 3 3 1 2 8 2 4 2 4 2 8 21 23 10 72 1 59 4 8 2 18 2 12 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 13 1 8 4 3 29 3 13 12 5 1 1 3 6 5 4 9 2 9 13 1 24 10 6 9 1 10 16 6 14 4 4 2 8 3 5 2 8 4 12 1 1 7 10 5 6 2 10 1 14 8 15 20 11 12 20 29 6 55 AFRICA Ethiopia 25 7 8 1 6 5 5 2 3 14 Ghana 4 10 5 7 8 1 4 4 10 Kenya 2 2 Liberia 13 12 2 1 2 1 2 3 Morocco 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 Tunisia 21 1 3 1 19 Zaire 3 8 3 13 13 12 12 2 4 6 _____________________ - ~ __________ ____ - _____ - I30 SPECIAL FORCES MOBILE TRAINING TEAMS Source: U.S...
...world view and a sense of U.S...
...This strategy is designed to guarantee the continuing profitability of U.S...
...406-7...
...This "role expansion" was an integral part of deepening the military's involvement in the development process...
...Israel, a major recipient of U.S...
...Moreover, Peru is not only purchasing Soviet weapons, but also allowing Soviet technicians to function inside the country as well.* However, advocates of the training program still believe that fostering ties between the military forces of Latin America and the United States promotes the best interests of the United States...
...This technique is more important the lower the literacy rate...
...Tims, Sept...
...training, he replied that "from the military point of view it was very good...
...Army School to cater exclusively to Latin American personneL The courses are taught for the most part by U.S...
...1 As a result of training programs, the military has developed a desire for a more active role in the economic and political fields...
...This emphasis reflects our strong convictions that military assistance programs are primarily an instrument of American foreign policy and only secondarily of defense.s Not surprisingly, MAP aid is normally increased whenever pro-U.S...
...1945) from Panama who went on to get a degree from MIT, became the general agent for the Pan American Life Insurance Company and then the president of Xerox Corp...
...Dozens of U.S...
...The Report also discusses the role of the Military Assistance Program, which will be phased out over the next few years...
...From Fiscal Year 1949 through Fiscal Year 1969, a total of 416 foreign military officers attended such schools...
...This Lniormation rbould not be gfwn to any Inrtltutlon, agency or person who does not have oKlchl ruth- tbn...
...Army School of the Americas and other special air force divisions...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military Assistance and Developmental Television, 91st Cong., May 7, 1970, p. 11...
...Academic subjecta include the baaic concepts of counterinsurgency in urban arm, physical and VIP security, civic action, military intelhgence operations in the urban counterinsurgency ehvironment, pqchological operationa, communism - theories and mtegies...
...Because of the complexity of modern aircraft, "it only takes one little piece to go wrong for the plane to be grounded - and if Washington refuses to supply a replacement part, "that's the end," the plane is worthless...
...The bias is staunchly anti-Communist, portraying a stereotyped, monolithic view of communism...
...military analysts, the goal of counterinsurgency is not to destroy rebellious forces, but to incapacitate the political organization of the insurgents, which is seen as the life of the movement...
...Nationalist military governments have taken hold in such countries as Libya, Egypt, Peru and Panama, despite U.S...
...Bragg and the U.S...
...Congressional Presentation Document, fiscal years 1976 and 197T, Foreign Military Sales and Military Assistance Program, November*5, 1975, p. 1. MILITARY TRAINING PROGRAMS 1. K. Bruce Galloway and Robert Bowie Johnson, Jr., West Point: America's Power Fraternity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), p. 22...
...Military Assistance Program (MAP) was very important in U.S...
...Edward B. Glick, Peaceful Conflict (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1967...
...c. Handling Captured Personnel and Documents: Correct treatment of captured personnel for successful interrogation...
...Army School of the Americas Catalogue and tables submitted to NACLA, November 1975...
...International Herald Tribune, January 14, 1975...
...influence over Third World military forces...
...Most of the students are U.S...
...The College is administered by the InterAmerican Defense Board (IADB), which is composed of military representatives of the 22 member nations of the Organization of American States...
...So far in 1975, 651 officers and 160 enlisted men have been trained under the Military Assistance Program (the U.S...
...The Command and General Staff course offered here is restricted to senior officers and (since 1956) is only given to foreign students...
...community development programs...
...and secondly through the so-called "Civic Action" programs...
...9 In addition, personal contact between the trainees and U.S...
...The training programs are extremely important from the purely military point of view as well as the social and political...
...9. Interview with a Brazilian sociologist, Berkeley, Ca., November, 1975...
...They arrive with a sense of mission, either to guarantee the function that country serves within the world capitalist system or to try to change this function by means of nationalistic projects.6 However, Souza argues that these nationalistic projects (represented by the Peruvian model) are ultimately faced with two alternatives: they must either "carry out the project to its logical conclusion, affirming its national character by breaking away from the world capitalist system and integrating into another system that will tend toward socialism...
...9-10...
...countries, the ranks of popular opposition forces will begin to include previous supporters of the U.S...
...The 1976 MAP Program Twenty-two nations are scheduled to receive grant assistance in FY 1976...
...Hatred For disillusioned persons or those with frustrated desires it tends to provide an escape by giving them someone to blame, subject to suspicions, hatreds or prejudices...
...and, U.S...
...This importance is reflected in a warning issued by the Draper Committee in 1959: "To abandon the (MAP) program, for errors of execution or for any other reason, would be to abandon the Free World and to lose the Cold War...
...ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE-Ft...
...planners recognized from the start that there were risks in building up indigenous military forces: their loyalties could not be controlled in every case...
...military training institutions and is one reason why the "Brazilian miracle" is so important for the United States...
...Not only are they the instruments of repressive control, but also the promoters of economic development in the various nations...
...3 0 INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE COLLEGE-Washington, D.C...
...where] it may be essential for the military to assume many civil affairs functions and operate even as the prime institution of government in certain regions...
...give-away programs at a time when the United States itself is confronted with severe economic problems...
...Between 1950 and 1973 more than 428,000 foreign officers and enlisted men (including 64,000 Latin Americans) were trained under the Military Assistance Program in the United States and Panama, with thousands of others receiving U.S.-sponsored in-country training...
...Army, particularly, is the model for the armies of most of the Latin American republics...
...More than 10,000 students have graduated from the Academy since 1943...
...and to bolster the defense expenditures of countries that do not possess the resources to purchase military equipment and services (notably the Central American nations...
...The insurgent program and doctrine presented through propaganda doesn't have to represent the truth, since once the imagination and support of the people has been gained, the insurgent program is of secondary importance in comparison to the supreme importance of destroying the reigning order...
...Io `"32 11...
...Department of Defense under the Foreign Military Sales program (FMS) or by the Export-Import Bank for purchases of U.S...
...Objective: To cause fear and terror...
...The first Under Secretary appointed by President Nixon was the former selective service director, Curtis Tarr...
...The exploitation of real or fabricated injustices facilitates the second step, since the only alternative the people will have will be the program the insurgents present...
...governments threatened by insurgency or invasion.a B. FMS, C. Excess E. PL480, F. Sec...
...Chileans have also attended the Army Command and Staff College, U.S...
...training programs contribute to pro-U.S., repressive policies without looking at the reality of a military-dominated Latin America...
...Do not give them something for nothing...
...goals in Latin America, began to challenge and even supplant them with its own program for hemispheric development...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Operations Appropriations for 1963, Hearings, 87th Cong., 2d...
...Bragg, N.C...
...Fear The rumor tends to impart reality to the fearful anticipation of people who are "ready for the worst...
...Contrary to what was written by Marx and the early teachings of Lenin, many communist insurgent movements of the second half of the 20th century received their initial impulse, their organization and their force from the rural population...
...The Support Operations division, for enlisted men and officers, offers courses in the The United States has maintained its influence over the Chilean Armed Forces through training programs conducted in the United States and the Canal Zone...
...The information herein should not be divulged to any company, agency or person without official authorization...
...In describing the Administration's defense posture to Congress in 1970, Defense Secretary Melvin Laird stated: The basic policy of decreasing direct U.S...
...They are encouraged to 'Yorget that it b only an exercise, and consider eeriously the implications and bad consequences that a poor assessment, order or recommendation would have for your city, government and country...
...According to H. Souza, a radical Brazilian sociologist, the wave of military coups in the past ten years is different from earlier periods of military takeovers because the entire structure of the State is being transformed...
...The rumor (definition) "Specific or generalized proposition, to make someone believe in a thing without there being any concrete proof...
...And while the Vinnell team will presumably be withdrawn from Saudi Arabia after a specified duration of time, many of the maintenance and support programs will result in the creation of a permanent American presence inside the armed forces of many Third World countries...
...allies will assume the primary responsibility for their own defense needs - but with the help of substantial U.S...
...and Col...
...After the 1973 coup, other officers trained by the United States included the director of intelligence, the heads of the Second Infantry Division and the Support Division at Santiago, the Engineer School at Tejas Verdes (a known torture center), and the Paratroop and Special Forces School near Santiago...
...Since the coup, the training program has expanded greatly, with the majority of the officer - and enlisted - trainees attending the U.S...
...As cracks begin to emerge in the once-solid relationship between the U.S...
...Department of Defense: Defense Security Assistance Agency," Government Business Worldwide Reports, Washington, D.C., October 28, 1971...
...The training was contracted before the enactment of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 which cut off military aid to Chile...
...military groups, military attaches and local commanders screen applicants from the various coun- tries...
...A small number of foreign students attend the U.S...
...Exchange visits also take place between West Pointers and the officers at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington, D.C...
...By divulging it in a situation of friendly confidence it tends to seem more trustworthy...
...Army School of the Americas which trains thousands of Latin American military personnel...
...d. Networks of police and informants don't provide the kind of reports they should...
...These politico-economic functions are normally carried out by the resident Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) or military missions in each recipient country...
...9 This however, did not become the major U.S...
...Thus, a study mission from the House Foreign Affairs Committee which visited Peru after the 1968 coup found that: Despite the attendance of top Peruvian officers at American military schools, despite U.S...
...291 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC...
...They can be easily distorted...
...graduates include maintaining contact with former alumni from other countries...
...d. Propaganda Analysis: The scope, purpose, capabilities, and limitations of propaganda analysis...
...reprinted in Wolpin, p. 197...
...In criticizing U.S...
...use and control of rumor 7. Air Operations in Urban Counterinsurgency: Introduction to air-ground operations 8. Counterinsurgency Exercise: Practical exercise 9. Communism: Theories and Strategies: Communist ideology and insurgent doctrine...
...government - Chilean military personnel continued to attend U.S...
...s The United States, in Rockefeller's view, should forget "the philosophical disagreements it may have with particular regimes" and extend support to the right wing military strongmen who now rule most of the Latin American countries...
...Under the jurisdiction of SOLTIHCOM are the 14 U.S...
...This emphasis has become even more important with the U.S...
...interests is one of the more important activities of the current MAAGs...
...the move to protect and control natural resources through producers organizations like OPEC...
...2s A Security Assistant Symposium is offered every six months to personnel in the Military Assistance Officer Command and Staff Course...
...Amy Infantry & U.S...
...Rockefeller's view lent renewed support to the MAP program, which was beginning to come under close scrutiny and criticism from the U.S...
...Provides an excuse for behavior Projection is one of the most powerful defense mechanisms for avoiding the pangs of conscience...
...Military Schools,1950-75a Region & Country Trained in the US, CZc Trained Abroad Total Region & Country Trained in the US, CZc Trained Abroad Total EAST ASIA & PACIFIC, Total Burma Cambodia Indochinab Indonesia Japan Korea (S) Laos Malaysia Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam (S) NEAR EAST & SO...
...Located at Fort Lesley McNair in Washington, D.C., IADC occupies a building that was refurbished for its use by the MAP program at a cost of $1 million...
...12-13, 1972, The Military Assistance Officer Command and Staff Course 1-73, U.S...
...g. Psychological Operations in Stability Operations: National internal defense building program...
...The military did not merely gain power to 'normalize' or 'pacify' the class struggle, and then return to their barracks...
...1999 MEXICO...
...The only opposing view was presented by the Pentagon which argued that the aid program was important in maintaining close relations with the Latin American military...
...officials believe that the training programs prevent or inhibit foreign officers from turning to the Soviet Union for such aid...
...There is also a great deal of emphasis on exposing trainees to the "American way of life," to instill a desire in them to want to duplicate this lifestyle - a lifestyle which can only be achieved through cooperation with the multinational corporations...
...As a result of varying definitions of what actually constitutes security assistance, there are often discrepancies in total military assistance figures...
...Funds for this program would no longer be included in the MAP budget, but would be requested separately under another provision of the Foreign Assistance Act...
...Counterinsurgency training involves the reorientation of the military away from the concept of conventional war...
...Leavenworth, Kan...
...Curriculum guide, "Indicadores de Actividades Insurgentes," Grupo de Instruccion de Inteligencia Militar, Depto...
...military institutions can boast other men like Somoza, such as the current members of Chile's ruling military junta and military leaders in Brazil and Argentina...
...In 1962, when guerrilla war broke out in Guatemala, President Ydigoras commented that "one of our great difficulties is that both sides have been trained in the same tactics by the same experts...
...The program has declined from $1.2 billion in 1967 (including the transfer of excess defense articles) to $885 million in 1974...
...2 4 The Special Warfare Center is part of the John F. Kennedy School for Military Assistance, which also develops Pentagon doctrine on military assistance, internal defense, and psychological operations (PSYOPS...
...Given the recent energetic moves to restructure the interAmerican system (the creation of the new Latin American Economic System, current charter revision of the OAS and the decision to lift sanctions against Cuba), many of these assumptions may be challenged and might well lead to a restructuring of the IADB and IADC...
...This was reflected in the Alliance for Progress, which aimed to create the6 conditions for a certain kind of economic development that would benefit the large multinational corporations investing in Latin America...
...According to the Department of the Army, Chile was one of 17 Latin American countries which sent students to the School of the Americas during the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1974, but 60 percent of the students were Chilean...
...2, March, 1975...
...The School provides training (in Spanish) in courses ranging from vehicle maintenance to military intelligence...
...cadets have toured academies in Central and South America, and the foreign cadets return the visits...
...A few, however, with the same U.S...
...interests without question...
...military schools, the Pentagon supplies teams of U.S...
...Congress has seized on the MAP program as a way to reassert its authority and to end U.S...
...S. . We know that insurrection is based on the people and their problems...
...Translation from Le Figaro, Paris...
...IX, No...
...n22 c. Media: Audio-visual advantages and disadvantages...
...General Howard Fish, is also the Dep...
...THE COLD WAR Democracy and communism are engaged in a struggle for objectives of worldwide significance...
...Let him win full credit for the completion of any project...
...Cathedral Station, New York, NY 10025...
...3,788.4 167.9 318.1 1,168.8 1,096.6* 2,332.0 8,871.8 Laos 358.2 - 34.7 1,268.8 7.4 751.4 2,420.5 Malaysia 2.0 59.8 - - 1.9 - 63.7 New Zealand - 81.7@ - 2.8 - 84.5 Philippines 514.5 15.6 32.7 9.6 177.1* 195.5 945.0 Singapore - 19.0 - - 1.9 - 20.9 Taiwan 2,654.2 391.1 315.6 - 321.8* 727.4 4,410.1 Thailand 692.4 8.0 69.1 503.3 21.4 412.9 1,707.1 Vietnam, So...
...insurgent capabilities...
...military training installations and programs...
...7. Ibid., p. 17...
...Installation directive establishing Allied Sponsor Program, U.S...
...Robert S. McNamara, testimony before the Senate Appropriations Commitee, April 21, 1966, as quoted in Edwin Lieuwen, "The Latin American Military," p. 120...
...Army Intelligence Command at Fort Holabird...
...Important advice to these teams was included in a memorandum by Lieutenant Colonel John T. Little, former chief of the White Star Mobile Training Team in Laos, which reveals much of the attitude of those engaged in this program: Always make the villagers share the workload...
...In addition to providing air support for ground operations and other battlerelated activities, the air forces of Latin American nations were an integral part of the U.S.-sponsored civic action program because they were able to airlift supplies and materials to remote areas in the fulfillment of civic action goals...
...While MAP has declined, military exports under the Foreign Military Sales Program (FMS) have boomed to a high of $12 billion in fiscal 1975...
...ASIA, Total 6,829.4 4,532.4 508.3 - 2,570.3 3,191.0 17,631.4 Afghanistan 5.0 - - - - 25.6 30.6 Egypt - - - - - 290.8 290.8 Greece 1,596.0 294.5 150.4 - 465.6* 283.9 2,790.4 India 94.9 27.3 7.3 - 0.1 - 129.6 Iran 834.8 924.0@ 20.5 - 29.9* 205.3 2,014.5 Israel - 2,711.7 - - 1,600.0P 474.5 4,786.2 Jordan 258.5 99.0 20.9 - 0.2 442.1 820.7 Lebanon 14.4 25.0 0.1 - - - 39.5 Pakistan 673.1 7.9 8.9 - 83.9* 589.8 1,363.6 Saudi Arabia 36.4 257.7 0.6 - 2.9 - 297.6 Turkey 3,244.7 185.0 298.5 - 387.7* 823.6 4,939.5 Region/Other Countries" 71.6 0.3 1.1 - 0.1 55.4 128.5 LATIN AMERICA, Total 843.1 714.5 81.5 - 247.6 675.3 2,562.0 Argentina 45.9 143.6 1.5 - 37.9 19.9 248.8 Bolivia 39.1 8.0 4.2 - 1.1 164.2 216.6 Brazil 223.7 228.1 27.7 - 70.9 75.5 625.9 Chile 97.3 62.5 8.0 - 33.8 - 201.6 Colombia 95.3 39.3 6.0 - 20.0 31.5 192.1 Costa Rica 1.8 - - - 0.1 0.1 2.0 Dominican Rep...
...The aim is to select "highly motivated officers, [who] presently occupy or are destined to occupy influential positions in their armies or governments...
...weapons so that the trainees will urge their governments to purchase materiel from the United State& This Is true in the case of Chile, which was identified as ninth in importance among customers for U.S...
...As Latin America continues to raise new challenges to the United States, the Pentagon is forced to adopt new mechanisms to maintain its position of dominance...
...This is given varying interpretations, but it is hard to get a broad perspective that defines a possible solution to the problems which today confront the world...
...Naval Academy at Annapolis increased greatly...
...For more on civic action see Willard F. Barber and C. Neal Ronning, Internal Security and Military Power: Counterinsurgency and Civic Action in Latin America (Ohio State University Press, 1966...
...influence on Peruvian military thinking, and despite the close friend- ships between members of the general staff and U.S...
...When you buy an airplane," Lockheed Vice-President William D. Perreault said, "you also buy a supplier and a supply line - in other words, you buy a political partner...
...de Operaciones de Apoyo, Escuela de las Americas, Ft...
...October 23, 1973...
...Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on American Republics Affairs, Survey of the Alliance for Progress, Compilation of Studies and Hearings (Washington, D.C.: U.S...
...The curriculum is the same for foreign and American students, with two thirds of the courses devoted to intelligence gathering and assessment, civil affairs, logistics, administration (civil as well as military), geopolitics and anti-Communist indoctrination...
...development and status of current guerrilla interest in the urban area...
...These are reflected in the above statements made by various military leaders at the 11th Conference of Army Commanders of Latin America and the United States, held in Uruguay in October 1975...
...9. Ibid., p. 29...
...military personnel who will be assigned to a military mission, military assistance advisory group, or mobile training team in the Third World...
...Thus, Peru had the largest and most costly civic action program in Latin America - an effort which in one sense is now being carried out on a national scale...
...and foreign military personnel, thereby facilitating Pentagon efforts to acquire influence over foreign military establishments while simultaneously preventing other countries from replacing Washington's favored position...
...b 1 9 5 0 - 5 4 only...
...Lucian W. Pye, "Armies in the Process of Political Modernization," European Journal of Sociology, Vol...
...support for military governments by saying that the underdeveloped countries should not "be deprived of the developmental value of the military organizations simply because the ideological basis of the military in advanced societies rejects the appropriateness of the military openly touching upon essentially civilian functions...
...e. Use and Control of Rumor: Use of rumor as psychological operation media...
...As one military specialist put it, "U.S...
...The Depart- ment of Tactical Operations provides practical instruction for enlisted men in such areas as communications, engineering and weapons and vehicle maintenance...
...Chilean naval maneuvers (known as UNITAS) were taking place right off the coast of Chile...
...counterinsurgency) in conjunction with the U.S...
...At the same time, the Security Assistance Program Review Committee was created in the State Depart- ment with the new Under Secretary as its executive / ' V10 chairman, and including representatives from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the DOD, Treasury, National Security Council and Office of Management and the Budget...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...evacuation...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Military Assistance Training...
...z. 87...
...In an effort to alleviate some of the worst problems confronting U.S...
...military Involvement cannot be successful unless we provide our friends and allies, whether through grant aid or credit les, with the material assistance necessary to asre the most effective possible contribution by the manpower they are willing and able to commit to their own and the common defense . . In the majority of cases, this means Indigenous manpower organized into properly equipped and well-trained armed forces with the help of materiel, training, technology and specialized skills furnished by the United States through the Military Assistance Program or as Foreign Military Sales.' According to Laird, the MAP program is the essential ingredient of the Nixon Doctrine plan to "honor our obligations, support our allies, and yet reduce the likelihood of having to commit American ground combat units...
...ARGENTINA 600 BOLIVIA...
...The closer the armed forces are to the United States, the less likely other countries, particularly communist ones, would be able to obtain any influence over these militaries...
...Gordon, Ga...
...This College is one of the two most important schools for senior U.S...
...I need not dwell upon the value of having In positions of leadership men who have firsthand knowl- edge of how Americans do things and how they think...
...Later, as the threat of national liberation struggles grew more pronounced, the program expanded to encompass most Third World nations in an effort to upgrade indigenous counter-insurgency capabilities...
...or be destroyed by the system, losing national aspirations and converting itself into the first model [Brazil...
...Use of Means of Communication Generally by means of questions which insinuate their responses...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Reports of the Special Study Mission to Latin America on Military assistance and Developmental Television, 91st Cong, May 7, 1970, p. 31...
...Assistant Secretary of State Edwin Martin reported in 1963 that hundreds of Latin American military personnel were receiving training at Ft...
...development of a campaign to include targets, attitude, themes, susceptibility, and effectiveness...
...The increased emphasis on intelligence functions coincides with a shift from rural to urban counterinsurgency, reflecting the upsurge in urban guerrilla warfare...
...And it is their armies which exercise the controlling influence over their governments...
...3. Ibid...
...The * This has been a major cause of discord among the Latin nations and at the 11th Conference of Army Commanders referred to earlier, a special provision was adopted to exclude pro-ocialst countries from future meetings, as a veiled threat against Peru.12 guests stayed at such hotels as the Sheraton Park in Washington and the Flamingo in Las Vegas, attended a midnight show at Las Vegas and a beach party in Connecticut, and toured Disneyland - all at U.S...
...New York Times, November 1, 1970...
...Objective: Complacency, to later deal a blow to the morale by catching them off guard...
...INDICATORS OF INSURGENT ACTIVITIES This instructional material was conceived for use in the AID Program of the Foreign Intelligence Service...
...It doesn't require a normal system of communication, thus its importance increases with the scarcity of such means...
...Military Assistance Programs Total Expenditures by Country, 1946-75 (By Fiscal Year...
...This premise is no longer valid...
...Military Apparatus, published by The North American Congress on Latin America, August, 1972...
...attitudes and assumptions...
...6. Comptroller General's Report, p. 8. 7. Ibid., p. 16...
...military and intelligence activities in Latin America, including the military assistance programs...
...Military Schools SELECTED COURSES, FISCAL YEARS 1970Source: U.S...
...Twenty-five percent of the graduates of the Naval War College have been assigned to instructional duties in their own naval colleges or training institutions and more than 30 percent have assumed command positions...
...I" Therefore, even though the MAP program is ending, the United States has not abandoned its strategy of supplying training and weapons to the world...
...ARMY SCHOOL OF THE AMERICAS AS OF 6 SEPTEMBER 1976...
...Cadets and junior officers are "taught leaderahip rolea for units wigned to irregular warfare, jungle operatiom, and combat engineer missions," l9 in addition to marksmanship training and tactical field exercises...
...help for the helpless...
...intelligence in psychological operations...
...These events indicate that U.S...
...2. Reasons: Through this knowledge, to be able to employ or control rumors as the circumstances or situation demands...
...Hearings, 91st Congress, 2d Session, 1970, p. 112...
...Be-, Ga This institution, which produced many of the U.S...
...Objective: To create internal disunity in order to debilitate the activity...
...Inactivity or monotony...
...However, as suggested above, the goal of counteracting progressive nationalism among the military has not always been successfully met in U.S...
...In October 1973, more than 170 graduates were heads of governments, cabinet ministers, commanding prenerals or directors of intelligence in their countries...
...and (3) inculcate an ideology of develo ment which favors the multinational corporations...
...According to a former State Department official, even the word 'communist' has been applied so liberally and so loosely to revolutionary or radical regimes that any government risks being so characterized If It adopts one or more of the following policies which the State Department finds distasteful: nationalization of private Industry, particularly foreign-owned corporations, radical land reform, autarchlc trade policies, acceptance of Soviet or Chinese aid, insistence upon following an anti-American or nonaligned foreign policy, among others...
...30.0 0.5 1.8 - 4.0 209.3 245.6 Ecuador 42.6 0.6 3.5 - 17.0 21.9 85.6 El Salvador 9.2 3.5 0.8 - 0.5 - 14.0 Guatemala 22.8 9.4 2.8 - 0.9 33.5 69.4 Haiti 3.2 - 0.1 - 0.8 47.7 51.8 Honduras 11.4 3.0 1.1 - 0.5 1.6 17.6 Mexico 2.3 9.3 # - 7.7 1.2 20.5 Nicaragua 17.4 3.0 2.6 - 0.6 - 23.626 Region & A. MAP B. FMS, C. Excess D. MASF E. PL480, F. Sec...
...Department of Defense tables (1975...
...JOHN F. KENNEDY SCHOOL OF MILITARY ASSISTANCE-Ft...
...According to the International Herald Tribune, a State Department source explained that Kissinger's decision was "based on his conviction that he needs to retain every possible carrot and stick in his diplomatic arsenal...
...There were two direct results of this Task Force - in 1971 the Defense Security Assistance Agency was created as the responsible body within the DOD for international security assistance...
...military personnel, but through orientation tours that take the trainees to historic points of interest, to government buildings and institutions in Washington, D.C., to interviews with industrial leaders and legis- lators, and to factories and farming areas...
...A related factor in the rapid acceleration of arms sales is the rise in oil costs, which has led to the accumulation of millions of excess dollars in the reserves of the Middle East countries and sheikdoms...
...According to RAND analysts, the rationale for the U.S...
...Most of the instructional programs, whether of a technical or strategic nature, include ideological material...
...The insurrection sharpens the interest of the public and the rumor gives an answer to problems about which you can't give complete information for the moment...
...Army Psychological Warfare School at Ft...
...3 2 Visitors to Fort Gulick are told that the Special Forces train and advise the Latin American military forces "in support of the objectives of the United States within the framework of the Cold War...
...TOTAL Portugal 324.5 - 8.0 - 14.7 - 347.2 Spain 647.9 62.3@ 27.6 - 196.6* 492.5 1,426.9 United Kingdom 1,034.5 801.4@ 24.3 - - 186.6 2,046.8 Yugoslavia 693.9 1.4 9.2 - - 424.7 1,129.2 Regional/Qther countriesJ 211.9 - - - 0.5 178.6 391.0 Interregional, NATO, SEATO, etc 2,877.6 23.1 100.8 1,699.6 - 292.6 4,993.7 WORLDWIDE, Total 38,033.8 8,145.6 2,249.3 18,765.7 6,269.0 17,013.2 90,476.5 #Less than $50,000...
...2. Characteristics -Its source is not obvious, thus avoiding the resistance encountered by White Propaganda efforts...
...In this sense, the people will not give their support until they have been convinced that the government or the existing political institutions can't satisfy their aspirations...
...However, the overriding goal of the programs were to inculcate and reinforce the values held by the U.S...
...1333-1386...
...Air Force training institutions are located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama, and include the Air University, the Squadron Officer School, Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College...
...the revolutionary efforts in Portugal and other massive popular movements in Western Europe...
...military bases located in the Canal Zone itself, including Fort Gulick which houses the 8th Special Forces (Green Berets) and the U.S...
...6. Herbert de Souza, The World Capitalist System and Militarism in Latin America (Toronto, Canada: Brazilian Studies, November, 1974), pp...
...Southern Command (SOUTHCOM), which coordinates all U.S...
...2 6 Other sessions of the Symposium covered the role of the military advisors and other agencies that administer security assistance, the role of the military in the modernization or development process, and the role of the United Nations and other peacekeeping forces...
...Latin American countries have a quota of two cadets a year, which is not always filled...
...j. Includes Malta, Finland...
...2 When looked at in these terms, Laird asserted, "a MAP dollar is of far greater value than a dollar spent directly on U.S...
...According to the School's commandant, "the lessons thee Allied &dents learn will be reflected in years to come in the doctrine and practices of their own armed forces, and the bonda of friendship established between individuale will help our country in many instances in the f~ture...
...On the other hand, commanders from Peru, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela, raised strong voices against violence from the right and the large multi- national corporations which often intervene in the affairs of the Latin American countries...
...On the other hand, these governments do represent a logical consequence of a program which emphasizes the role of the military as modernizers and nationbuilders...
...values is extremely significant - especially when one learns that many foreign graduates became important military and political leaders in their own nations: 12 became heads of state or premiers, 112 cabinet ministers or ambassadors, 80 commanders of national armed services, 922 general officers...
...H. Heymann, Jr., and W. W. Whitson, "Can and Should the United States Preserve a Military Capability for Revolutionary Conflict...
...Since 1952, 92,724 students have graduated from the institutions at Ft...
...b. Reports from the people, the police or security personnel about attempts to recruit them as spies...
...dollars in millions) Includes: A. MAP grants: direct grants of military equipment and services (including training) provided under the Military Assistance Program (MAP).a B. FMS Eximbank credits: Credits furnished by the U.S...
...Guillermo Rodrigues Lara, President of Ecuador...
...influence in the hemisphere: the creation of a new Latin American Economic System (SELA, a development organization that does not include the United States), international support for the demands of the people of Panama to assert their sovereignty over the Canal Zone, the vote of the United Nations Decolonization Committee declaring Puerto Rico a colony, policies to protect natural resources through producers' associations, and the lifting of the OASimposed sanctions on Cuba - facilitating Cuba's active participation as a member of the Latin Ameri- can community...
...The military carried out this broader political role initially through the civic action program...
...SOUTHCOM The Panama Canal Zone houses the headquarters of the U.S...
...This was good insurance for the future, because many of the top level officers trained in the United States were destined to be important leaders in their governments and armed forces...
...defense industry by promoting needless arms sales, and that some MAAGs remain in countries to which the United States no longer provides military assistance...
...Howard Fish, claimed that military advisors do "no hustling, no huckstering, for overseas sales...
...lie even went so far as to say that "the question is less one of democracy or lack of it than it is simply of orderly ways of getting along...
...Sales to Latin America have been increasing at a spectacular rate: from an average of $30 million yearly in the 1960s, to $72 million in fiscal 1971, $118 million in fiscal 1974 and a projected $180 million in 1976...
...Cuban guerrilla forces during the revolutionary war...
...military sales to the Third World...
...Bragg in "riot control, counterguerrilla operations and tactics, intelligence and counterintelligence, and other subjects which will contribute to the maintenance of public order...
...Corn materiala are often introduced with the following warning: GRADUATES OF U.S...
...Congress has also acted to reduce or eliminate MAP aid...
...502-15...
...Department of Defense, quoted in Wohlpin...
...military planning in the Third World, the goals of the MAP were modified accordingly...
...But in whose hands would we put those arms...
...In addition to providing combat training, they also assisted in various civic action projects...
...More significantly, an attitude is inculcated that is critical or suspicious of any neutralist or nationalist policy that a government might take...
...How does the ability of the multinational corporations to respond to nationalist programs limit the possibility for achieving an independent economic development...
...graduates of military institutions are assigned to maintain contact with foreign graduates of the same institution around the world...
...As of September 1975, 33,147 students had graduated from USARSA...
...More than 4000 Chilean officers and enlisted men have been trained at these facilities, including the current leaders of the ruling junta...
...The practice of hiring former U.S...
...Army School of the Americas at Fort Gulick in the Canal Zone...
...military presence abroad and to avoid the future involvement of U.S...
...plans to arm its allies and influence its friends...
...corporations...
...regimes are threatened by insurgent movements (Colombia, Peru...
...50 HONDURAS...
...994 ECUADOR...
...This has dropped to 2,106, largely as a result of Congressional action...
...b. Intelligence in PSYOPS: Conventional intelligence and intelligence for PSYOPS...
...In response to criticism of the MAAG role, the Director of the Defense Security Assistance Agency, Lt...
...That is to say, we are interested in that part of the population that is psychologically linked to the land...
...technology to the political and military reality of their own cultures...
...The Department of Command and General Staff provides instruction for high-level commanders and staff officers which is comparable to the Command and General Staff course presented at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee, Foreign Assistance and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1971, Hearings, 91st Cong, 2d Session, 1970, p. 307...
...1 2 Underscoring the long-standing feud between Congress and Kissinger, the source went on to say that, "it is a matter of principle with Henry not to give in to Congressional pressures to tie his hands...
...Some specific reasons: -Provide a response to important questions...
...North American and Latin American publishers...
...2 -Commander, Panamanian National Guard Latin America is characterized today by two basic approaches to controlling popular opposition movements and providing for economic development...
...interests in the Zone, among them the military bases...
...Bragg, North Carolina...
...The security assistance effort has also been characterized by lack of coordination among the various programs, and lack of a clear line of authority and control over the program as a whole...
...Use of Sympathizers Encourage sympathizers to disseminate stories...
...training of Third World police forces under the Public Safety Program, closed the International Police Academy, and imposed a ban on military aid to Chile last year...
...108-109...
...The military is playing a critical role in the growth of nationalism...
...dilemma of conflicting economic goals...
...military aid effort since World War II...
...Government and Management," Congressional Research Service, JX 1435, January 9, 1973, and "U.S...
...students...
...Classes of propaganda: grey, white and black propaganda -Means of diffusion of grey and black propaganda: radio transmission, cartoons (comics), leaflets, posters, and...
...Gabriel Jose de la Guardia (W.P...
...This was partly due to the costs of operating the program: $136.5 million in 1974...
...As quoted in Michael T. Klare, War Without End: American Planning for the Next Vietnams (New York: Random House, 1972), p. 301...
...None of the programs under the jurisdiction of SOUTHCOM will be affected.14 - Training Chile's Terrorists U.S...
...2. Ibid...
...In 1975, $226.5 million was slated for military training purposes, twice the amount spent on training in 1972...
...In an effort to encourage Latin Americans to attend the Academy, West Point also holds conferences on Latin American affairs which bring together business, military and academic leaders from the hemisphere...
...Leavenworth is followed up with return visits to the United States, with the "Leavenworth Clubs" - associations of American and foreign graduates of the College who meet regularly to reinforce inter-officer friendship - and through the College journal, Military Review, which is published in several languages...
...Our aim is to supply any title published in Latin America, Europe We hold full bibliographical tools, but customers, when ordering, and North America, in the Spanish, Portuguese, English and are asked to provide as much information as they are able French languages...
...Other figures include Omar Torrijos, leader of Panama...
...Frequently, the tasks of U.S...
...The various military governments of Latin America are the result of specific class configurations in each country...
...training is supposedly intended to foster "a constructive and democratic approach by the military to their professional responsibilities and to the solution of national problems...
...In areas of this size, where interests are interrelated, the indicators of insurrection should be similar in villages and countryside...
...counterparts - among the most advanced and ambitious in the U.S...
...foreign policy by indoctrinating Third World military officers with pro-U.S...
...INTRODUCTION In recent years the problem of subversion has reached dramatic proportions...
...c. Source for PL 480 data: U.S...
...Country grants credits Articles grants grants Assist...
...e. Represents "forgiven" FMS credits...
...efforts to prevent this from happening...
...The course emphasizes military operations against conventional and guerrilla forces in an urban environment The cost for the Chileans was $314,440 of which $304,440 was paid for by the United States through the MAP program...
...Though the revolutionary and popular democratic organizations have been hurt in countries like Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia and Chile, the mass base of resistance and opposition cannot be destroyed...
...The Draper Committee, charged by President Eisenhower with evaluating the military assistance program in 1959, found that "there is no single aspect of the military assistance program which produced more useful returns for the dollars expended than these training programs...
...A similar conclusion was reached about MAP training programs by a 1970 House Foreign Affairs Committee study mission to Latin America: The majority of issues which must be addressed about MAP training are political and economic in nature, rather than strictly military...
...In many of these countries where the military plays a predominant role in national development, the collateral benefits accruing from the training of senior officers are obvious.'4 It was always expected that military leaders trained by the United States would assume important positions in their own countries, either within the military or as leaders of the government itself...
...2. U.S...
...In fact, this role has increased, though it is now conducted on different terms and is subject to competition from other international suppliers...
...1913 CHILE...
...Congressional critics of the MAP program have charged it with: fostering the overthrow of civilian governments by the military in less developed countries, with helping to fuel Intraregional military competition, with creating a taste for sophisticated weapons among the armed forces in poor nations, and with squandering American taxpayers' money on "tin soldiers...
...South Viatnamese soldiers in training exercise at U.S...
...development and methods of rural and urban guerrillas...
...In explaining this decision, the document asserts the importance of the training: This change has been made in recognition of the unique and lasting benefits which accrue to the United States from the training of foreign military personnel, and the need to ensure their continuing accrual as an independent and highly productive form of security assistance...
...Types of rural and urban indicators as they affect the population and the insurgent propaganda effort...
...3057 BRAZIL...
...UTILIZATION AND CONTAINMENT OF RUMORS A. Introduction (5 minutes) 1. Objective: To teach the dynamic of the procedure for disseminating rumors...
...3 ' The curriculum, which is approved and developed by the U.S.-dominated Inter-American Defense Board, is based upon the assumption that a unity of interest defines the relationship between the United States and the Latin American nations...
...When the military takes direct control of the State apparatus, does this give it a greater ability to shift to and follow through on nationalist priorities...
...The Organization of American States provides the operating funds for the IADC, which is always directed by a U.S...
...The training at Ft...
...In keeping with the "Containment" doctrine of the early Cold War era, this give-away program originally focused on the so-called "Forward Defense" countries on the periphery of China and the USSR...
...Gives the teller a sense of importance The prestige of a person increases when in a time of doubt or confusion he can provide "information...
...Recent bans include Turkey, which used U.S.supplied materiel in the war with Cyprus, thus violating U.S...
...The instruction focused on the tactics, techniques and principles of psychological and unconventional warfare...
...By regular contact with publishers, book- concerning author, title, publisher, country...
...policy: thus military aid was reduced to Peru after the government nationalized the holdings of the International Petroleum Company in 1968...
...Congressional opposition to the MAP program developed in response to the Vietnam war and the popular movement within the United States that began to challenge the assumptions of U.S...
...These training centers provide officerlevel instruction to foreign and U.S...
...For more on the Public Safety Program and police training, see: The U.S...
...14.Interviews with State Department officials, October 1975...
...technicians are moving into other countries, including many in Latin America, in step with booming U.S...
...There are also indications, according to documents from the Brazilian War College, that as early as 1950, the United States foresaw a significant role for the armed forces in combatting internal subversion...
...dissemination...
...Under Section 510 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1970, the number of military trainees brought to the United States under MAP was limited to the number of foreign students studying in the United States during the previous fiscal year under the Hayes-Fulbright Act (the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act...
...The latter is characteristic of the rumor...
...Time Period Number U.S...
...strategy, which since the late 1960s has regarded the military as the only reliable force capable of maintaining internal stability in Latin America...
...improvised explosives 2. Management: Functions of management...
...Attempts have been made to raise the standard of living of all sectors of the population, as well...
...This strategy, which has been preserved by the Ford Administration, is based on the premise that U.S...
...MAAGs in 1971 totalled 3,471 people...
...While Vinnell is basically working as a subcontractor to the Department of Defense, other defense firms are working directly for the Iranian government and thus can escape much of the Congressional oversight imposed on Pentagon contracts...
...8. Risks encountered in Controlling a Rumor: -Giving greater publicity to those rumors that are being denied -Spreading more rumors than those that can be effec- tively denied -Exaggerating the danger of the opposing propaganda -Failing to deny all the rumors that you should, allowing some to circulate freely.24 U.S...
...Given the role of the Latin American military as defenders of internal security, more than 70% of the training courses deal with counterinsurgency operations and techniques...
...Army, never before published, -obtained by NACLA through the Freedom of Information Act...
...Transition to Sales Between 1946 and 1975, $40 billion was provided to countries around the world under the MAP program...
...h. Characteristics of the Urban Guerrilla: Organization, recruitment, finances, logistics support, security and operative tactics of the urban guerrilla i. Combat in Cities: Techniques and fundamentals for planning an attack of a built-up area in an urban insurgency environment...
...The initial post-war task of MAP was to help rebuild the military forces of the "Free World" nations, through the provision of grant aid, materiel and training...
...National War College, Great Britain's Imperial Defense College, and the NATO Defense College...
...base rights (Turkey, Spain), or to further foreign policy objectives (Jordan, Egypt...
...Luigi R. Einaudi and Alfred C. Stepan III, Latin American Institutional Development: Changing Military Perspectives in Peru and Brazil, (Santa Monica: RAND, 1971), p. 123...
...4 The idea is not only to instill anti-communist attitudes, but to provide a framework for the officer to analyze situations just as his American counterparts would...
...This lesser known aspect of the training program is considered extremely important by Pentagon officials who explained that the tours are "an important method of exposing a significant leadership group to American life and society at a crucial point in their intellectual development, thereby affecting their future philosophy and convictions...
...government...
...Most instruction is given in Spanish...
...In 1962, the Defense Department integrated additional material on U.S...
...Emphasis added)' The military training programs have one overriding purpose - to develop relationships with foreign military officers that will lead them to support U.S...
...2429 EL SALVADOR...
...1006 GUATEMALA...
...instructors and students is encouraged both during and after training...
...weapons - so that they will want to purchase identical equipment when outfitting their own armies...
...These ties are also used to promote sales of U.S...
...A significant example of the latter was the honoring of Raul Castro, head of Cuba's Armed Forces Ministry at the anniversary of Mexican independence in September 1975 in Mexico City...
...20-27, and "Inter-American Defense College Educates Officers of 22 Nations," Army Research and Development, March, 1968...
...Sixty percent of the participating officers have attended staff schools in their own countries before entering the ten-month regular course of instruction at the College...
...2, Autumn, 1975...
...media...
...1404-1462...
...Its diffusion is generally verbal, by word-ofmouth...
...strategists as the "bright new hope for progress and reform" after the Cuban Revolution, when the inability of civilian governments to effectively control guerrilla movements became apparent...
...to demoralize...
...Army Special Forces, based at Ft...
...Northrop, for instance, has several hundred employees in Brazil, Chile, Jordan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan and Malaysia helping air force personnel in these countries to operate the F-5E "International Fighters...
...In 1974, SOUTHCOM was identified as one of seven major U.S...
...training programs, the work of the missions, and the contact between United States and Latin American military men did little to improve military respect for civilian authority and constitutional processes...
...For years, U.S...
...Training in previou years ha^ included a "week long maneuver known as the Bulbw Crossing in which they (cadets) trek acrow the iAhmus from Pacific to Atlantic shorea on a sirnulated search and deetroy mission, putting into prac- tice what the learned about guerrilla warfare and jungle living...
...imperialism - confronted also by a severe economic crisis and weakened by domestic challenges to its foreign policy - is on the defensive...
...Some of the most important training centers, such as the Inter-American Defense College, the U.S...
...Congress, Senate, Committee on Appropriations, Foreign Assistance Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1976, Hearings, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., 1975, pp...
...Army - foreign trainees often develop relationships that are close and long-lasting...
...The notion is continually reinforced that "you're either with us or against us...
...They indicate furthermore, that the drive for independent national development is a world-wide phenomenon, and that new links are being forged between the countries of Latin America and the rest of the world, through such bodies as OPEC, the United Nations and the Organizations of Non-aligned Nations...
...c. Short, unjustified and unusual absences from work on the part of government employees...
...American policy-makers began to accept the premise that economic and social progress is an important precondition for stabilizing Latin America and pacifying opposition movements...
...Security assistance became increasingly important with the introduction of the Nixon Doctrine, which seeks to reduce the direct U.S...
...It has the most compre- hensive bibliography available on military training, and includes several examples of course materials in the Appendix...
...several members of the prestigious Alfaro family of Ecuador and the Arosemena family of Panama...
...1,245.8 7.8 7.2 - 0.2 - 1,261.0 Canada - - - 13.1 - 13.1 Denmark 617.6 - 7.0 - 1.7 - 626.3 j...
...IADC, according to an official brochure, is "a military institution of high level studies, devoted to conducting courses on the Inter-American System and the political, social, economic, and military factors that constitute essential components of InterAmerican defense...
...TOTAL NEAR EAST & SO...
...training institutions was one reason cited by Congressional critics of the MAP program when they suc* Ten of the twelve military officers who carried out the Peruvian coup in 1968 received military training in the United States, including Major General Juan Velasco Alvarado (President until the summer of 1975), and Brig...
...Two-thirds of these funds were consumed in the delivery of materiel, including 4,385 F-84 aircraft, 206 patrol boats, 21,725 tanks and hundreds of thousands of jeeps, rifles and other equipment...
...5. Reasons for Dissemination of rumors -In an atmosphere of crisis or tension caused by an emergency situation, the individual is predisposed to listen to and repeat whatever he hears, whether it be a rumor or true information...
...g. The new urban classes are very vulnerable to insurrection...
...Some of the central questions which go beyond the scope of this Report, are: -How does the current crisis in the world capitalist system open up certain options to nationalist governments, while closing off others...
...Congress.7 From MAP to FMS: SECURITY ON A CASH BASIS The Military Assistance Program (MAP) has been the cornerstone of the U.S...
...populace resources control...
...Leavenworth and the Inter-American Defense College...
...Both forms of military rule are raising significant problems for U.S...
...foreign policy...
...In order to increase military exports to Latin America through the FMS program, President Nixon was obliged, in May 1971, to waive a $75 million ceiling on arms transfers to the region that had been imposed by Congress...
...Furthermore, in some cases, a civilian government is merely a facade for military rule, which is the case in Uruguay today...
...As the Alliance for Progress reformist solution was failing, and the liberal bourgeois regimes proved incapable of controlling revolutionary and popular forces, the U.S.-sponsored military went on the offensive, carrying out "preventive" coups to forestall the drift toward nationalism and socialism...
...2205 COSTA RlCA...
...5. U.S...
...This training center was forced to close down in March 1975 as a result of Congressional action in response to international and national popular pressure...
...allies in the Vietnam war by the Department of Defense under the Military Assistance, Service-Funded (MASF) program.a E. PL480, Other grants: includes local currencies generated under the "Food for Peace" program that are used for military purposes, as well as ships loaned by the U.S...
...military strategies and programs...
...By 1973, 90 foreign cadets had graduated from West Point...
...Finally, and apparently of least importance, U.S...
...They cited social problems and underdevelopment as sources of opposition movements, and openly called for an end to economic aggression waged by the United States against the poorer nations of the hemisphere...
...s In justifying the continuation of the military advisory program, Pentagon officials affirm that "the advisory organization is an element of the worldwide U.S...
...Department of Defense, Fiscal Year 1971 Defense Program and Budget, Statement by Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird (Washington, D.C., 1970...
...It is also a major doctrine taught Latin American officers at U.S...
...And in interviews with members of U.S...
...161 9 HAITI...
...Ibid...
...While this program was conducted on a small scale and was not very popular among the armed forces themselves, the rationale behind the program -- the concept of the military as "nation-builders" and agents of economic progress - is related to the actual functions that the military forces in many countries have taken on...
...For example, a good approach could be "I will try to get a tin roof for this school house If you will build the school and furnish all the other materials and labor...
...The growing deployment of such "white-collar mercenaries" in the Third World fulfills an important goal of the Pentagon, to maintain the dependence of foreign armed forces on the United States...
...COURSE OUTLINE 1. Basic Concepts of Counterinsurgency in Urban Areas: National problems limiting national development...
...One rebel leader, Turcios Lima, first attended the Guatemalan military academy, and then the U.S...
...Grumman will deploy at least 2,000 engineers in Iran to provide back-up support to the 80 F-14 "Tomcat" air-superiority fighters purchased by the Shah for an estimated $1.9 billion...
...Country grants Eximbank articles grants Other aid Sup.Asst...
...12.Ibid...
...mile Canal Zone to Panama...
...and they should be coordinated with an intensive PSYOPS campaign to convince the population that these harsh methods are for their own good...
...printed material...
...Edwin Lieuwen, "The Latin American Military," Report incorporated into U.S...
...training programs increasingly included more sophisticated courses on fiscal planning, development policy, government administration and geopolitics...
...See "Inter-American Defense College," Military fteview, April, 1970, pp...
...government in processing and implementing sales transactions...
...As noted by Professor Edward Lieuwen, "the basis for military aid to Latin America abruptly shifted from hemispheric defense to internal security...
...Finally, the changes taking place in Latin America today are best understood in the context of recent world developments, including: the defeat of U.S...
...WEST POINT There is not on the whole globe an establishment more monarchial, corrupt and corrupting than this, the very organization of which is a palpable violation of the constitution and laws of the country, and its direct tendency to introduce and build up a privileged order of the very worst class - a military aristocracy - in the United States...
...Often trainees are brought back to the United States several times to reinforce the training experience...
...Representatives of U.S...
...foreign policy objectives and more anti-Communist propaganda under the assumption that "technical training would lose much of its impact if conducted in an ideological vacuum...
...Courses in the theory of guerrilla war are taught using the writings of various revolutionary leaders such as Mao Tse-tung, General Vo Nguyen Giap of Vietnam, and Che Guevara...
...The Pentagon has recently assigned a representative to the negotiating team led by Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker to prevent the State Department from giving up strategic U.S...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945-June 30, 1971 (Washington, D.C.: 1972...
...However, even these mechanisms will contain new contradictions that will further reduce Pentagon influence in the hemisphere...
...Country (In Weeks) Instructors Bolivia Bolivia Bolivia Chile Chile Chile Chile 1 5 17 12 3 10 10 Dominican Republic 18 El Salvador 1 El Salvador 3 Guatemala 1 Honduras 2 Uruguay 1 Uruguay 1 Uruguay 4 Venezuela 1 Venezuela 4 Venezuela 1 Cambodia 7 Indonesia 6 Bolivia 2 Colombia 4 Colombia 6 El Salvador 4 El Salvador 15 El Salvador 4 2 Communications maintenance 4 Tactical operations 5 Supply/logistics 2 English language laboratory maintenance 6 Tactical operations 5 Drill sergeant Purpose FISCAL YEAR 73 2 Aviation maintenance 2 Mortar maintenance 7 Supply/logistics 6 Armor maintenance 4 Tactical operations 3 Soils analysis 4 Engineer equipment maintenance 10 Tactical operations 3 Civic action 2 Language laboratory maintenance 2 Howitzer operation 4 Military police 2 Administration 1 Mine detection 4 Engineer equipment operation 1 Parachute rescue 5 Tactical operations 1 Explosive ordnance disposal 20 Long-range reconnaissance patrol 4 M60 machine gun operation and range firing Guatemala 8 Honduras 2 Honduras 3 Honduras 9 Nicaragua 8 Panama 4 Venezuela 5 Venezuela 5 Venezuela 7 Venezuela 4 Venezuela 4 Indonesia 6 Bolivia 4 Colombia 6 Dominican Republic 3 El Salvador 14 El Salvador 14 Guatemala 3 Honduras 11 Peru 10 Uruguay 3 Venezuela 5 Jordan 13 Indonesia 13 Indonesia 11 Indonesia 6 Indonesia 12 Indonesia 11 6 Tactical operations 4 Airborne 3 Communications 2 Vehicle operation 5 Engineer equipment operation 6 Maintenance 1 Maintenance survey 1 Maintenance survey 5 Explosive ordnance disposal 1 Transport vehicle maintenance 3 Underwater reconnaissance 3 Maintenance and repair of communication equipment FISCAL YEAR 75 1 Vehicle maintenance 8 Basic infantry tactics 3 Personnel records 3 Vehicle maintenance 2 Engineer equipment operations 2 Vehicle maintenance 4 Airborne 7 Counterinsurgency 3 Tactical operations 3 Repair parts supply 4 Special forces 3 Installation, operation, and maintenance of communications equipment 3 Operation and maintenance of communications system 3 Small arms repair 4 Heavy equipment repair 7 Advanced airborne techniques FISCAL YEAR 7431 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Dominican R. Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela TOTAL 1 10 2 14 13 57 2 14 23 4 2 11 153 4 9 7 21 24 4 11 23 3 10 3 4 5 3 42 173 10 7 7 2 1 27 11 8 11 31 4 5 16 9 16 46 14 171 7 10 2 43 14 31 14 9 10 13 3 9 9 4 6 19 9 212 3 2 1 10 1 3 6 1 22 3 1 1 13 14 81 7 3 8 1 8 11 14 8 4 2 12 18 7 7 10 25 145 2 150 20 1i 173 1128 8 1 1137 5 7 28 8 5 2 4 16 2 1 1 79 References LATIN AMERICAN MILITARIES 1. Inforpress Centroamericano, Guatemala, #165, October 30, 1975...
...254 NICARAGUA...
...This program lasts nine weeks with 305 houra of indruction...
...TOTAL EAST ASIA & PACIFIC, Total 12,804.0 1,610.9 1,253.2 17,066.1 3,079.4 11,023.8 46,837.4 Australia - 824.5@ - - - - 824.5 Burma 76.4 4.1 - - 9.1 89.6 Cambodia 1,267.7 - 38.1 - 47.6* 488.8 1,842.2 Indonesia 162.6 8.5 12.0 - 51.9* 66.8 301.8 Japan 854.9 34.8 58.3 - 175.2 - 1,123.2 Korea, So...
...This doesn't mean that an urban insurrection can be directed and coordinated by a rural insurrection, but the communist theorists of today place emphasis on the countryside and the rural population as the source and the basis of success for many insurrections...
...The program of instruction emphasizes the role of civic action in insurgency situations and includes courses in the organization of non-military agencies, psychological operations, the theory of economic development and special forces officer instructions...
...It was originally created to defend the Canal Zone itself, but through the years its function has expanded to include the defense of U.S...
...e. A growing hostility against governmental agencies & agencies of public order...
...Military Intelligence School and West Point, among others One purpose of this training is to instill a desire for and familiarity with U.S...
...This program was combined with other forms of psychological warfare that were conducted to woo the people away from opposition forces and to make them think that the military, and thus the regime in power, had the interests of the people at heart...
...Also subject to distortions...
...intelligence in VIP security...
...and, U.S...
...aerospace officials in interviews...
...Army School of the Americas," Military Review, April, 1970, pp...
...Many of the graduates of USARSA have risen to top positions in their governments...
...One of the authors of this doctrine, Professor Lucian Pye of M.I.T., wrote in 1961 that, "the armies created by colonial administration and by the newly emergent countries have been consistently among the most modernized institutions in their society...
...Nancy Stein21 Urban CounterInsurgency Operations The following documents are selected portions of the course curriculum from the U.S...
...The military was to play a role in both the developmental and the repressive aspects of this strategy - first by searching out guerrilla groups and destroying them, along with other manifestations of opposition and dissent...
...In like manner, the inclusion of towns and villages with populations fluctuating between 5 and 20 thousand inhabitants who are oriented toward agriculture serves to group persons with similar interests, whether because the population depends on agriculture or vice versa...
...The dominant position, presented by the commanders from Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, is based on the need for strong repressive force and an institutionalized rule of terror to "protect the hemisphere from the international Communist conspiracy...
...policies internationally and to promote U.S...
...methods of population and vital installation protection 5. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS IN THE UR- BAN COUNTERINSURGENCY ENVIRONMENT a. Intelligence Orientation: Introduction to and principles of Intelligence...
...its application in Bolivia f. Basic Theory of the Urban Guerrilla: Concepts, organization and patterns of insurgency, with emphasis on the model for insurgency set forth in the mini-manual by Marighella g. Analysis of the Urban (Tupamaro) Guerrilla: Analysis of the urban guerrilla's characteristics...
...Copyright 1976 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...new ideas of urban warfare...
...8th Special Forces in the Canal Zone.19 U.S...
...recent experience for developing countries...
...Department of Defense, "Collateral Benefits Derived from Military Assistance and Other DOD Training Programs" (unpublished memorandum, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1960), p. 7. Quoted in Wolpin, p. 67...
...Such aid is also used to protect U.S...
...The Inter-American Defense College (IADC) was established in 1962 as a senior service school similar to the U.S...
...MILITARY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS 1. U.S...
...Even during the government of Salvador Allende - a target of economic and covert aggression by the U.S...
...communist strategy in Latin America...
...The implications of the end of the MAP program will be examined below...
...When the situation is so complex that information about it is difficult to understand, the rumor distorts it and presents it in a simple form...
...goals...
...Commander, Chilean Army Terrorism can also be the same as capitalism...
...Session, Part I, p. 359...
...Do not issue orders to him or demand an instant decision...
...Marine Corps Command and Staff College, the U.S...
...Hugo Banzer, dictator of Bolivia...
...Latin America Books is a service for supply of books from and about Latin America Our customers throughout the world are individuals, academics, Latin America Books acts as distributors to the trade for some institutions, librarians and bookshops...
...efforts to develop conventional armed forces modelled after the United States, RAND argues that the MTT's provide a "more effective instrument for relating to counterinsurgency needs because the training is tailored more to the special needs of the less developed countries...
...the need for training in management, economics, public administra- tion, the social sciences, and related fields is most critical...
...Rockefeller, pp...
...In a major study of U.S...
...and Peru ($20.5 million...
...Military training programs are also designed to accustom foreign military personnel to the use of U.S...
...West Point influence on foreign military establishments is furthered by the large portion of U.S...
...human resources and documents...
...504 officers were enrolled in the Combat Arms Orientation Course, which is patterned after basic infantry courses given to U.S...
...The military bases are at the heart of the long-standing dispute with the Panamanian government over a new treaty returning sovereignty of the 550 sq...
...As expected, a sharp increase in FMS credits have been extended to several countries, including Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela...
...NAVY PROGRAMS The Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, was the first U.S...
...D / Y) \IF /_OY /bOU U uu / - , ! -- / r . -- , 1 0...
...interests throughout Latin America...
...Try to present your ideas to the (village headman) in such a fashion as to make him think it was his idea in the first place...
...but it does not represent an end to U.S...
...Country grants Eximbank articles grants other aid Sup.Asst...
...officers are also selected to attend this 42-week program...
...The first foreign officer arrived from Switzerland in 1894, and since then more than 3500 officers from other countries have gone through the program...
...The closing down of the International Police Academy in 1975 was only one indication that Congressional concern will lead to action...
...Often U.S...
...Trainees from this region have come mainly from Panama, Venezuela and Costa Rica...
...installations...
...Heath and Company, 1972), p. 11...
...Several schools organize clubs in other countries, such as the West Point Societies, where graduates can meet and keep alive the friendships and attitudes that they acquired during their stint in the United States...
...According to recentlypublished Pentagon statistics, there is a total of 7,700 U.S...
...The Vinnell episode set off a chain-reaction of other disclosures and thus forced the Pentagon to acknowledge what had long been surmised: that the Nixon-Ford Administration has shifted many overseas defense tasks from the regular Armed Forces to the lower profile of U.S...
...With the end of MAP in sight, it is significant that the Administration has chosen to separate out the training element so that it will not be eliminated along with the other aspects of the program...
...weapons in the world in 1974 (Pentagon figures from L.A...
...and Latin American military personnel...
...7. San Francisco Examiner, July 25, 1971...
...Depar of Defense tables to NACLA, Nov...
...Army Institute for Military Assistance, Fort Bragg, North Carolina...
...restricted areas...
...Kidnappings, political assassinations, assaults, acts of sabotage, student uprisings, ambushes, strikes, riots, etc...
...contractor personnel stationed in 34 countries to provide technical services in connection with the Foreign Military Sales program...
...Little information about important events...
...A country became eligible for these funds upon ratification of bilateral mutual defense assistance pacts with the United States...
...process of integration...
...f. During the initial stages of an insurrection, propaganda serves to plant the seed of discontent while the insurgent movement makes preparations and establishes an organization23 for future operations...
...Naval Academy at Annapolis, the U.S...
...The scene was the bar of the Thayer HIotel, a government-subsidized institution on the grounds of West Point that frequently caters to defense-industry conventioneers...
...What good are arms and security controls in a perma- nently unstable society...
...346 COLOMBIA...
...He is also the Secretary of the Defense Security Assistance Council which advises the Defense Secretary and is composed of representatives from other Defense Divisions...
...This decision in part represents a response to a changing world system, marked by the end of the Cold War...
...ARMY SCHOOL OF THE AMERICAS The U.S...
...They can pursue the same policies depending on whose class interest they represent...
...military training programs have been an effective instrument of U.S...
...The curriculum also stresses the study of economic theory and models of development to expose the military leaders (who are often the government leaders) to these concepts...
...In these countries, the governments are not trying to move toward socialism, but to render capitalism more responsive to the needs of the developing countries: to be independent within the world-wide capitalist system, yet part of it...
...And in 1971 it was reported that the Pentagon spent over one million dollars entertaining cadets from Brazil's higher military academies...
...6. Methods of Dissemination...
...Thus, while the Pentagon is banking on the new "white collar mercenaries" to reduce the risks and contradictions that surround the formal programs, it will have to abandon some of the political objectives of the MAP programs...
...priorities and policies...
...AIR FORCE PROGRAMS The role of the Air Force in counterinsurgency operations and military training has grown steadily since the early 1960s...
...Army Command and General Staff College at Ft...
...X, No...
...1448-1518...
...The Military and the State - or, The Limits of Nationalism Clearly, one of the most important areas for future research and study is the relationship between the military and the State in Latin America...
...troops were pulled out in compliance with the Paris Peace Accords...
...According to the New York Times (November 19, 1975), an unpublicized report from the State Department explained that since so many nations around the world engage in such violations, there was "no adequate objective way" to distinguish which countries were worse than others.20 U.S...
...Army's best resources for carrying out our mission of training foreign military personnel...
...Students in Selected USARSA Courses, 1970-75 C 8, '&,C Z 1 R q , A ~ SC 0 ~ o Source U.S...
...In addition to dictator Anastasio Somoza and his one-time Chief of Staff of the Nicaraguan Army, Frank Kelly (W.P...
...According to one State Department official, Kissinger's personal leadership has contributed to State assuming a larger role in policy-making in the field of security assistance...
...investment in training programs which are intended to foster long-term relationships between U.S...
...Agency for International Development, U.S...
...major differences between the urban and rural guerrilla d. Phases of Subversion: A comparison between the distinct theories or forms of expression of the phases of subversion e. New Ideas in Urban Warfare: Elements of the development of a new Latin America communist strategy and evolution of tactics...
...training of Chileans...
...Overseas Loans and Grants, July 1, 1945-June 30, 1974 (Washington, D.C.: 1975...
...by selling billions of dollars' worth of advanced arms to these countries, the United States can repossess some of these "petro-dollars...
...training institutions, the courses are taught within a framework that promotes distrust for neutral or non-aligned policies...
...Even a simple instructional manual, entitled Village Water Well Project, was published by the Thirteenth Psychological Warfare Battalion...
...military headquarters slated to be shut down by 1975...
...Matthew B. Ridgway, Soldier...
...introduction to interrogation and document exploitation...
...terms...
...Conversely, the United States is portrayed as representing progress and as having the best form of government that man can hope to achieve...
...military equipment (figures given represent one-third of original acquisition cost).a 0. MASF grants: direct military grant aid furnished to U.S...
...These new mechanisms would preferably be beyond the jurisdiction of Congress which has repeatedly placed restrictions on security assistance and has tied the President's hands in several cases...
...world-wide interests...
...It found that the United States continues to supply material grant aid to some countries, like the Philippines and Thailand, "more for political reasons than to help improve the quality of the armed forces...
...Clammom exerc& in urban warfare courses range from the selec- tion of labor union informere, to methods of protecting leaders from mination attempts, and to the recovery and deactivation of explosive devices...
...In 1975, 80 officers attended this School...
...A quick Accounts are sent in sterling, but payment may be made in any service is similarly available from North America and European currency at the prevailing rate and customers who wish may publishers, remit to our New York account, details of which appear on invoices...
...In addition, the United States is confronted with a balance-of-payments problem and a serious economic crisis, which massive sales can help to correct...
...The training at the College has attempted to facilitate Inter-American military cooperation through the close relationships built up among the trainees and through the understanding of U.S...
...16 Several of the most important training centers for Latin Americans are discussed in more detail below...
...Armed Forces and the Latin American military fraternity, which more often than not comprises the leadership of the governments in these countries...
...Sales are less subject to Congressional scrutiny, although various amendments to the FMS Act are designed to increase Congressional oversight of the sales program...
...As part of the running battle between Congress and the Executive, the Ford Administration has refused to comply with a mandate of Congress that it specify which nations receiving military assistance carry out "goro violations" of human rights...
...Army Infantry and Ranger School, U.S...
...organization for civil affairs 5. Military Intelligence Operations in the Urban Counter...
...security planning...
...strategy in Vietnam...
...4. Richard J. Barnet, Intervention and Revolution (New York: World, 1968), p. 9. Quoted in Wolpin, p. 7. 5. U.S...
...Nearly 300 additional officers attended training programs in 1974 compared to the previous year...
...American governments to assist the military forces in their tasks...
...Combat instruction for officers, cadets and enlrsted men is provided in the Department of Combat Operations...
...insurgency Environment: Intelligence orientation...
...2131 CUBA...
...from the protection of coastlines and from anti-submarine warfare to internal defense against Castro-Communist guerrilla warfare...
...1 0 Since then, the Administration has tried to resist further efforts by Congress to reduce MAP, but with little success...
...13 While the grant assistance program is fading out, the Administration will seek to accelerate credit sales of U.S...
...G.P.O., 1969), p. 113...
...25 per year for profit-making and government organizations ($48 for two years...
...training assistance is aimed less at hard military expertise than it is at the cultivation of internal political attitudes favorable to the United States...
...See Michael Klare, "Arms and Power: The Politics of U.S...
...those aspects of disaffection that cause defection...
...Gulick...
...Thir matmhl should be burned or dtrtro ed when it is rmbstltuted or withdrawn from Inrtruction...
...Included are new documents from the U.S...
...Bragg provided courses on the Soviet Union and Communism...
...PL480 recipient @Includes Eximbank loans...
...Criticism also came from the international community which condemned violations of human rights in Chile, Brazil, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic, among others, leaving the United States basically isolated in its support for these right-wing dictatorships...
...Lucian W. Pye, "Military Development in the New Countries," (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Center for International Studies, 1962), p. 31 (mimeographed...
...This was confirmed by U.S...
...2, March, 1975...
...Naval Intelligence School...
...Training also extends to members of the armed forces of-other countries who will be assigned positions in civic action programs...
...An efficient intelligence operation on the part of the government, directed toward the new urban classes, should be able to determine the extent and magnitude of the existing insurrection...
...Latin America is slated to receive only a small amount of aid, with all but one of the grants under $600,000...
...practical application of interrogation techniques e. Employee Procurement and Use: The need for government employees in areas and organizations that may possibly fall under insurgent control...
...3 Despite assertions that the purpose of the MAP program is to improve and modernize foreign military forces, it also provides important political and economic benefits to the United States...
...Arms Sales to Latin America," NACLA 's Latin America Report, Vol...
...government...
...military sales or for political matters related to U.S...
...Secretary of Defense for Security Assistance within International Security Affairs of DOD...
...post-World War II strategy to contain communism and protect U.S...
...document processing d. Process of Interrogation: Principles and techniques...
...1975 data only: U.S...
...Other U.S...
...68 The GAO was also critical of the political orientation of the entire MAP program...
...It is beyond price to us to make friends of such men...
...military programs have been based on an analysis of the threats to Latin America and the needs of the United States...
...Joseph P. Rice (a 1951 graduate of West Point), travelled to Bolivia in April 1967 to train and supervise the Bolivian Army ranger batallion that was used to hunt down and kill guerrilla leader Ernesto Che Guevara...
...The rest of the assistance has covered support services, training and maintenance services...
...Training continued during the years of the Unided Popular government, as did other forms of military aid...
...Finally, like the Leavenworth Clubs, most countries in Latin America also have their West Point Society, where, according to Venezuelan Col...
...16 CIVIL AFFAIRS AND MILITARY GOVERNMENT SCHOOL-Ft...
...of Panama...
...MILITARY TRAINING The dictator of Nicaragua and 1946 graduate of West Point, Anastasio Somoza, euphemistically known as the "President of the Republic," was performing just like one of the boys -- his collar was open, his short-sleeved shirt was beginning to dampen in the armpits, and he good-naturedly paid for the drinks when his turn came...
...This material should be burned or destroyed when it is no longer useful for instruction...
...The first category includes rural indicators...
...However, beginning with the Peruvian coup in 1968, a new type of military has come to power - a more independent-minded and nationalist force, one that instead of supporting U.S...
...Security Assistance Symposium, Dec...
...France 4,153.1 80.4 96.6 - 25.5 76.5 4,432.1 Germany, W. 900.8 - 0.2 - 38.1 - 939.1 Italy 2,290.2 89.2@ 71.5 - 40.4 - 2,491.3 Netherlands 1,217.0 2.2 14.7 - 21.6 - 1,255.5 Norway 893.8 - 14.7 - 6.1 - 914.627 Region & A. MAP B. FMS, C. Excess D. MASF E. PL480, F. Sec...
...To ensure the success of this politico-military strategy, the United States has poured millions of dollars of military aid into Latin America for equipment, advisors and training programs...
...principles of organization...
...This is even more true, he argued, "in countries faced with serious insurgency or subversion...
...training schools...
...90-91...
...This could indicate that the sources of information have become allied with the insurgent movement, or that they fear the retaliation of the insurgents or their sympathizers...
...Extensive information on U.S...
...subversive propaganda objective and organization...
...This interdepartmental group was to be the mechanism by which the State Department would exercise its influence over the entire security assistance program...
...Our commanders are very smart, but the rebels are very smart too...
...While it is clear that even the "progressive" military regimes uphold the basic principles of the world capitalist system, what is significant here is that Washington thought it could count on the armed forces to preserve the status quo and to protect all U.S...
...Chilean rfficen at the US Aray.kh8ol d the Americas...
...3. Anti-governmental Activities a. Unknown persons who try to join the local security forces without any recruitment attempts on the part of the authorities may be an indicator of an attempt by the insurgent movement to undermine the government forces from within, or to obtain a reliable source of intelligence...
...Secretary of State Kissinger backed the Pentagon option in order to forestall a complete cutoff of MAP funding...
...handling captured personnel and documents...
...In 1972, the Symposium included a discussion of Population Protection and Resources Management in Internal Security Operations which analyzed techniques and procedures designed to separate people and resources from organized insurgent movements...
...ClIncludes Panama Canal Zone.29 Foreign Graduates of U.S...
...The Commander in Chief of the Caribbean, and his component service commanders, exercise a tremendous influence on the military establishments and, therefore, on the political regimes of the Latin American republics...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, NY.3 Latin American Militaries TWO MODELS, MANY PROBLEMS Subversion is the product of international Marxist- Leninist agitation that has to be combatted through arms and exterminated through violent repression...
...According to the Department of Defense, Normally the subjects available in United States institutions denote a degree of academic sophistication far beyond that achieved in the schools of the less developed countries...
...Cold War social scientists in the early 1960s...
...Breakdown of formal means of communication...
...Similarly, under the Foreign Military Sales program, MAAG functions include supplying the Pentagon with data on host country capabilities, resources and requirements, and acting as a go-between for the country and the U.S...
...The resulting control exercised by the United States through the supply of spare parts and technical training is another way of rendering the armed forces more dependent on the United States...
...The civilian solutions to the problems of inequality and underdevelopment in Latin America did not work in the 1960s...
...Curriculum guide, "Ejercicio Practico de Contrainsurreccion," Grupo de Instruccion de Policia Militar, Depto...
...Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia...
...policies or even neutralist ones are made to feel that this is a wrong and dangerous approach and that they have the responsibility to correct it...
...Many of them came from the Philippines, Nationalist China, Thailand, Spain and South Vietnam...
...New York Times, October 22, 1975...
...In such cases, the first indicators are seen in rural areas where the insurgents concentrate their initial efforts...
...Brazilian armed forces trained and equipped by the United States...
...It's clear that the vast majority want a change, but this doesn't mean that they are attracted to the communist doctrine - only that this is an epoch of so many and such great advances that it seems impossible that so much injustice could exist on the earth...
...They have travelled throughout Latin America (except Cuba, Haiti and Mexico) and they participate in developing counterinsurgency and civic action programs...
...They are e coming leaders, the men who will have the know-how and impart it to their forces...
...Gulick...
...Embassy staffs in several countries, it reported that "influence, whether it be for facilitating U.S...
...3 Though the activities of the Special Forces have declined with the end of the Vietnam War, recent teams have travelled to such countries as Bolivia, Guatemala, Peru, Jordan and Indonesia to provide training in subjects including tactical operations, civic action, military police, underwater reconnaisance and counterinsurgency techniques...
...civilians - mostly "retired" military personnel - were engaged in this twilight war...
...Admission requirements include the rank of lieutenant colonel or above, graduation from an advanced command and general staff college, and military command experience...
...Naval Training Center and the U.S...
...Lieuwen, p. 121-22...
...Beginning in 1965, the Academy offered a course in Special Air Operations (i.e...
...Periods of extreme tension...
...security assistance...
...In a reference to Latin American nationalism, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George Brown recently stated that: "one element remains strongly in U.S...
...U.S.-sponsored training programs have always combined instruction in civic action with psychological warfare operations...
...Most military governments have been willing to carry out U.S.-supported programs and represent U.S...
...The establishment of a separate program will also more clearly identify its cost, objectives, and Impact as an instrument of national security and foreign policy...
...Brochure, Department of the Army, Headquarters U.S...
...Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti (1950-63) Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela EUROPE, Total Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom Yugoslavia NATO Agencies 28,621 43,030 71,651 2,766 502 7,544 2,811 2,527 33 307 782 1,601 239 729 475 388 467 808 60 402 3,385 1,120 1,675 82,684 415 3,768 3,836 37 12,600 1,190 11,980 8,144 63 4,744 4,042 2,246 8,536 16,274 3,719 625 465 WORLDWIDE-Total 242,553 910 3,454 904 3,517 3,673 496 214 2,923 2,955 1,443 2,301 92 2,253 271 4,089 4,070 1,033 3,349 1,417 3,666 15,943 11 1,430 811 1,742 434 2,164 1,219 113 1,553 1,386 751 1,336 2,626 148 219 3,676 3,956 8,448 6,328 6,200 529 521 3,705 4,556 1,682 3,030 567 2,641 738 4,897 4,130 1,435 6,734 2,537 5,341 98,627 426 5,198 4,647 37 14,342 1,624 14,144 9,363 176 6,297 5,428 2,997 9,872 18,900 3,867 844 465 207,243 449,796 "aSource: U.S...
...Foreign officers also receive high-level training at the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Va...
...IX, No...
...The vehicle that the Pentagon used to try to achieve this goal was the Military Assistance Program, which itself contained the seeds of several of the problems facing the United States today...
...pays) and the Foreign Military Sales Act (the U.S...
...Army officers aspiring to major commands (the other is the Army War College...
...c. Hostility on the part of the local population to the government forces, in contrast to their amiable or neutral attitude in the past...
...Now that the MAP grant aid program is being phased out and replaced by military sales, it is instructive to look at the role MAP has played and the reason for its demise...
...Assistance includes training in small arms, vehicle maintenance, road construction and jungle warfare...
...Army School of the Americas (USARSA), located at Fort Gulick in the Canal Zone, was established to "conduct training for designated Latin American personnel to achieve higher levels of professionalism, increased capabilities for maintenance of internal security, and greater military contribution to national development...
...This situation raises a serious question of how much leverage our military assistance training programs really provide when strong national feelings are involved.s The United States is also beginning to face problems, though of a different type, from the repressive governments as well...
...4 The GAO report also criticized the heavy emphasis placed by the MAAGs on "furthering the sale of U.S.produced military equipment...
...Most of the information for this section came from this interesting and comprehensive study of West Point...
...Anticipating possible problems, Assistant Secretary of State Edwin Martin pointed out in 1963: Theoretically we could put vast amounts of arms and riot equipment into Latin American hands today to stamp out rebellion...
...In addition, a list of all U.S...
...support for these regimes has come under increasing attack from the Congress, which ended U.S...
...It has also been used as a weapon against governments that did not follow U.S...
...In 1969, Rockefeller also endorsed the policy of massive military and police aid to Latin America to prevent other countries from turning to a Cuban solution...
...to improve or create closer communication between the people and the government, and to clarify the roles of civil and military agencies in the early detection and identification of the insurgent apparatus and the neutralization of the leadership.* Particular emphasis was placed on the role of the mass media in contributing to the psychological warfare effort during insurgency, "since by their nature most of these measures are rather harsh...
...2, 1961, p. 84...
...January, 1974...
...West Point: America's Power Fraternity, p. 217...
...804 VENEZUELA...
...Army School of the Americas in the Panama Canal Zone...
...For more on the administration of security assistance see David E. Lockwood, "International Security Assistance: An Analysis of Recent Developments in U.S...
...Police Terrorism in Latin America," NACLA's Latin America Report...
...6 In the Defense Department, the DSAA assumed most of the functions of the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Military Assistance and Sales, which had shared authority over the FMS program with the sales agencies of the separate services...
...strategy until 1961, when John Kennedy became President, two years after the Cuban Revolution...
...military equipment in order to retain U.S...
...On June 4, 1971, however, the bar was filled with members of the West Point class of 1946...
...Therefore, during the initial stages of an insurrection which is nourished in rural areas, the rural population show some of the first indications of the insurgency...
...With this dual responsibility, the Director participates in developing policy guidelines and is also involved in the coordination process for aid and sales...